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TÓM LƯỢT KIẾN THỨC NGỮ PHÁP TIẾNG ANH 12 – ÔN THI THPT Ms Trúc UNIT 1: SOUNDS THE PRONUNCIATIONS OF ENDING “S/ES” AND “ED A-THEORY: I CÁCH PHÁT ÂM -S/-ES - Có cách phát âm –s –es tận * /iz/ với từ có âm cuối / x, s, ch, sh, z, ge, ce / EX: buses, watches, roses… * /s/ với từ có âm cuối / th, p, ph, k, f, t / EX: maps, books, photographs, laughs, coughs… * /z/ với trường hợp lại EX: bells, eyes, plays, ploughs … II CÁCH PHÁT ÂM –ED - Có cách phát âm –ed tận * /id/ với từ có âm cuối / t, d / EX: wanted, needed, confided * /t/ với từ có âm cuối /ch, sh, x, s, k, p, f, ce / EX: looked, laughed, coughed, sacrificed… * đọc thành âm /d/ với trường hợp lại EX: played, seemed, planned, ploughs …… B- EXERCISE: A recognized B organized C practiced D denied A dreams B heals C kills D tasks A comes B rolls C takes D drives A waited B mended C objected D faced A roses B villages C apples D matches A languages B rabies C assumes D consumes A markedly B allegedly C needed D walked A succeeds B devotes C prevents D coughs A kissed B helped C forced D raised 10 A liked B watched C helped D wicked 11 A widens B referees C sacks D cancels 12 A books B floors C combs D drums 13 A packed B punched C pleased D pushed 14 A confused B faced C cried D defined 15 A kissed B pleased C increased D ceased 16 A devoted B suggested C provided D wished *Trích đề minh họa 2017 17 A wanted B stopped C decided D hated 18 A finished B developed C defeated D looked 19 A toured B jumped C solved D rained 20 A played B planned C cooked D lived (đề thi 2017) -UNIT 2: STRESS A THEORY: Một số quy tắc cần nhớ: Đa số danh từ tính từ có âm tiết trọng âm nhấn vào âm tiết thứ Đa số động từ có âm tiết trọng âm nhấn vào âm tiết thứ *Ngoại lệ: Động từ có đi: - ER, -EN, -Y, -ISH, -OW trọng âm rơi vào âm tiết EX: ‘offer, ’happen, ’answer, ‘carry, ‘listen, ‘open, ’publish, ’finish, ’follow,… Từ tận đuôi : -ee, -een, -ese, -eer, -ique, -oo, -oon … →trọng âm nhấn vào EX: interview’ee , seven’teen, Japa’nese, engi’neer, tech’nique, kanga’roo, after’noon Các từ tận đuôi: -ial, -ian, -ious/ -eous, -ic, -ics,-tion, -sion →trọng âm nhấn vào âm thứ từ cuối lên EX: fi’nancial, mu’sician, advan’tageous, eco’nomic, sta’tistics, pol’lution, Đa số từ có âm tiết trở lên trọng âm rơi vào âm từ sau tính tới EX: a’bility, e’conomy, bi’ologist, ge’ography… Đa số tiền tố, hậu tố không làm thay đổi trọng âm từ gốc EX: ‘happy →un’happy, at’tract → at’tractive,… TÓM LƯỢT KIẾN THỨC NGỮ PHÁP TIẾNG ANH 12 – ÔN THI THPT Ms Trúc B EXERCISES: Choose the word that has main stress placed differently from the others A around B surface C because D divide A open B careful C destroy D modern A conquer B become C appear D attract A morning B happy C arrive D question A special B return C during D nothing A humor B hurry C program D become A accept B children C husband D rubbish A enjoy B finish C destroy D advise A support B follow C repeat D receive 10 A appeal B respect C prevent D answer 11 A construction B suggestion C accurate D romantic 12 A dedicate B impressive C reminder D descendant 13 A remember B company C technical D interview 14 A electric B confident C develop D fantastic 15 A domestic B investment C substantial D undergo *Trích đề minh họa 2017 16 A offer B canoe C country D standard 17 A pollution B computer C currency D allowance 18 A bamboo B forget C deserve D channel 19 A endanger B furniture C determine D departure 20 A financial B fortunate C marvelous D physical 21 A prepare B survive C finish D appeal *Trích đề thi 2017 22 A teacher B lesson C action D police 23 A importance B happiness C employment D relation 24 A answer B future C singer D reply 25 A effective B national C difficult D popular -UNIT 3: TENSES A THEORY: TENSES (Thì) 1.SIMPLE PRESENT (Hiện đơn) PRESENT CONTINUOUS (Hiện tiếp diễn) PRESENT PERFECT (Hiện hoàn thành) PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS (Hiện hồn thành tiếp diễn) PAST FORM ( Cơng thức) TOBE: →S + is/am/are VERB: →S + Vo/Vs/es S + do/does + not + Vo Do/Does + S + Vo…? SIGNALS (Dấu hiệu) - every (day/morning/week/….) - always, usually, often, sometimes, seldom/ rarely, never - once/twice a week - now, right now - at the moment, at present -Look! ; Be quiet! … USE (Cách dùng) - Thói quen / thật - Chân lý HAVE/HAS + BEEN + V-ING - for + khoảng TG (2 hours, years…) - since + mốc TG (2000/ last year…) -Hành động diễn -Kế hoạch cụ thể -HĐ xảy QK ko xác định rõ t.gian -HĐ lặp lại nhiều lần -HĐ xảy QK→HT→TLai -HĐ bắt đầu khứ & kéo dài liên tục đến TOBE: →S + was/were - yesterday -HĐ xảy & IS/AM/ARE + V-ING HAVE/HAS + Vp.p - for + khoảng TG (2 years/ a long time) - since + mốc TG (2000/ last year…) - just, recently, lately, already, yet - never*, ever, three/several times… - so far =up to now= up to the present TÓM LƯỢT KIẾN THỨC NGỮ PHÁP TIẾNG ANH 12 – ÔN THI THPT SIMPLE (Quá khứ đơn) 6.PAST CONTINUOUS (Quá khứ tiếp diễn) 7.PAST PERFECT (Quá khứ hoàn thành) 8.PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS (QKHT tiếp diễn) 9.SIMPLE FUTURE (Tương lai đơn) 10.FUTURE CONTINUOUS (TL tiếp diễn) 11.FUTRUE PERFECT (TL hoàn thành) VERB: →S + Ved/2 S + did + NOT + Vo Did + S + Vo…? WAS/WERE + V-ING HAD + Vpp HAD + BEEN+ V-ING WILL + Vo (I/We + will/shall + Vo) WILL + BE +V-ING WILL + HAVE + Vpp - last (last night/week/month/year ) - ago (2 days ago, months ago…) - in + năm QK (in 1990…) - from 1990 to 2003 - when I was young/ a little boy… - at p.m last night - at that time, at this time yesterday… - While +QKTD, QKTD (2 HĐ //) While +QKTD, QKĐ (1 đang, xen) - When QKĐ, QKTD (1 xen, đang) - When QKTD, QKĐ (1 đang, xen) - by/ before + năm qk ( by 2000,…) - After + QKHT, QKĐ - By the time/ Before + QKĐ, QKHT -When +QKĐ, QKHT (1 sau- trước) When - Before + QKĐ, QKHTTD + for/since By the time - tomorrow, next (week/month/year…) - someday, soon - in the future, in 2030… - TLĐ + When/ Before/Until + HTĐ - at this time next week - at p.m tomorrow - by + mốc t.gian TL( by next year…) - by then -By the time + HTĐ, TLHT B EXERCISE: My little sister “sleeping Beauty” several times A watches B is watching C has watched D watched The child before the doctor arrived A died B had died C has died D was dying The secretary the report by 10.00 yesterday A hadn’t finished B hasn’t finished C didn’t finish D would finish Jane’s eyes are red She A cried B has cried C has been crying D had cried There is a strange smell in here Mother something A cooks B is cooking C will cook D has cooked Last night Tina in bed when suddenly she heard a scream A read B was reading C has read D had read While mother dinner, the phone rang A cooked B had cooked C has cooked D was cooking When I arrived at the party, Martha home already A went B have gone C had gone D would go Almost everyone _ for home by the time we arrived A has left B left C leaves D had left 10 As soon as he a certificate in English, he will apply for a job A would get B got C gets D will get Ms Trúc chấm dứt QK có thời gian xác định - HĐ xảy thời điểm xác định QK - HĐ // - HĐ diễn HĐ khác xen vào - HĐ xảy trước tgian/ HĐ khác QK - HĐ xảy kéo dài đến HĐ thứ xảy QK -HĐ xảy tương lai - Dự đốn ko có sở - Lời hứa, sẵn lòng -HĐ xảy thời điểm xác định TL -HĐ hoàn tất vào thời điểm TL TÓM LƯỢT KIẾN THỨC NGỮ PHÁP TIẾNG ANH 12 – ÔN THI THPT Ms Trúc 11 By the end of next year, George English for years A will have learned B will learn C has learned D would learn 12 I hope they this road by the time we come back next summer A will have repaired B have repaired C repair D repaired 13 She is tired now She for hours A has been learning B has learned C learns D learned 14 I haven‘t met him again since we school ten years ago (Đề minh họa 2017) A have left B leave C left D had left 15 For the last 20 years, we significant changes in the world of science and technology (Đề minh họa 2017) A witness B have witnessed C witnessed D are witnessing 16 My best friend, Lan, to England 10 years ago (Đề minh họa 2017) A was moving B moves C moved D has moved 17 Lan learning English a few years ago A will start B started C is starting D starts (Đề thi 2017) 18 I haven't visited my hometown for a few years (Đề thi 2017) A I was in my hometown for a few years B I last visited my hometown a few years ago C I didn't visit my hometown a few years ago D I have been in my hometown for a few years UNIT 4: PASSIVE VOICE A.THEORY: Khi làm tập trắc nghiệm phần bị động, em cần ý chủ ngữ câu Đa số chủ ngữ vật câu thường mang nghĩa bị động Vì vậy, cần nắm vững cấu trúc chủ động bị động động từ để chọn phương án phù hợp *PASSIVE VOICE: (Căn bản) TENSES (Các thì) ACTIVE (Chủ động) PASSIVE (Bị động) Hiện đơn Vo/ Vs/es is/am/are + Ved/3 Quá khứ đơn Ved/2 was/were + Ved/3 Hiện tiếp diễn is/am/are + V-ing is/am/are + being + Ved/3 Quá khứ tiếp diễn was/were + V-ing was/were + being + Ved/3 Hiện hoàn thành have/ has + Ved/3 have/ has + been + Ved/3 Quá khứ hoàn thành had + Ved/3 had + been + Ved/3 Modal Verb( will/shall can/ MV + Vo MV + be + Ved/3 should/ must/may Be going to is/am/are going to + Vo is/am/are going to + be +Ved/3 Tương lai hoàn thành will +have + Ved/3 will + have + been +Ved/3 *DẠNG ĐẶC BIỆT: Động từ quan điểm, ý kiến: (say, think, report, believe, rumor, expect …) Active: S1 + V1 + (that) + S2 + V2 EX: People think that she is very rich Passive: It + is/was + V ed/3 + that + S2 + V2 → It is thought that she is very rich S2 + be + V1ed/3 + V2to-inf (V1 V2) → She is thought to be very rich to have V ed/3 (V2 xảy trước V1) EX: People said that he had gone abroad →It was said that he had gone abroad →He was said that to have gone abroad Thể nhờ bảo: (HAVE/GET) have + O người + Vo EX: I had him repair my bicycle yesterday get + O người + to-inf EX: I get her to make some coffee have /get + O vật + Ved/3 EX: I had/got my bicycle repaired yesterday B EXERCISE: The old man is said…………….all his money to an old people’s home when he died A to leave B to leaving C have left D to have left TÓM LƯỢT KIẾN THỨC NGỮ PHÁP TIẾNG ANH 12 – ÔN THI THPT Ms Trúc Renoir’s paintings ……… masterpieces all over the world A had considered B are considered C are considering D consider He was advised…………singing lessons A take B taken C taking D to take You’d better get someone…………your living room A redecorate B redecorated C to redecorate D redecorating Those letters _ now You can the typing later A need typing B needn't be typed C need to type D needn't typing This church was said in the 19th century A to build B to be built C to have been built D being built They had the chair by the neighbor A to mend B mended C mend D mending I was made all the plates last night A to clean B clean C to be cleaned D cleaning We can’t go along here because the road A is repairing B is repaired C is being repaired D repairs 10 Many US automobiles _ in Detroit, Michigan A manufacture B have manufactured C are manufactured D are manufacturing 11 Today, many serious childhood diseases _ by early immunization A are preventing B can prevent C prevent D can be prevented 12 Bicycles _ in the driveway A must not leave B must not be leaving C must not be left D must not have left Trích từ đề thi 13 She was overjoyed because her article (đề thi 2013) A had published B has published C has been published D had been published 14 The headmaster has decided that three lecture halls in our school next semester (đề thi 2015) A will be building B will build C are being built D will be built 15 New sources of energy have been looking for as the number of fossil fuels continues to decrease (đề 2016) A B C D 16 Richard, my neighbor, _ in World War II (Đề minh họa 2017) A says to fight B says to have fought C is said to fight D is said to have fought 17 Her fiancé is said _ from Harvard University five years ago (Đề minh họa 2017) A having graduated B to have graduated C being graduated D to be graduated -UNIT 5: WORD FORM A.THEORY: I/ MỘT SỐ CẤU TRÚC NHẬN DIỆN LOẠI TỪ THƯỜNG GẶP: a/ an/ the/ this/ that/these/ those… Ex: my/ her/ his/our/their/your/ Mary’s + (ADJ) + N She is a beautiful girl many/ some/ ten/ a lot of… She has written many romantic novels in/ on/ of/ with… S + BE + ADJ Ex: Learning English is interesting S + BECOME/ LOOK/ SEEM + ADJ Ex: He became famous at the age of six S + VERB + (O) + ADV Ex: She speaks English fluently S + BE + ADV + Ved/3 Ex: The date of the meeting was carefully chosen S + BE + ADV + ADJ Ex: Your story is very interesting S + MAKE, KEEP, FIND + O + ADJ Ex: We should keep our room clean Đại từ bất định (something, someone, anything, anybody, everything, nobody…) + ADJ Ex: Do you have anything important to tell me? TÓM LƯỢT KIẾN THỨC NGỮ PHÁP TIẾNG ANH 12 – ÔN THI THPT ` Ms Trúc Danh từ đo lường, tuổi tác + (adj) Ex: This table is two meters long He’s twenty years old II/ NHẬN DIỆN TỪ LOẠI: Thông thường phải hiểu nghĩa & chức từ loại, nhiên số trường hợp nhận biết từ loại cần chọn chỗ trống nhờ vào việc nhận diện số đuôi thường gặp sau Danh từ (N): - Chỉ vật: -TION/ -SION/ -MENT/ -ITY/ -NESS/ -ANCE/ -ENCE/ -DOM/ -SHIP/ -AGE/ -ISM/ -ING Ex: permission, employment, responsibility, attendance, marriage, happiness,… - Chỉ người: -ER/ -OR/ -EE/ -ANT/ -IST/ -AN/ -IAN Ex:driver, actor, interviewee, applicant, scientist, musician… - THE + ADJ (tạo thành danh từ tập hợp) Ex: the poor, the rich, the old… Động từ (V): -IZE, -EN, -ATE, -FY Ex: industrialize, modernize, widen, lengthen, originate, beautify… Tính từ (ADJ): -FUL, -IC, -IVE, -ABLE/ -IBLE, -LESS, -Y, -LIKE, -AL, -ISH, Ex: peaceful, scientific, attractive, acceptable, defensible, treeless, rainy, childlike, agricultural, selfish… Trạng từ (ADV): Phần lớn ADJ + LY →ADV Ex: slowly, carefully, safely, attractively, … B.EXERCISE: Choose the best answer: As an _, Mr Pike is very worried about the increasing of juvenile delinquency A educate B education C educator D educative He was the only _ that was offered the job A apply B application C applicant D applying Many people have objected to the use of animals in _ experiments A science B scientist C scientific D scientifically A / an _ species is a population of an organism which is at risk of becoming extinct A dangerous B endanger C endangered D endangerment Almost half of turtles and tortoises are known to be threatened with A extinct B extinction C extinctive D extinctly They are going to _ the pool to 1.8 meter A deep B depth C deepen D Deeply The success of the 22nd SEA Games had a great contribution of many _ volunteers A support B supporter C supportive D supportively He was so _ that he could not even say a word A nerve B nerves C nervous D nervously I am really _ in the way he talks, but the way he behaves A interest B interested C interesting D Interestingly 10 The road has just been for better flows of traffic A width B wide C widely D widened 11 She wants to look in her wedding reception A natural B naturally C nature D natured 12 Scientific progress supplies us with such as washing machines, tractors,… A convenient B conveniences C inconvenience D inconveniences 13 Thanks to labor-saving devices, women have more time to take part in _ activities A society B social C socially D Socialize 14 Some people tend to view foreigners with _ A suspiciously B suspect C suspicious D suspicion 15 We must it _ otherwise it will be too late! A lately B slowly C immediately D finally Trích đề minh họa 2017 16 Tom is getting ever keener on doing research on A biology B biological C biologist D biologically TÓM LƯỢT KIẾN THỨC NGỮ PHÁP TIẾNG ANH 12 – ÔN THI THPT Ms Trúc 17 Many people and organizations have been making every possible effort in order to save _ species A endangered B dangerous C fearful D threatening 18 They are always _ of what their children A support B supporting C supportive D supportively 19 In the past, students were limited to their school’s _ of books A select B selective C selectively D selection 20 The mobile phone is an effective means of in the world nowadays A communicated B communication C communicate D communicative 21 In Vietnam, children begin their primary at the age of six (Đề thi 2017) A educate B education C educational D educationally UNIT 6: S-V AGREEMENT A.THEORY: QUY TẮC CHUNG: Chủ ngữ số + V chia số ( Thường gặp: be→ is/was, V-s/es / (does), has ) Chủ ngữ số nhiều + Vchia số nhiều (Thường gặp - be: are/were, Vo/ (do), have) Danh từ + -s/es: danh từ số nhiều (trừ vài ngoại lệ 5*) ĐỘNG TỪ CHIA SỐ ÍT Danh từ số ít, khơng đếm (Water, food, milk,… ) Eg Milk is good for your health Mệnh đề danh từ, V-ING TO.INF eg What he told was interesting Learning English is difficult To fly in the space is her dream Each/ every/ either/ neither/ one + each/every/either/neither/one + danh từ SỐ ÍT + each/every/either/neither/one + OF danh từ SỐ NHIỀU Chú ý: CÓ OF THÌ PHẢI CĨ THE/TTSH Each of THE students HAS a book ĐỘNG TỪ CHIA SỐ NHIỀU And eg: Water and oil don’t mix The professor and the secretary are coming (2 ng #) (Lưu ý: Nếu d.từ người/vật→ V chia số ) eg: The professor and secretary is coming (1 ng.) Both and Eg Both Lan and Nam are students a few, few, both, some , a lot of, most, many, plenty of, all, several, + danh từ số nhiều A few books I read ARE famous Many students ARE hard-working + Some/Any/Every/No + Thing/One/Body eg Everything LOOKS bright and clean + số lượng, thờigian, khoảng cách tiền eg Eight hours of sleep IS enough Twenty dollars IS too much to pay The + adj -> N The rich ARE not always happy Môn học, tên bệnh tên quốc gia kết thúc ‘s’ news (bản tin), physics (mơn lý), ecnomics (kinh tế học), mathematics (tốn), politics (chính trị học), athletes (mơn điền kinh), meales (bệnh sởi), mumps (bệnh quai bị), the Philipines (nước Phi), the United States (nước Mỹ)… Eg Physics IS more difficult than chemistry 5* people (người ta), police (cảnh sát), cattle (súc vật) women (phụ nữ), men (đàn ông) , children (trẻ em), bacteria (vi khuẩn), oxen (bò đực)… Eg The police have arrested the thieves TÓM LƯỢT KIẾN THỨC NGỮ PHÁP TIẾNG ANH 12 – ÔN THI THPT Ms Trúc NO + Danh từ số Eg No student is in the hall NO + Danh từ số nhiều eg No students are on the schoolyard The number of + Danh từ số eg The number of students in this class IS forty A number of + Danh từ số nhiều eg A number of children LIKE cakes All / some/ none /plenty/ half/ most/ a lot / lots + OF+ DT số Eg A lot of coffee HAS been hot All / some/ none /plenty/ half/ most/ a lot / lots + OF+ DT số nhiều Eg None of the boys ARE good at English CÁC TRƯỜNG HỢP ĐẶC BIỆT V chia theo chủ ngữ gần (S2) EITHER S1 OR S2 NEITHER S1 NOR S2 NOT ONLY S1 BUT ALSO S2 Eg Not only my parents but also my sister is here (chia theo MY SISTER) S1 S2 V 10 V chia theo chủ ngữ xa (S1) S1 + WITH, ALONG WITH + S2 S1 + TOGETHER WITH + S2 S1 + INCLUDED WITH + S2 S1 + ACCOMPANIED BY + S2 S1 + IN ADDITION TO + S2 S1 + AS WELL AS + S2 Eg The woman WITH all the dogs WALKS down my street (chia theo THE WOMAN) S1 S2 V 11 S (N + preposition phrase) + V(theo danh từ) Ex: The study of languages is very interesting 12 There + be + N (chia theo danh từ) Ex: There are 28 students in my class B EXERCISES Exercise 1: Choose the best answer Tom as well as his dog _ here now A is B are C was My old friend and colleague, John, _ married A has just got B have just got C just has got The singer and the actor _ coming now A was B were C is Mathematics _ difficult A is B are C was Two billion dollars _ not enough for the victims of the tsunami A has B were C is Every student willing to join the picnic now A is B are C was The number of students increasing now A are B was C were A number of students playing table - tennis now D were D just have got D are D were D are D were D is TÓM LƯỢT KIẾN THỨC NGỮ PHÁP TIẾNG ANH 12 – ÔN THI THPT Ms Trúc A are B was C were D is Physics her favorite subject at school A are B is C were D have been 10 The boy, with his two companions, the cherry tree now A has split B have split C is slitting D are splitting 11 The writer and poet going to preside over this meeting A are B is C have been D were 12 Neither the mother nor the children aware of the danger A were B was C is D has been 13 Each of the boys a book now A have B has C had D are having 14 Two-thirds of the money mine now A is B are C was D were 15 About fifty per cent of the students in this class from Japan A was B were C are D is Exercise 2: Find the incorrect part A, B, C and D 16 Each of the rooms have its own bathroom A B C D 17 Everybody who have a fever must go home immediately A B C D 18 Twenty five dollars are all I can afford to pay for this recorder A B C D 19 All of the windows in my house was broken in the earthquake A B C D 20 The actress, along with her manager and some friends, are going to the party A B C D Trích đề minh họa 2017 21 Measles are an infectious disease that causes fever and small red spots A B C D 22 The number of students attending English courses at our university are increasing A B C D 23 Each student have to write a paragraph about the benefits of learning English A B C D 24 She always try to finish her homework before going to bed (Trích đề thi 2017) A B C D -UNIT 7: GERUND -TO-INF- BARE INF - PASSIVE INF- PASSIVE GERUND A- THEORY: I GERUND -TO-INF- BARE INF: V-ING (bao gồm gerund & present participle) - Làm chủ ngữ tân ngữ - sau giới từ (of, on, in ) - sau liên từ (before, after ) - sau động từ: admit, advise, anticipate, appreciate, avoid, complete, consider, delay, deny, discuss, dislike, enjoy, finish, can’t help, can’t bear, can’t stand, keep, mention, mind, miss, postpone, practice, quit, recall, recommend, resent, suggest, hate, TO-INF - Làm chủ ngữ - bổ ngữ cho BE - mục đích - sau tính từ - sau nghi vấn từ : how, what, - sau động từ: TH1: S+ V+O+ To-inf advise, ask, be, command, encourage, forbid, get, help, intend, leave, mean, oblige, permit, prefer, BARE INF (động từ nguyên mẫu không To) - Sau động từ khiếm khuyết : can, could, shall, should, will, would, must, mustn’t, ought