Testbank of fundamental of management 7e by robin ch 06a

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Testbank of fundamental of management 7e by robin ch 06a

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Fundamentals of Management, 7e (Robbins/DeCenzo/Coulter) Career Module 1) A career is a best defined as a sequence of jobs Answer: TRUE Explanation: Though the word career can mean a profession or advancement within a profession, the best definition of career is that it is a lifelong sequence of work positions Diff: Page Ref: 185 2) An individual typically has several careers over a lifetime Answer: FALSE Explanation: A person may have several jobs over a lifetime, but not several careers The series of jobs themselves comprise the career, so a person cannot have more than one career no matter how many different jobs he or she holds Diff: Page Ref: 185 3) The term career applies only to high-level professionals such as designers or physicians, not laborers Answer: FALSE Explanation: All workers have a career, whether they are sophisticated and highly skilled or not Diff: Page Ref: 185 4) In the past, career development was usually confined to advancement within a single organization Answer: TRUE Explanation: In previous generations, career development typically charted out the path that a person would take to secure advancement within a single organization Now most careers involve switching organizations multiple times Diff: Page Ref: 185 5) Traditional career development in which an individual advances through the ranks of a single organization is more popular than ever Answer: FALSE Explanation: Traditional single organization career development has all but disappeared into today's work world Diff: Page Ref: 185 6) Today, the organization—not the individual—is responsible for the employee's career development Answer: FALSE Explanation: The opposite is true—in today's world it is the individual that is responsible for career development The organization has largely abdicated its role as the guide and guardian of a worker's career Diff: Page Ref: 185 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc 7) A boundaryless career is a career in which an individual takes responsibility for his or her own career Answer: TRUE Explanation: In the past, a career was usually confined within the boundaries of a single organization Today, when individuals move frequently from organization to organization, the boundaries of a career have largely disappeared, leaving people with what is called a "boundaryless" career Diff: Page Ref: 185 8) The first goal in career development is to make a career choice in which you match your interests and abilities to a job or series of jobs Answer: TRUE Explanation: The best career choice is one that matches interests and abilities to jobs in the marketplace that are available Diff: Page Ref: 185 9) A good career match means that the jobs you get are high-paying Answer: FALSE Explanation: A good career match allows a person to lead the life he or she seeks If that life requires high pay, then it is a good match However, many people not require a lot of money in their lives, so high pay does not necessarily make a good match for them Diff: Page Ref: 185 10) Most of today's college graduates are saying that their number one concern in a job is that it has the possibility for advancement Answer: FALSE Explanation: Though advancement is important to graduates, they named good benefits as their top priority in a job Diff: Page Ref: 185 11) Today's job seekers identify quality child care as an important job benefit Answer: TRUE Explanation: Benefits that job seekers value include health care, child care, retirement, and domestic partner benefits Diff: Page Ref: 185 12) Job location ranked second in job priorities for today's job seekers Answer: FALSE Explanation: Job location ranked third Starting salary was the number two concern of graduates Diff: Page Ref: 185 13) Volunteer work is important to today's college graduates Answer: TRUE Explanation: Today's graduates want to make sure that their jobs can accommodate the volunteer work they with such things as compensation for time and matching donations Diff: Page Ref: 186 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc 14) The difference in pay rates over a lifetime between college graduates and non-college graduates is fairly small Answer: FALSE Explanation: The difference between college graduates and non-college graduates is quite large —over $20,000 per year on the average, and some $800,000 over an entire career Diff: Page Ref: 186 15) The best investment a person can make in his or her own future is to get a good education Answer: TRUE Explanation: Since college graduates make some $800,000 more than non-college graduates over a career, a college degree is the most effective way a person can invest in the future Diff: Page Ref: 186 16) Competitive advantages that people have are limited to their natural talents Answer: TRUE Explanation: Competitive advantages can come from natural abilities, such as artistic talent, or learned abilities, such as knowledge of accounting Diff: Page Ref: 186 17) The first step in constructing a career path is to identify your competitive advantages Answer: TRUE Explanation: Finding out what you like and what you are good at is a good first step in forging a career path Diff: Page Ref: 186 18) Being good with numbers can give a job-seeker a competitive advantage Answer: TRUE Explanation: A competitive advantage is any skill, talent, or interest a person has that has value to potential employers Being good with numbers is a typical competitive advantage Diff: Page Ref: 186 19) Being a skilled writer can give a person a competitive advantage in the job market Answer: TRUE Explanation: Writing skills give people a decided competitive advantage in the job market for jobs such as attorneys, advertisers, and editors Diff: Page Ref: 186 20) All a job-seeker needs in a tight job market is a single competitive advantage to get a good job Answer: TRUE Explanation: A single competitive advantage helps, but does not guarantee a person a job The more competitive advantages a person has the more likely he or she will be able to get a good job Diff: Page Ref: 186 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc 21) It is almost impossible to predict which jobs in the future are likely to decline Answer: FALSE Explanation: It is fairly evident that some jobs, such as printers, are declining as many businesses are able to their own in-house printing using computer software Diff: Page Ref: 186 22) The second step in constructing a career path is matching your strengths and interests to opportunities in the market Answer: TRUE Explanation: After identifying one's strengths, a person who is carving out a career path should attempt to match those strengths to actual job opportunities that are needed in the real world Diff: Page Ref: 186 23) It is a good idea to think of your career as your business and your boss as the CEO of that business