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tài liệu tiếng anh chuyên ngành phục vụ các sinh viên theo học chuyên ngành quản trị kinh doanh, các chuyên ngành tài chính kế toán; nghiên cứu để nâng cao trình độ ngoại ngữ phục vụ học tập và nâng cao trình độ chuyên môn; thuận lợi trong học tập và nghiên cứu..
Unit 4: Some economic laws satisfaction is greater than his financial sacrifice With each purchase, however, his satisfaction decreases although the prices remain the same If a consumer’s supply of money is limited, a point will come when the financial sacrifice is greater than the satisfaction of smoking cigarettes He will stop buying the commodity The cigarettes are the same, but their utility has changed If the prices rose, he would buy fewer; if they fell, he might buy more We can see that the nature of a commodity remains the same, but its utility changes This indicates that a special relationship exists between goods and services on the one hand and a consumer and his money on the other hand The consumer’s desire for a commodity tends to diminish as he buys more units of that commodity Thus tendency is called the Law of Diminishing Marginal Utility Utility is of course related to the Laws of Supply and Demand When economists talk about a Law of Supply, they mean that a rise in prices tends to increase the supply of a commodity, while a fall in prices tends to reduce it When they talk about the Law of Demand, they mean that a fall in prices tends to increase the demand for a commodity, while a rise in prices tends to decrease the demand In any economic situation, a consumer will decide to buy a commodity only in terms of its particular utility to him If the prices of a particular commodity rise in the economy as a whole, the rise will naturally encourage producers to make more of that commodity If, on the other hand, prices fall locally or throughout the world, producers will reduce production Supplies of many commodities can generally be adjusted to suit market conditions This means that changes in market prices lead to changes in the quantity of a particular commodity made available to consumers Household goods and furniture are in this category In such instances, supply is said to be elastic, because it can be increased or decreased rapidly to suit market prices The principle of elasticity operates in the area of demand as well as in the area of supply People very seldom have everything they want They usually have to choose carefully how they will spend their money When they exercise this choice, they work according to their personal scale of preferences, beginning with top-priority essentials like foods and housing Next on their scale come those commodities which provide comfort or convenience of some kind (telephones, insurance etc) and finally come the non-essentials like holidays and trips to the theatre, which are important parts of life but not comparable with food and shelter If it is necessary to pay very high prices for the essentials of life, people pay them - even if this means spending all their income In such cases demand is inelastic For non-essentials, however, demand is elastic and particularly responsive to changes in price Exercise Decide whether the following statements are true (T) or false (F), and if they are false say why Switzerland is a maritime nation, and places a high priority on submarines ……………………………………………………………………………………………… 89 Unit 4: Some economic laws If the current price of cigarettes remains the same, consumers will continue to buy more, even when their satisfaction is less than their financial loss ……………………………………………………………………………………………… Because a consumer’s desire for a commodity tends to diminish as he buys more units of that commodity, economists talk of a Law of Diminishing Utility ……………………………………………………………………………………………… Because the supply of furniture and household goods can be adjusted to suit market conditions, we say that their supply is elastic ……………………………………………………………………………………………… Because elasticity of demand refers to things high on our scale of preferences, we can say that the demand for essentials like foods and shelter is very elastic ……………………………………………………………………………………………… Exercise Insert a suitable preposition in each of the blanks in these sentences He is interested _ economics He is not concerned non-essential commodities The demand _ bananas will probably increase The supply _ cigarettes does not usually fluctuate The consumer’s needs such commodities is well-known There was a change the quantity of material supplied He paid quite a lot of money _ that car He paid the money _ that man The American economic system is based _ capitalistic principles 10 Most citizens conform the law of the country in which they live 11 Non-essential commodities like chocolates can not be compared _ basic necessities like shelter LANGUAGE PRACTICE 2.1 Description: the use of although and though Very often, both of these words can be used in the same way There are one or two differences - Though is more common in informal speech or writing Although can be used in all styles Example: I’d quite like to go out, (al) though it is a bit late 90 Unit 4: Some economic laws - Though is often used with even to give emphasis “Even though” means “ not possible” Example: Even though I didn’t understand a word, I kept smiling - Though (but not although) can be put at the