to, needn’t, have to - Sau động từ giác quan: (feel, hear, smell, see, watch, let, percieve=notice, mark , observe, beheld )+ O+ V-inf TÓM LƯỢT KIẾN THỨC NGỮ PHÁP TIẾNG ANH 12 – ÔN THI THPT love, like, start, begin, forget, remember, stop, regret, continue, acknowledge, endure, imagine, justify, resist, feel like, forgive, risk, tolerate, feel like - Sau : There is no, to look forward to, It’s no use, It’s no good, It’s worth, have difficulty + V-ing - sau động từ giác quan: feel, see, hear, watch - Trong cấu trúc: Spend/ waste + money/time+ V-ing - Trong cấu trúc : Be busy + V-ing - Trong cấu trúc: S + sit / stand / lie / come / run (cụm từ nơi chốn) +V-ing Eg: He sat on the chair reading a book - Cấu trúc: There + be + Noun + V-ing recommend, remind, tell, allow, bear, cause, compel, expect, force, hate, instruct, invite, like, need, order, persuade, press, request, teach, tempt, trouble, warn, want, wish TH2: S+V+ To-inf afford, appear, ask, bear, begin, choose, decide, expect, forget, hate, hesitate, intend, like, manage, neglect, prefer, pretend, propose, regret, seem, swear, try, wish, agree, arrange, attempt, beg, care, consent, determine, fail, happend, help, hope, learn, love, mean, offer, prepare, promise, refuse, remember, start, trouble, want, would like/ prefer - Trong cấu trúc: Ms Trúc - Sau động từ: Make, help, let +O + V-inf - Sau động từ/ cụm: had better, would rather, have to, used to Enough (for O ) +to- inf It’s + adj+ (for O) + to-inf Too + adj + (for O) + to-inf It takes +O + time+ to-inf TH ĐẶC BIỆT : SỬ DỤNG CẢ (V-ING/GERUND): Một số động từ theo sau sử dụng Gerund To Infinitive không thay đổi nghĩa: begin, start, hate, prefer, continue, like, intend, attempt Eg : I hate to see you = I hate seeing you Một số động từ theo sau sử dụng Gerund To Infinitive thay đổi nghĩa: stop , remember, forget, regret, try a Stop + to-inf: dừng việc để làm việc khác Stop + Ving : dừng hẳn b Remember + to-inf:nhớ phải làm Rember + Ving: nhớ làm trongqk c Forget + to-inf : qn khơng/chưa làm Forget + Ving : qn có làm việc qk d Regret + to-inf: lấy làm tiếc (phải thơng báo tin khơng vui cho ai) Regret + Ving: hối tiếc làm qk e Try + to-inf : cố gắng làm Try + Ving: thử làm S + allow, advise, forbid, permit, recommend + O + To-inf S + allow, advise, forbid, permit, recommend + V-ing II PASSIVE INF- PASSIVE GERUND - Passive infinitive: S + V+ to be + Ved/ Ex: She expects to be invited to Minh’s birthday party V to be + V-ed - Passive gerund: S + V + being + Ved/3 Ex: She enjoys being invited to Minh’s birthday party V being + V-ed -Gerund & present participle: V-ing -Perfect gerund & Perfect participle: Having + Ved/3 Lưu ý : LƯU Ý: Make S+ make +O+ inf S+ be+ made+ to-inf Need - S(người)+ need + to-inf: cần phải - S+ (vật)+ need+ V-ing/ to be Vpp : cần TÓM LƯỢT KIẾN THỨC NGỮ PHÁP TIẾNG ANH 12 – ÔN THI THPT Ms Trúc => S + have/ has +not+ for + time => It’s + time+ since + S + last + Ved => The last time + S + V ed+ was + time + ago Ví dụ: It last snowed weeks ago => It hasn’t snowed for weeks => It’s weeks since it last snowed => The last time it snowed was weeks ago This is the first time + S +have/has+P2: Lần đầu làm => S +have/ has + never + P2+ before => S+ have/ has not+ P2+ before Ví dụ: This is the first time I have met him => I have never met him before => I haven’t met him before This is the Superlative (…est/ most ADJ N) S +have/has+P2 => S +have/ has + never + P2+ such a/an+ ADJ+ N => S+ have/ has never+ P2+ a more + ADJ+ N than this Đề thi minh họa 2015: This is the most interesting novel I have ever read => I have never read such an interesting novel => I have never read a more interesting novel than this (one/ novel) Cấu trúc 5,6,7,8 thay cho linh hoạt S + Be/V + too + adj/adv + (for someone) + to something: Quá làm Ví dụ: - The top shelf is too high for the children to reach - He ran too fast for me to follow S + Be/V + so + adj/ adv + that + S + V+O: Quá mà Ví dụ: - The top shelf is so high that the children can not not reach it - He ran so fast that I could not follow him Notes: Trong cấu trúc So… that: vế sau that mệnh đề nên cần có thêm O sau V nên ta có reach it follow him, cấu trúc “too” khơng, em lưu ý Còn cấu trúc S + Be/V + so + many/much/little/few +N + that + S + V + O Ví dụ: She has so much work to that she can not go out with me tonight She has so many things to that she can not go out with me tonight It + Be/V + such + (a/an) + (adj) + N(s) + that + S + V +O: Quá mà Ví dụ: - It is such a high top shelf that the children can not reach it - He was such a fast runner that I could not follow him S + Be/V + adj/ adv + enough + (for someone) + to something : Đủ cho làm Chúng ta thường lấy ADJ đối nghĩa ADJ cho sẵn câu “too” để dùng tạo câu Ví dụ: She is too young to get married => She isn’t old enough to get married It’s adj (for Sb) to sth: Ai làm nào? => Doing sth be ADJ (for sb) => S find Ving/ it/ N + ADJ to sth Ví dụ: It’s difficult for me to wake up early in the morning => Waking up early in the morning is difficult for me => I find waking up early in the morning difficult => I find it difficult to wake up in the morning (với N) I find English interesting to study Ví dụ: It’s cool to try your best for what you want => Trying your best for what you want is cool TÓM LƯỢT KIẾN THỨC NGỮ PHÁP TIẾNG ANH 12 – ÔN THI THPT Ms Trúc I find it cool to try your best for what you want 10 S+ should/ ought to/ had better+ V Or If I were you,… => It’s time for sb to