Answer: FALSE Explanation: It is a good idea to see your career as your business However, instead of seeing your boss as the CEO of your business, you need to see yourself as the CEO Diff: Page Ref: 186 24) Trying to "protect" your career from outside harm is probably a silly idea because there is no way to protect against changes in the environment Answer: FALSE Explanation: Paying close attention to one's own job, work situation, and the business climate can help a person protect against suddenly being cast adrift in a changing job market For example, a person who is working in a shrinking industry should prepare to find a new industry before such things as downsizing occur Diff: Page Ref: 186 25) Changes in the environment that can affect a career include negative things such as downsizing only Answer: FALSE Explanation: Changes in the environment can be negative, such as downsizing, but they can also be positive, such as new opportunities arising from an emerging or expanding industry Taking advantage of those opportunities is taking advantage of a change in the environment Diff: Page Ref: 186 26) Most jobs not require interpersonal skills Answer: FALSE Explanation: Almost all jobs require interpersonal skills to some degree Even if the skills aren't used in performing the job itself, they are often the key to advancement and opportunity within the context of the job itself Diff: Page Ref: 186 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc 27) The key to being a super high achiever is usually some unique talent or ability that no one else has Answer: FALSE Explanation: Rather than some unique quality, most high achievers simply work harder than others to attain their goals Diff: Page Ref: 186 28) The 10,000 hour rule supports the idea that success is mostly hard work Answer: TRUE Explanation: The 10,000 rule is based on observation of highly successful people It states that most of them put in about 10 years of 1,000 hours of hard work—almost full hours every working day of the year—before they became exceptionally proficient at their skill Diff: Page Ref: 187 29) Though many people think that "whom you know" is important for getting jobs, having connections is highly overrated as a way to advance one's career Answer: FALSE Explanation: Having contacts of every type can help a person's career One never knows where the key connection will come from, so it is best to have a broad network of contacts and friends Diff: Page Ref: 187 30) Internet networking groups such as LinkedIn can provide valuable contacts Answer: TRUE Explanation: LinkedIn and other networking groups can provide a person with a virtual community from which to draw information and resources Diff: Page Ref: 187 31) It is a wise idea to cultivate job skills that are rare and useful in the marketplace Answer: TRUE Explanation: Having unique and useful skills makes a job-seeker desirable to employers Diff: Page Ref: 187 32) In the workplace, being a generalist is usually more desirable than being a specialist Answer: FALSE Explanation: The opposite is usually true In school, being a generalist is advantageous In the workplace, having a few valuable special skills is usually rewarded more than being good, but not exceptional in many areas Diff: Page Ref: 187 33) The secret to job success is identifying your competitive advantage and developing it to the fullest Answer: TRUE Explanation: Having a competitive advantage is usually not good enough for true success One must also maximize that advantage to gain the rewards one is seeking Diff: Page Ref: 187 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc 34) The path less traveled is almost always the path to failure Answer: FALSE Explanation: To the contrary, the path less traveled typically is more uncertain, but provides greater opportunity Taking the path less traveled, though lonely and often frightening, can lead to great rewards Diff: Page Ref: 187 35) Luck has nothing to with success in the business world Answer: FALSE Explanation: Observations of successful people show that almost all of them owe at least part of their success to luck Since people can't predict or control luck, all they can is prepare extensively so when an opportunity arises, they are ready to seize it Diff: Page Ref: 187 36) Confidence usually translates into success Answer: TRUE Explanation: Confidence does more than just make a person feel that he or she is going to succeed It also helps that person be more committed to goals, give greater effort and persist more tenaciously to achieving those goals even in the face of negative feedback or lack of progress Diff: Page Ref: 188 37) The best way to define the term career is as a A) series of tasks B) series of jobs or work positions over a period of a few years C) series of jobs or work positions over a period of a lifetime D) single lifelong job Answer: C Explanation: C) Traditionally, careers were thought of as climbing a ladder in a single, lifelong job within a single organization This view has been largely supplanted by thinking of a career not as a series of tasks, or jobs over a short period, but as a series of jobs primarily within different organizations over an entire lifetime Diff: Page Ref: 185 38) An unskilled laborer has a software designer A) no real career when compared to B) just as much of a career as C) more of a career when compared to D) a much shorter career than Answer: B Explanation: B) All workers have careers to an equal degree, so the career of an unskilled laborer is just as legitimate as that of a software designer, making "having just as much of a career" the correct response for this question and ruling out the choices indicating no career or more of a career Note that a much shorter career can be ruled out because the length of a career is not related to status of a particular job Diff: Page Ref: 185 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc 39) Traditional career development programs of the past focused on helping an employee advance A) through a series of jobs for different organizations B) by holding a single job in a single organization C) by holding a series of jobs in a single organization D) by changing jobs every two years without fail Answer: C Explanation: C) Traditional career development used to involve charting a career path of different jobs within a single organization rather than in different organizations, making "holding a series of jobs in a single organization" the correct response and ruling out "a series of jobs for different organizations" because it involves multiple organizations, and "holding a single job in a single organization" because it involves only one job Note that "changing jobs every two years" is wrong because it calls for scheduling of jobs in a rigid timetable, something that is not possible even in the most stable of organizations Diff: Page Ref: 185 40) Traditional career development programs in an organization were a good way for the organization to A) weed out poor performers B) retain talented performers