end of a sentence, with the meaning of “however” Example: It was a quiet party I had a good time, though - In longer sentence, though can also comes in other positions: Example: The strongest argument, though, is Britain’s economic and political dependence on the United States - In cases like these, though is an adverb Although can only be used as a conjunction Exercise Combine these pairs of sentences by using although Example:X = His satisfaction decreases Y = The prices remain the same i X although Y His satisfaction decreases although prices remain the same ii Although Y, X Although prices remain the same, his satisfaction decreases a X = The individual can not change the current price Y = He may want to so b X = The utility of the cigarettes has changed Y = Their quality is the same c X = He wants to buy that car now Y = He should wait until he has enough money for both the car and other necessary things d X = The work has not been done yet Y = It was planned five years ago e X = The scheme has been started Y = It has not yet received government permission 2.2 Conditional sentences when the condition is true Cấu trúc ý nghĩa dạng câu điều kiện trình bày chi tiết tiếng Anh Trong phần này, bạn ôn lại câu điều kiện dạng luyện làm tập thêm cho thành thạo 91 Unit 4: Some economic laws - If a condition is true in the present or future you should use the simple present tense in the if clause and the simple present or simple future in the result clause - The simple present tense is used in the result clause to express the habitual activity or situation Example: If spending cuts are not made, governments have to print money to finance their deficit - The simple present or the simple future is used in the result clause to express an established, predictable fact Example: If a deficit is financed by printing more money, prices (will) rise - The simple future is used in the result clause when the sentence concerns a particular activity or situation in the future Example: If my sister comes to visit me in Vietnam, I will take her to Halong Bay Exercise Complete the following sentences with the present or future in the result clause a If I have enough time I (cook) fish curry tonight b I (write) letters to my parents if I have time c I (fix) _ your bicycle if I have the right tools d If you stand in the rain, you (get) _ wet e Jack (answer) the phone if he is in his office f If I have enough money, I (go) _ with you g She (visit) _ France if she has enough money h If the weather is nice tomorrow, we (go) to the zoo i Linda isn’t at home right now If she (be) at home right now, I (visit) _ her LISTENING: Insurance Exercise Roman numerals What numbers these roman numerals stand for ? Put them in two columns of odd and even numbers in numerical order, starting with the lowest number in each column (a) III (b) XX (c) VI (d) IX (e) XVII (f) XIV (g) IV (h) XIX (i) XII (J) XI (k) II (l) X ODD NUMBERS EVEN NUMBERS (A) III-3 (K) II-2 NB Even numbers are numbers which can be divided exactly by two 92 Unit 4: Some economic laws Laboratory drill P : Fourteen R : XIV Exercise Years and centuries Talk about these years and centuries, like this P : Sixteen sixty-six R : That’s in the seventeenth century (a) 1666 (b) 1952 (c) 2000 (d) 1874 (e) 1739 (f) 1225 (g)1983 (h) 25 BC Laboratory drill A P : Sixteen sixty-six R : That’ s in the seventeenth century Laboratory drill B P : (a) R : Sixteen sixty-six Exercise Dates Write these dates as you would say them if you were (a) British (b) American, like this: 6/12 (a) The sixth of December (b) June twelfth (i) 8/9 (ii) 3/7 (iv) 11/1 (iii) 10/2 (v) 4/12 (vi) 5/5 Laboratory drill A P: Six stroke twelve R :The sixth of December Laboratory drill B P : Six stroke twelve R : June twelfth Exercise Phrasal verbs Decide which phrasal verb replaces the more formal verbs in italics in these sentences Use the phrasal verbs with nouns and with pronouns, like this To take out insurance cover P : I’m going to take out insurance cover R: Let me take it out for you take out - fill in - turn of - put in - work out - take off - look up 93 Unit 4: Some economic laws To submit a claim To deduct the discount To complete the form To calculate the premium To find the word To stop the photocopier Laboratory drill P : I’m going to take out insurance cover Exercise Vocabulary puzzle The clues for this word puzzle are on the disk Hidden word 94 R : Let me take it out for you Unit 4: Some economic laws SUMMARY Trong số bạn học qua phần sau: - Từ vựng liên quan đến luật kinh tế, lĩnh vực bảo hiểm - Cách sử dụng although though - Ôn lại câu điều kiện - Cách đọc số La Mã - Cách đọc ngày tháng năm theo tiếng Anh – Anh tiếng Anh - Mỹ - Cách thành lập câu sử dụng đại từ với động ngữ VOCABULARY broker n người môi giới B.C (Before Christ) n trước công nguyên broker’s slip n hợp đồng người môi giới clue n đầu mối, manh mối, gợi ý curve n đường cong deduct v trừ, giảm effect n ảnh hưởng elastic adj co dãn equal adj cân even number n số chẵn hypothetical adj có tính chất giả thuyết insurance certificate n giấy chứng nhận bảo hiểm insurance company n công ty bảo hiểm insurance cover n bảo hiểm insurance market n thị trường bảo hiểm IOU (I OWE YOU) n giấy ghi nợ Law of Demand n luật cầu Law of Diminishing Marginal Utility n qui luật lợi ích cận biên giảm dần Law of Supply n luật cung Lloyd’s n thị trường bảo hiểm Lloyd’s 95