sth => It’s (high/ about) time S+ did sth (thể phàn nàn, chê trách “sao tới mà chưa làm?”) Ví dụ: You’d better go right now => It’s time for you to go now => It’s time you went now 11 Although/ Though/ Even though + clause (S+V) => Despite / In spite of+ Noun/gerund (Ving) => Despite/ in spite of the fact that S+ V,… Ví dụ: Although they don’t have money, they still live happily => Despite no money/ having no money, they still live happily => In spite of the fact that they don’t have money, they still live happily 12 S + V + so that/ in order that+ S + V (chỉ mục đích) => S + V + to + V Ví dụ: She studies hard in order that she can pass the final examination => She studies hard to pass the final examination 13 There’s no point in Ving: khơng đáng, khơng có ích làm gì? => It’s no good/ no use Ving => It’s not worth Ving Ví dụ: There’s no point in arguing => It’s no good/ no use arguing => It’s not worth arguing 14 Các cấu trúc liên quan đến câu gián tiếp - Đề nghị: Suggest Shall we+ V /Let's+ V /How/What about+ Ving /Why dont we + V => S+ suggested+ Ving: đề nghị làm Ví dụ: "Why don’t we go out for a walk?” said the boy => The boy suggested going out for a walk - Gợi ý cho người khác: “Why don’t you+ Vo? => S+ suggested+ that+ S+ should/shouldn't+ V Ví dụ: “Why don’t you have a rest?” he said to her => He suggested that she should have a rest - Cáo buộc : S accused Sb of doing sth “You stole the money on the table”, she said to him => She accused him of stealing the money on the table - Thừa nhận phủ nhận S+ admitted/ denied+ Ving/ having P2 He said “Yes, I did” => He admitted stealing/ having stolen the money on the table He said: “ No, I didn’t” => He denied stealing/ having stolen the money on the table - Lời khuyên (should/ought to/ had better/ If I were you / Why don’t you) S + advised sb + (not) to V “If I were you, I would save some money” she said => She advised me to save some money “You shouldn’t believe him” Jane said to Peter => Jane advised Peter not to believe him - Câu mời (Would you like ?) S+ offered Sb Sth S+ offered to Sth TÓM LƯỢT KIẾN THỨC NGỮ PHÁP TIẾNG ANH 12 – ÔN THI THPT S + invited sb+ to V Would you like a cup of coffee, Peter?” I said => I offered Peter a cup of coffee “Would you like me to clean the house for you” he said => He offered to clean the house for me “Would you like to go to the cinema with me tonight?” he said => He invited me to go to the cinema with him that night - Dặn dò: S + remember + to Sth => S + don’t forget + to Sth => S remind Sb to Sth He told me: “Don’t forget to come here on time tomorrow” => He reminded me to come there on time the next day She said to all of us: “Remember to submit the report by this Thursday” => She reminded all of us to submit the report by that Thursday - Cảm ơn: Thank Sb for Ving/ N “Thank you for helping me finish this project “ he said to us => He thanked us for helping him finish that project “ Thank you for this lovely present.” I said to him => I thanked him for that lovely present - Xin lỗi: S apologized to sb for Ving “Sorry, I broke your vase” he said to his mother => He apologized to his mother for breaking her vase - Khen ngợi: S congratulated Sb on Ving “Congratulations! You won the first prize” he said to me => He congratulated me on winning the first prize - Đe dọa: S+ threatened (sb)+to V/ not to V : đe doạ (ai) làm He said " I will kill you if you don’t that "=> He threatened to kill me if I didn’t that 15 Chú ý đến dạng cấu trúc câu điều kiện - Unless = If not If you don’t have a visa, you can not come to America => Unless you have a visa, you can not come to America - Đảo ngữ điều kiện loại 1: Should+ S+ V + Loại 2: Were S+ Adj/N / to V + Loại 3: Had+ S+ (not) P2 Đề thi minh họa 2015: You can ring this number whenever there is any difficulty Should there be any difficulty, ring this number 16 Các cấu trúc liên quan đến so sánh: Sự chuyển đổi từ cấu trúc ngang - so sánh - so sánh nhất: Ví dụ: Sally is the tallest girl in her class => No one in Sally’s class is as tall as her => No one in Sally’s class is taller than her - Cấu trúc tăng tiến cấp độ: The 8-year-old bride movie is more and more interesting - Cấu trúc càng… càng: The older he is, the less he wants to travel 17 Các cấu trúc liên quan đến bị động - Have Sb sth => have Sth done Ví dụ: We get him to look after our house when we are on business => We get our house looked after (by him) when we are on business - Make Sb sth-> Sb be made to Sth The teacher made the students work hard => The students were made to work hard Ms Trúc TÓM LƯỢT KIẾN THỨC NGỮ PHÁP TIẾNG ANH 12 – ÔN THI THPT Ms Trúc - People say S+ V => It be said that S+ V => S be said to V/ to have P2 Ví dụ: People say that he drinks a lot of wine => It is said that he drinks a lot of wine => He is said to drink a lot of wine 18 Các cấu trúc liên quan đến câu đảo ngữ - Never will I speak to him again - No sooner had I arrived home than the phone rang - Hardly had I arrived home when the phone rang - Only after posting the letter did I realize that I had forgotten to put on a stamp - Not until I asked a passer-by did I know where I was = It was not until I asked a passer-by that I knew where I was - Around the corner is the hospital EXERCISE : "If I were you, I would ask the teacher for help," John said to Tom A John advised Tom not to ask the teacher for help B John advised Tom to ask the teacher for help C John told Tom that he would ask the teacher for help D John told Tom to