C) keep costs down D) increase efficiency Answer: B Explanation: B) Traditional career development programs attracted talented people and helped organizations retain those people by offering a clear-cut path to advancement and success, making "retaining talented performers" the correct response for this question Traditional programs had nothing to with efficiency or controlling costs except that by retaining better people, the organization might perform better overall Weeding out poor performers was not a function of career development programs, since these programs were typically aimed at good performers Diff: Page Ref: 185 41) In a traditional career development program, were largely responsible for shaping and guiding career paths A) individuals B) companies C) family and friends D) professional counselors Answer: B Explanation: B) In the traditional arrangement, a company would provide a career path for an individual, setting out goals and benchmarks that the person would need to pass to advance, making companies the correct response for this question These tasks were not done by individuals themselves as is the custom in today's world Nor was guidance ever provided in any official or formal way by friends and family In some cases, people in the past would hire counselors, but this practice was not common Diff: Page Ref: 185 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc 42) In today's world, are largely responsible for shaping and guiding employee career paths A) individuals B) companies C) Internet services D) headhunters Answer: A Explanation: A) In today's world, employees themselves take responsibility for their own career development, making individuals the correct response for this question In the traditional arrangement of the past, a company would provide a career path for an individual, setting out goals and benchmarks that the person would need to pass to advance, but this is hardly ever done today making companies an incorrect response Internet services and headhunters are both tools that individuals use in today's world, but what guides the path are the individuals themselves Diff: Page Ref: 185 43) Today, career development typically focuses on an individual advancing on his own A) through different organizations without ever improving his status B) by holding a single job in a single organization C) by holding a series of jobs in a single organization D) through a series of jobs for different organizations Answer: D Explanation: D) Today's career development is typically the responsibility of the individual managing his own career and advancing through different jobs in different organizations, making "a series of jobs for different organizations" the correct response and eliminating "a single job in a single organization" because it focuses on a single job and "a series of jobs in a single organization" because it focuses on a single organization Note that "different organizations without improving status" is wrong because career development usually does involve status improvement Diff: Page Ref: 185 44) This best describes the commitment a 1960s-era company made with respect to an employee's full-time, full-benefit job A) It was a permanent job that could last a lifetime B) It was a month to month arrangement C) It was subject to change at any time D) There was no commitment on the part of the company or the employee Answer: A Explanation: A) Though there was no guarantee, many employees and employers in the 1960s held a definite expectation that a job could last a lifetime, making this choice the correct response for this question The other three choices all reflect a less than full commitment to a job situation, so all of these choices are incorrect Diff: Page Ref: 185 AACSB: Analytic Skills Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc 45) In today's business climate, this best describes the commitment a company makes with respect to an employee's full-time, full-benefit job A) It is a guaranteed lifetime job B) It is a week to week arrangement C) It is permanent but subject to change at any time D) There is no commitment on the part of the company or the employee Answer: C Explanation: C) Companies certainly don't consider any employee to have a lifetime guarantee of a job in today's world, but there certainly is a commitment that a company makes, and it is more than a week to week promise Ultimately, companies try to make jobs as permanent as possible, but employees should realize that conditions could change at any time, causing their jobs to be in jeopardy, making "permanent but subject to change" the best response for this question Diff: Page Ref: 185 AACSB: Analytic Skills 46) Which of the following is NOT a reason why today's companies have largely eliminated career development programs? A) Companies aren't as stable as they were in the past B) Employees frequently move from job to job C) Fewer employees are interested in career development D) Downsizing has made jobs less stable or predictable Answer: C Explanation: C) Organizational instability, employee mobility, and downsizing are all reasons for why career development programs are vanishing Overall, the commitment of an organization to an employee—and vice versa—has diminished in the past decades This erosion of commitment, however, does not mean that employees are no longer interested in career development In fact, with more uncertainty about the future there is probably more interest in career development in today's job world, making "fewer employees interested in career development" the only untrue response and therefore the correct response for this question Diff: Page Ref: 185 47) A boundaryless career is one in which an individual A) has no exact job B) works for no particular organization C) is responsible for his or her own career D) has a job that is part of his or personal lifestyle, 24 hours a day Answer: C Explanation: C) The term boundaryless career does not refer to a person's job or organization being ill-defined Nor does it involve the fusion of a job and a lifestyle, making "having a job that is part of one's lifestyle" an incorrect response The word boundaryless in this term refers to the idea that the individual is not confined to the boundaries of a specific organization, making "being responsible for one's career" the correct response for this question Diff: Page Ref: 185 AACSB: Analytic Skills Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc 48) The optimum career choice matches an individual's interests, abilities, and personality to A) the best opportunity in the market B) a job that a person can competently perform C) a high-paying job D) a job that makes the person useful Answer: A Explanation: A) The best career choice is not necessarily high-paying, useful, or easy to perform Instead, an optimum career choice is one that is a good match between a person's talents, interests, and strengths and the best possible job in the market that matches those talents, interests, and strengths, making "the best opportunity" the