ask the teacher She started working as a teacher of English ten years ago A She had worked with a teacher of English for ten years B She had been working as a teacher of English for ten years C She has worked with a teacher of English for ten years D She has been working as a teacher of English for ten years He couldn’t come to the conference because he was seriously ill A Although he was ill, he came to the conference B His illness was very serious that he couldn’t come to the conference C Because of his serious illness, he couldn’t come to the conference D He couldn’t come to the conference, so he became seriously ill Sue and Brian met Shortly after that, he announced they were getting married A As soon as Sue and Brian met, they announced they were getting married B Right at the time Brian met Sue, he announced they were getting married C Scarcely had Sue and Brian met when he announced they were getting married D Until Sue and Brian met, they had announced they were getting married I would rather you wore something more formal to work A I’d prefer you to wear something more formal to work B I’d prefer you wear something more formal to work C I’d prefer you wearing something more formal to work D I’d prefer you should wear something more formal to work This is my first visit to Paris A I have never visited Paris before B I am used to visiting Paris C I used to visit Paris D I have visited Paris many times before He started working as an engineer years ago A He didn’t work as an engineer any more, B He had worked as an engineer for years C He was working as an engineer years ago D He has worked as an engineer for years The doctor spent 10 minutes examining the patient A It took the doctor 10 minutes examining the patient B It took the doctor 10 minutes to examine the patient TÓM LƯỢT KIẾN THỨC NGỮ PHÁP TIẾNG ANH 12 – ÔN THI THPT C It took the doctor 10 minutes examine the patient D It took the doctor 10 minutes to examining the patient She said: “It is very kind of you to help me Thank you very much.” A She thanked me to help her B She said it is very kind of me to help her C She said that it was very kind of you to help her D She thanked me for helping her 10 I have never seen this film before A Never before have I seen this film B Never before I have seen this film C Before have never I seen this film D Have I never before seen this film 11 I did not answer the door even though I knew it was my friend A Unless I knew it was my friend, I would not answer the door B I knew it was my friend, but I did not answer the door C Only when I answered the door did I knew it was my friend D I answered the door since I knew it was my friend 12 As soon as he approached the house, the policeman stopped him A No sooner had he approached the house than the policeman stopped him B Hardly had he approached the house than the policeman stopped him C No sooner had he approached the house when the policeman stopped him D Hardly he had approached the house when the policeman stopped him 13 I have never talked to the headmaster before A It’s the first time I ever talked to the headmaster B It’s the first time I had ever talked to the headmaster C It’s the first time I have ever talked to the headmaster D It’s the first time I will ever have talked to the headmaster 14 In spite of all our efforts, we failed in the final match A Although we tried very hard, we failed in the final match B We made all our efforts so that we could again success in the final match C Whatever efforts we had made, we weren’t able to win in the final match D We failed in the final match as a result of all our great efforts 15 She was so busy that she couldn’t answer the phone A She was very busy that she couldn’t answer the phone B She was too busy to answer the phone C She was too busy not to answer the phone D She was very busy so that she couldn’t answer the phone 16 The teacher did not let his students leave school until p.m A Both the teacher and his students had to leave school before p.m B All the students were allowed to leave school until p.m C It was at p.m that the teacher and his students were made to leave school D It was not until p.m that the teacher let his students leave school 17 She was so busy that she couldn’t answer the phone A She was very busy that she couldn’t answer the phone B She was too busy to answer the phone C She was too busy not to answer the phone D She was very busy so that she couldn’t answer the phone 18 "Why don't you ask the teacher for help?" Peter asked me A Peter recommended me not to ask the teacher for help B Peter advised me to ask the teacher for help C Peter told me the reason why I did not ask the teacher for help D Peter suggested that he should ask the teacher for help 19 I’m sorry I forgot your birthday”, Harry told Mary A Harry said sorry to Mary for forgetting her birthday Ms Trúc TÓM LƯỢT KIẾN THỨC NGỮ PHÁP TIẾNG ANH 12 – ÔN THI THPT Ms Trúc B Harry felt sorry to forget Mary’s birthday C Harry apologized to Mary for having forgotten her birthday D Harry really felt a pity not to remember Mary’s birthday 20 The weather is too hot for us to go out A The weather is so hot that we can’t go out B The weather is so hot us to go out C The weather is too hot that we can’t go out D The weather is such hot that we can’t go out 21 Sue is too slow to understand what you might say A Sue is not enough quick to understand what you might say B So slow is Sue that she can't understand what you