correct response for this question Diff: Page Ref: 185 AACSB: Analytic Skills 49) An important goal for a career is that it leads to A) status and prestige B) financial security C) the life a person wants to have D) both status and financial rewards Answer: C Explanation: C) Though status and financial rewards are important to many people, they not make a good career match for a person unless that person is specifically seeking those goals A person who makes a lot of money, for example, but isn't happy in her lifestyle and job doesn't have a good career match Another individual who, for example, makes much less money but enjoys her work does have a good career match These factors add up to make the life a person wants to have the correct response for this question Diff: Page Ref: 185 50) The most important job characteristic in the opinion of today's recent college graduates is this A) job security B) benefits C) starting salary D) organizational culture Answer: B Explanation: B) Though most graduates have high interest in job security, compensation, and the philosophy and culture of the organization they join, the number one priority for graduates is benefits, including health care, child care, and retirement programs This makes benefits the correct response for this question Diff: Page Ref: 185 AACSB: Analytic Skills 10 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc 70) Networking is useful A) only before you have a job B) only after you have a job C) both before and after you have a job D) only for people who want to change jobs Answer: C Explanation: C) Networking can provide benefits for a person both before and after he or she has a job, making both before and after the correct response for this question Networking can help people who are looking to change jobs find that new job, but that is not the only benefit networking provides Besides helping with finding jobs, networking also helps people keep up with changes and important developments in their field and in their industry Diff: Page Ref: 187 71) To extend the reach of their networks, people should all of the following EXCEPT A) take networking classes B) go to college alumni functions C) attend conferences D) joining virtual business communities Answer: A Explanation: A) College alumni activities, professional conferences, and online communities such as Talkbiznow are all excellent networking activities Taking classes in networking might be somewhat beneficial—however networking is an informal skill and classes in this skill are generally not available, making this choice the only untrue choice so it is the correct response for this question Diff: Page Ref: 187 72) An advantage of an online networking community such as LinkedIn is that you can search for people according to their A) skills, experience, and interests B) personality and temperament C) reputation within the industry D) organizational performance reviews Answer: A Explanation: A) An online community such as LinkedIn can provide valuable information about an individual's skills, experience, and interests, making this choice the correct response for this question However, LinkedIn can only provide information that is provided by the user him- or herself Subjective information about such things as personality, organizational reputation, or organizational performance reviews are off-limits to these kinds of sites Diff: Page Ref: 187 17 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc 73) A research scientist who needs a job is likely to accomplish this by giving a talk or poster presentation at a professional meeting A) increase salary B) directly create job opportunities C) increase visibility D) get new research ideas Answer: C Explanation: C) The benefits of giving a talk are largely to increase visibility, not to directly create job opportunities or change a person's pay scale The talk shows others in the professional community that you are out there and worth considering when they are looking for someone who has your skill set and qualifications New research ideas are unlikely to come from giving a presentation because most presentations are about work that has already been accomplished, not future work Diff: Page Ref: 187 74) A more senior person than yourself who guides you through your career is known as A) a protegé B) a mentor C) a teacher D) a friend Answer: B Explanation: B) Someone who guides a person through a career is more than a friend This kind of guidance is provided by a mentor A teacher can serve as a mentor but isn't necessarily a mentor, so teacher is an incorrect response A protegé is a person who is guided by a mentor, so protegé is an incorrect response Diff: Page Ref: 187 75) Mentors have been shown to be especially helpful to A) doctors and nurses B) women and minorities C) older employees D) experienced employees Answer: B Explanation: B) The point of having a mentor is to get guidance when you are young so older and more experienced employees are less likely to benefit from mentors than younger employees Women and minorities who need to overcome both social and professional barriers have been shown to be especially helped by the guidance provided by mentors, making women and minorities the correct response for this question There is no evidence that medical staff are helped by mentors any more than other groups Diff: Page Ref: 187 18 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc 76) It is best to try to cultivate a competitive advantage in job skills that are A) technical B) interpersonal C) scarce D) common Answer: C Explanation: C) The strategy for developing a competitive advantage is to try to gain skills that are rare in the job market so as a job applicant you stand out and are not competing against a lot of other people who have the same skill set This makes scarce the correct response for this question and eliminates all other responses Diff: Page Ref: 187 77) Generally speaking, the more a job requires that you have actually been trained for, the better off you are A) technical skill B) writing skill C) speaking skill D) training Answer: D Explanation: D) Training is the key to job security The more training your specific job requires —and the fewer people who have undergone that training—the more marketable you are and therefore the more job security you are likely to have Technical skill is often highly marketable, but in some cases it is common and not a marketable skill Writing and speaking skills are general and don't require specific training so they are incorrect responses for this question Diff: Page Ref: 187 78) Success in school often requires a person to be a , while success in the workplace often requires the same person to be a A) specialist; generalist B) specialist; conformist C) generalist; specialist D) conformist; nonconformist Answer: C Explanation: C) School requires an individual to excel in a variety of very different areas, such as math and language In a job, on the other hand, a person typically specializes in a specific, narrow task, making "generalist; specialist" the correct response for this question and ruling out all other choices Diff: Page Ref: 187 19 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc 79) Which of the following is a job that would allow a person who is a poor writer and speaker to excel? A) engineer B) lawyer C) basketball coach D) advertising executive Answer: A Explanation: A) An attorney is typically counted on to be highly articulate in both written and spoken language A basketball coach may not need to much writing, but public speaking is a key part of her job An ad executive needs to be creative with words on paper and/or in person Only an engineer can use her mathematical skills to solve problems and largely avoid needing to much writing or speaking, making this choice the correct response for this question However, most engineers are quite articulate, nevertheless Diff: Page Ref: 187 80) One secret to a successful career is to identify your and develop it to the fullest A) special ability B) strength C) main interest in life D) competitive advantage Answer: D Explanation: D) While developing your special abilities, strengths, or main interests in life can be personally fulfilling, making the best of these items may not help at all in one's career path For example, you may focus on a fairly useless strength such as baseball trivia knowledge that is not particularly helpful in advancing your career, so your efforts would be largely futile Only by focusing on true competitive work-related advantages is a person likely to maximize his or her career Diff: Page Ref: 187 81) In a career, major accomplishments often require a person taking A) the path more traveled B) the path less traveled C) the straightest path D) a circuitous path Answer: B Explanation: B) Taking the path less traveled gives you a chance to distinguish yourself by doing something different and unique Virtually all great accomplishments required the person who attained them to explore the unknown, making the path less traveled the correct response for this question and ruling out all other responses Diff: Page Ref: 188 20 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc 82) This is the best time to take risks in your life A) when you are established B) when you are young C) when you are old D) when you have something to lose Answer: B Explanation: B) Risks are best tolerated when the person taking them has little, not a lot to lose, making "having something to lose" an incorrect response Once you are established or older you have a lot to lose, so taking risks is more problematic during those periods of your life than when you are young This makes "when you are young" the correct response for this question Diff: Page Ref: 188 83) Today's employers no longer expect from employees A) long-term loyalty B) maximum effort C) high performance D) a full work day Answer: A Explanation: A) Though times have changed, employers still expect a full work day of high performance and maximum effort from their employees for almost any job What employers no longer expect—or give back in return—is a sense of long-term loyalty from workers All parties understand that workers are free agents in today's work world If they find a better offer somewhere else, they should take it without reservations Diff: Page Ref: 188 84) Employees in today's work world should think of themselves as A) members of a large, loyal family that will never abandon them B) pawns who have no power to change or improve their situation C) free agents, who are constantly looking to improve their situation D) bosses who control their organization Answer: C Explanation: C) Employees in today's world should no longer expect loyalty from their organization Employees have some power to change their situation, ruling out "pawns with no power" as a correct response, but not an excessive amount of power, ruling out "bosses who control their organization." Ultimately, employees are free agents who should think of themselves as constantly looking to better themselves and their job situation, making "free agents" the correct response for this question Diff: Page Ref: 188 21 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc 85) The advice, "Never leave a good job that you already have" A) was never true B) is still true today C) is no longer true D) is true today more than ever Answer: C Explanation: C) Though employment experts used to think that it was foolish to leave a job that you already had for a less than certain position, in today's world that is no longer true In today's fast-changing job market, employees must look ahead or they are likely to fall behind If they find what they think is a better offer with more potential than the job they have now, the conventional wisdom currently says to go for that new position These factors make "being no longer true" the correct response and rule out all other responses Diff: Page Ref: 188 86) Which statement best summarizes the relationship between success and luck? A) All successes depend partly on luck B) Most successes depend totally on luck C) Success has nothing to with luck D) Luck seldom has anything to with success Answer: A Explanation: A) Luck clearly plays a role in the success of such people as Bill Gates and others, making the choices indicating that success has nothing to with luck and that luck seldom has anything to with success incorrect responses On the other hand, few, if any successes (except such things as the lottery) depend totally on luck, making the choice indicating that most successes depend totally on luck incorrect Ultimately, all successes depending partly on luck is the best description of how luck affects success—it influences almost all successful endeavors in one way or another Diff: Page Ref: 188 87) How did entrepreneurs like Bill Gates, Steve Jobs, and Paul Allen take advantage of luck early in their careers? A) They were all interested in computers B) They were all born in the same time period C) They all went to the same college D) They all joined IBM early in their careers Answer: B Explanation: B) Bill Gates, Steve Jobs, and Paul Allen were all fortunate to be born at the right time, between 1953 and 1956, making "being born in the same time period" the correct response They were old enough to start their own computer ventures around the year 1975, a time when their older counterparts were already entrenched in established companies like IBM Instead of joining IBM, they all started computer companies of one sort or another Their interest in computers helped them to succeed, but they were smart, not lucky to have that interest The three did not go to the same college, and in fact Gates, for example, never finished college Diff: Page Ref: 188 22 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc 88) One reason NOT to change jobs is to A) add new people to your network B) keep your skills fresh C) raise your income D) keep your job tasks challenging and interesting Answer: A Explanation: A) Legitimate reasons to change jobs include keeping skills fresh, increasing your income, and making sure that your job tasks don't get stale Simply adding new people to your network is not a good reason to change jobs, since you can easily work on your network while you still have your old job through such things as conferences, alumni functions, and Internet social networking sites This makes "adding new people to your network" a poor choice so it is the correct response for this question Diff: Page Ref: 188 89) The best way to describe success is that it is a matter of matching up opportunities, , and luck A) intelligence B) talent C) skill D) preparation Answer: D Explanation: D) There is no way to control luck, so the only way to take advantage of luck is to be prepared when something lucky occurs, making preparation the correct response for this question Talent, intelligence, and skill are all important for success, but they are not as important as preparation Preparation is important because only the prepared person has the ability to recognize luck and be ready to take action once it is recognized Diff: Page Ref: 188 90) Even the prepared person cannot take advantage of luck unless she A) is highly intelligent B) can take action when opportunity knocks C) can convince others to join her effort D) puts in 16-hour days Answer: B Explanation: B) Being smart, working hard, or being persuasive are often keys to success but they are not necessary for taking advantage of luck The willingness to take action when an opportunity arises is the key to taking advantage of luck, because no amount of talent can make up for the ability to take the plunge and act when the time is right These factors make "taking action when opportunity knocks" the correct response for this question Diff: Page Ref: 188 23 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc 91) More than almost any other personal characteristic, this trait can affect your chances to be successful A) assertiveness B) confidence C) optimism D) cheerfulness Answer: B Explanation: B) The ability to be optimistic, cheerful, and assertive in the face of an uncertain future is difficult and also necessary in today's highly competitive job market They are not as important, however, as confidence, which makes this choice the correct response for this question Confidence is one of the few characteristics that almost always ultimately translates into success Diff: Page Ref: 189 92) Confidence almost always translates into A) complete success B) better performance C) arrogance D) efficiency Answer: B Explanation: B) Though confidence is invariably an element of success, confidence alone cannot produce success, making complete success an incorrect response Confidence can degenerate into arrogance if a person isn't careful, but arrogance can easily be avoided if an individual applies a measure of self-examination Confidence has only an indirect effect on efficiency, but it is closely linked to better performance, making this choice the correct response for this question Confident people are simply more successful than people who are not confident Confidence increases such things as effort and motivation, which result in people working harder and being more likely to achieve success Diff: Page Ref: 189 93) Confident people tend to set goals for themselves A) fewer B) easier to achieve C) less ambitious D) more ambitious Answer: D Explanation: D) Confident people tend to set more ambitious goals for themselves, not easier, fewer, or less ambitious goals The goals of confident people are more ambitious because they have the belief that they can accomplish these goals, even though they may be difficult This makes more ambitious the correct response for this question Diff: Page Ref: 189 24 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc 94) One reason that confident people are successful is that they goals in the face of difficulty A) persist in pursuing B) know when to abandon C) know when to change D) get others to help them reach their Answer: A Explanation: A) Though it is sometimes not a bad idea to modify or abandon goals when you are in trouble, a confident person will persist longer in the face of adversity than a person who lacks confidence This makes persistence the correct response for this question Note that recruiting help can also increase one's probability of success, but this characteristic is not associated with confidence so getting help from others is an incorrect response Diff: Page Ref: 189 95) The hallmark of a confident person is that after being criticized, he will A) decrease his efforts B) increase his efforts C) try a different strategy D) refuse to change strategy Answer: B Explanation: B) When faced with negative feedback, a highly confident person will redouble rather than decrease his efforts, making increasing his efforts the correct response for this question Confidence may also cause a person to change strategies, but this is typically done only after all other efforts are shown to fail, so a different strategy is not a correct response Refusing to change strategy in the face of failure is a hallmark of stupidity, not confidence Diff: Page Ref: 189 96) Confident people tend to be with their jobs than people who lack confidence A) less satisfied B) more satisfied C) more frustrated D) less patient Answer: B Explanation: B) Probably because of the extra effort they tend to put into their work, confident people tend to be more satisfied, not less satisfied or more frustrated with their work than people who lack confidence This makes more satisfied the correct response for this question If anything, confident people would tend to be more patient, not less patient with their jobs, so less patient is an incorrect response Diff: Page Ref: 189 25 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc 97) to increase one's level of self-confidence A) It is almost impossible B) It is very easy C) There are a number of ways D) There is almost no way Answer: C Explanation: C) Increasing your level of self-confidence is not at all easy, but it is also far from impossible In fact, there are a number of ways to increase your self-confidence, making "a number of ways" the correct response for this question These ways include gaining experience, observing others, practicing a skill, and gaining inspiration from someone else's belief in you Diff: Page Ref: 189 98) Which of the following is NOT a likely way to boost your self-confidence? A) observing others B) experiencing success C) raising your goals after experiencing failure D) being persuaded by someone else that you can it Answer: C Explanation: C) Perhaps the best way to boost confidence is to experience limited success in some capacity For example, a person learning to ski should practice first on a small hill before trying to tackle a steep mountain Observing how others tackle a problem and being told by a credible source that you "can it" are also good ways to increase confidence One thing that doesn't work for boosting confidence is raising goals in the face of failure For example, after falling on a small ski hill, it is likely to be disastrous to try a larger hill These factors make "raising your goals after experiencing failure" the correct response for this question Diff: Page Ref: 189 99) This is the best strategy for a skier who lacks confidence in her ability to tackle a steep mountain A) try a different mountain that is equally difficult B) try a more difficult mountain C) try an easier mountain D) try snowboarding on the same mountain Answer: C Explanation: C) One of the best things to to gain confidence is for a person to experience success at an easier level than the level that is proving to be difficult In golf, one might try an easier golf course In basketball, one might try a shot that is closer in In skiing, one might try a less-difficult mountain, making "trying an easier mountain" the correct response for this question Then, after experiencing success on the easier mountain, one might go back to the original mountain and give it another try Note that the three incorrect choices all in one way or another involve trying to surmount the same challenge, rather than reducing the magnitude of the challenge, so all are incorrect responses Diff: Page Ref: 189 26 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc 100) Explain how the idea of a career has changed over recent decades Answer: In the past the term career usually referred to a single job or series of jobs within a single organization At most, a person might change jobs or organizations two or three times during a lifelong career Today's career is much more fluid and variable Rather than a single job in a single organization, a career is seen as a series of jobs usually with different organizations, each job also likely to be different A successful career in the past meant that an individual was able to attain a high position within a single organization Today success is also typically measured by the attainment of a high position, but that position may be the result of multiple organization changes over the years Diff: Page Ref: 185 AACSB: Analytic Skills 101) Describe how career planning was traditionally done in the workplace of the past Answer: Traditionally, career planning was organized for you within the organization that you worked for You would get a job and your superiors would map out a series of goals for you to attain in order to advance For example, goals in sales might include becoming a top salesperson, then managing a district, then finally moving on to a top management position The important thing in a traditional career planning situation was that the path was clear The organization rather than the individual was in charge of laying out the path All the individual had to was to overcome the obstacles that had been put in her path, and she would succeed Diff: Page Ref: 185 AACSB: Analytic Skills 102) Explain how career planning is typically done today Answer: Today's career planning is an individual rather than an organizational activity Where in the past organizations structured a career path for an individual, today that structure is supplied by the individual him- or herself The critical difference in the career planning of today is that the individual is on his or her own The individual must all of the planning, guiding, strategizing, and developing of a career Since this path no longer occurs within the boundaries of a single organization it is called a boundaryless career Diff: Page Ref: 185 AACSB: Analytic Skills 27 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc 103) Explain why individuals in today's work world need to think of themselves as CEOs of their own careers Answer: In the past a career was often well-mapped out within an organization There was no need for an individual to pay much attention to his or her career path as long as goals were being met along the way In today's boundaryless careers, there is no clear-cut map or path to the future If you begin to get off course by making a poor choice or suffering a setback there is no one to help you correct your course but yourself It is for that reason that individuals must think of their careers as a business and themselves as CEO of that business They are in charge of their career's progress and course of action As CEO they need to guide their career and keep it on a track that is likely to reach the personal and professional goals they have set Diff: Page Ref: 186 AACSB: Analytic Skills 104) Identify and describe the first step in career planning Answer: The first step in career planning is to identify and organize your skills, interests, workrelated needs, and values Ask yourself such questions as: What am I good at and qualified for? Which actual job skills and job experience I have and which I lack? What are my strengths and weaknesses? What are my true interests? If I could have any job, what would it be, where would it be located, and how much would it pay? What are my minimum requirements for a job with respect to such things as compensation, location, and hours? How does my educational and work experience stack up with the competition? Once you have some answers to these questions, summarize your job candidacy into a coherent picture Try to see yourself as an employer would see you Then ask yourself, Which type of career am I well suited for? Which type of career would be realistic to pursue? Diff: Page Ref: 185-188 AACSB: Analytic Skills 28 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc 105) Identify and describe the second step in career planning Answer: The second step in career planning is to convert the information from step one into general career fields and specific job goals Think about the kinds of organizations and jobs that might be a good match for the interests and abilities you have identified Then look for market opportunities that match your profile For example, if you are mathematically inclined you might look to such fields as accounting, systems management, science, and finance as a career field If your strength is interpersonal, you might consider such fields as sports management, sales, or teaching If you have special language skills, you might look into fields of technical writing, law, or government research Finally, assess the strength of the match you made between your skills and interests and actual opportunities in the market You might be a whiz at finance, but if the job market is depressed in this field you may need to consider an alternative Similarly, if your interpersonal skills are somewhat strong and opportunities in sales are strong, you might consider pursuing a career in sales Diff: Page Ref: 185-188 AACSB: Analytic Skills 106) Identify and describe the final step in career planning Answer: Once you have chosen a career field, make efforts to develop a competitive advantage in that field and exploit it to the fullest For example, if your field is scientific, get some kind of training or learn some specific technique that makes you unique and special to employers Once you have a job, use your competitive advantage to get ahead and advance Even if your current job is satisfactory, stay on the look-out for new opportunities Keep in mind that your career is not a single job, but a series of jobs that hopefully move up in status, compensation, and challenge as you progress Think of yourself as the CEO of your career Keep planning and plotting to make your career as successful as possible as you go through your life in the work world Diff: Page Ref: 185-188 AACSB: Analytic Skills 107) Explain what a competitive advantage is and why it is important in career development Answer: A competitive advantage is any skill or special training you have that gives you an edge in the job market For example, being an able computer programmer gives a person a decided competitive advantage in a finance job, since it would be useful in the job Conversely, the same skill might not be considered an advantage at all in a sales job A competitive advantage can help you get a job—for example a college degree is a common competitive advantage that opens many doors for job seekers A competitive advantage can also help you advance through a job For example, superior interpersonal skills might help a teacher vault to the top of his profession Diff: Page Ref: 186 AACSB: Analytic Skills 29 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc 108) Explain why a college education is a good investment Answer: Individuals with a college education average over $51,000 annually in income in the United States People without a college income make more than $23,000 less than that, coming in at just under $28,000 a year This difference in income over a career amounts to more than $800,000 Clearly, this added income makes a college education an excellent investment Diff: Page Ref: 186 AACSB: Analytic Skills 109) What does the phrase "Play to your strengths" mean in terms of choosing a career path Answer: In choosing a career path you should choose something that suits your skills, interests, and temperament If you are a "people person," for example, you should pick an industry that values interpersonal skills Similarly, if analysis is your forté you should go into something like finance, law, or accounting Diff: Page Ref: 186 AACSB: Analytic Skills 110) Explain why practice is important in developing a competitive advantage in some area Answer: Studies show that true proficiency in a field such as music or sports takes an incredible amount of practice—10,000 hours over a ten year period, for example, to become a world class tennis player or guitarist Because of this need for repetition, any skill worth cultivating requires an enormous amount of practice So if you are a graphic artist, for example, assume that you will need thousands of hours of practice before your skill gives you a true competitive edge over your competition Diff: Page Ref: 186 AACSB: Analytic Skills 111) Explain how networking helps people accomplish career goals Answer: Networking, or cultivating relationships with as many people as possible who can help you in the work world, has a number of key benefits First, and most importantly, knowing someone can lead directly to a great job Of course, you need to qualify for that job, but nothing beats a personal, inside connection to a good job Other forms of networking are also valuable Networking keeps you abreast of developments in your industry and in your organization Who is getting hired or fired? What are your chances for promotion? What new products are being developed? Which organization is being bought or sold? And so on Networking can provide the answers to all of the preceding questions Diff: Page Ref: 187 AACSB: Analytic Skills 112) Explain why it is better to be a specialist than a generalist in the work world Answer: In school, it pays to be a generalist because you need to excel at a wide variety of disciplines from math to language to literature to well in an academic setting In the work world, the opposite is usually true If you are a computer programmer it doesn't matter any more if you weren't good at writing essays or pronouncing words in Spanish If you are good at your specialized task you will succeed in your job Diff: Page Ref: 187 AACSB: Analytic Skills 30 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc 113) Describe what the best kind of competitive advantage to have is Answer: The best kind of competitive advantage is an advantage that is scarce in the job market In most cases this is a specialized skill that takes extensive training to acquire Having a skill or ability that is scarce can make you a unique and attractive candidate to an employer Keep in mind, however, that your competitive advantage skill should be something that is useful to employers Having an exotic skill that has no practical application is a mistake Your competitive advantage skill should be scarce but highly useful so it puts you in demand Diff: Page Ref: 187 AACSB: Analytic Skills 114) Explain the role that luck typically plays in success Answer: Almost all success stories include an element of luck For example computer moguls such as Bill Gates and Steve Jobs were lucky to be born at just the right time to take advantage of the advent of the personal computer Had they been born any earlier or later, they probably wouldn't have been in position to make their mark in the world That said, luck is usually only a minor part of any success Bill Gates, for example, most likely would have been extraordinarily successful at whatever he ended up doing—no matter when he was born Diff: Page Ref: 188 AACSB: Analytic Skills 115) Describe how to take advantage of the luck that you have Answer: There is no way to control the luck—or lack of luck—that you are given in your life What you can control are two things First, you can be as prepared as possible to take advantage of a fortunate event when it occurs For example, when a job opportunity arises you need to have the proper resumé to qualify for that job Secondly, in addition to being prepared you need to be willing to take action to take advantage of an opportunity Countless individuals have failed to capitalize on opportunities that came up— thinking that they would wait for a better moment to act In most of those cases the "better moment" never arose, and the people missed the opportunity of a lifetime Diff: Page Ref: 188 AACSB: Analytic Skills 31 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc ... Which of the following is an example of a well-defined career choice that is not too broad or too narrow? A) pharmaceutical research B) working in the medical field C) researching new headache... career of an unskilled laborer is just as legitimate as that of a software designer, making "having just as much of a career" the correct response for this question and ruling out the choices... observation of highly successful people It states that most of them put in about 10 years of 1,000 hours of hard work—almost full hours every working day of the year—before they became exceptionally proficient

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