might say C What you might say, Sue can understand slowly D Sue is so slow to understand what you might say 22 “Don’t forget to tidy up the final draft before submission,” the team leader told us A The team leader asked us to tidy up the final draft before submission B The team leader simply wanted us to tidy up the final draft before submission C The team leader reminded us to tidy up the final draft before submission D The team leader ordered us to tidy up the final draft before submission 23 I have never read such a romantic stories like this before A The story is so romantic that I have read it many times B This story is not as romantic as those I had read before C I have never read many romatic stories like this before D This is the most romantic story that I’ve ever read 24 He last had his car repaired weeks ago A He has had his car repaired for weeks B He had repaired his car § weeks before C He had not repaired his car for weeks then D He didn't have any repair to his car in weeks Trích đề thi TNPTTH năm 2017 25 We cannot completely avoid stress in our lives We need to find ways to cope with it A Since we cannot completely avoid stress in our lives, we need to find ways to cope with it B Because stress can completely be avoided in our lives, we need to find ways to cope with it C After we can completely avoid stress in our lives, we need to find ways to cope with it D As long as we can completely avoid stress in our lives, we need to find ways to cope with it 26 Mai usually helps her classmates with their studies Her classmates appreciate her A Mai usually helps her classmates with their studies, for they appreciate her B Mai usually helps her classmates with their studies, but they appreciate her C Mai usually helps her classmates with their studies, or they appreciate her D Mai usually helps her classmates with their studies, so they appreciate her - TÓM LƯỢT KIẾN THỨC NGỮ PHÁP TIẾNG ANH 12 – ÔN THI THPT Ms Trúc MỘT SỐ ĐIỂM NGỮ PHÁP KHÁC CẦN LƯU Ý I/ TRẬT TỰ TÍNH TỪ: * Tính từ (Adj) thường đứng trước danh từ để bổ nghĩa cho danh từ a/an/the/ this/that/ these/ those some/ many/a little/ a lot of… + ADJ + N two, ten, several/ a few… my/her/his/our/their/ your * Nếu cụm danh từ có nhiều tính từ chúng xếp theo trật tự sau: Trật tự tính từ: Bí ghi nhớ: “Kiến-cỡ-tuổi-dạng-sắc-xuất-liệu-đích” Opinion Size Age Shape Color origin Hình dạng Màu sắc Ý kiến Kích cỡ Tuổi tác Xuất xứ nice big/large old, modern round red Japanese beautiful, small, new, ancient square, blue, French silly, pretty huge… young… rectangle orange … Chinese Material Chất liệu leather, iron wood, silver cotton… purpose Mục đích racing (car) frying (pan) football(field ) Ví dụ: In the kitchen there is a beautiful large round wooden table It’s a nice long summer holiday Give me the small black plastic bag Trích đề thi TNPTTH năm 2017 Paul has just sold his car and intends to buy a new one A black old Japanese B Japanese old black C old black Japanese D old Japanese black The only thing he bought on his trip to Italy was a watch A nice Italian new B nice new Italian C new Italian nice D new nice Italian I met a girl at my friend's birthday party last Sunday A pretty American tall B tall pretty American C tall American pretty D pretty tall American Peter bought a car as a present for his wife two weeks ago A new German red B red German new C red new German D new red German II/ THỂ GIẢ ĐỊNH: HIỆN TẠI GIẢ ĐỊNH ( Vo – nguyên mẫu) Verb/N/Adj + THAT + S + (SHOULD) + Vo *Verbs: Suggest, insist, stipulate(quy định), urge, recommend, command, propose, advise, order, command, demand, request… *Nouns: suggestion, proposal, command, demand, request… *ADJ: important, necessary, imperative, advised, essential, vital, required, urgent, proposed, mandatory, obligatory… QUÁ KHỨ GIẢ ĐỊNH (Ved/2 ; be →were ) If loại 2 wish (hiện tại) It’s (high) time + S + V2/ed S1 + would rather + S2 + V2/ed QKHT GIẢ ĐỊNH (Had + PP) If loại wish (quá khứ) S1 + would rther + S2 + had +PP (Bối cảnh khứ) Trong as if/ as though (ko thật tại) Trong as if/ as though (ko thật khứ) S + Vo/s/es+ as if/ as though + S + Ved/2 S + Ved/2+ as if/ as though + S +had + PP III/ INVERSION (ĐẢO NGỮ): Đảo ngữ đem trợ động từ đặt trước chủ ngữ mang hàm ý nhấn mạnh Các từ/cụm từ đảo ngữ Ví dụ No sooner than (vừa mới… thì….) No sooner had I reached the door than I realised it was Hardly when locked Scarcely when Đảo ngữ câu điều kiện ( bỏ IF) 1/Should it stop raining, we’ll go out Loại 1: Should + S + Vo TÓM LƯỢT KIẾN THỨC NGỮ PHÁP TIẾNG ANH 12 – ÔN THI THPT Loại 2: Were + S + … Loại 3: Had + S + Vpp… Not until (mãi cho đến….) Đảo ngữ với “Only …” Only then (Chỉ đến lúc đó…) Only if (Chỉ nếu…) Only when (Chỉ khi…) Only later (Chỉ sau này…) Only after (Chỉ sau khi…) Only by (Chỉ cách…) Not only … but also… (khơng những… mà còn) So that (q … ) Such that Such + be + N + that… 8.Not only….but also… Đảo ngữ với cụm từ phủ định/ bán phủ định -Rarely/Seldom: -Never : Không -Hardly : khơng -Little: ít, khơng -At no time: Chưa -In no way: không cách -No longer: khơng -On no account = For no reasons : ko lý -On no condition: tuyệt đối khơng -Under/ In no circumstances: hoàn cảnh không IV/ TAG QUESTIONS: (Câu hỏi đuôi) LÝ THUYẾT I/ Định nghĩa: Tag question loại câu hỏi ngắn thêm vào cuối câu nhằm để xác minh thông tin mà người nói biết II/ CÁCH THÀNH LẬP Câu hỏi gồm có: trợ động từ + chủ ngữ? (Chủ ngữ phải là: I/we/you/she/he/they/it/ there) Nếu câu phát biểu thể khẳng định câu hỏi thể phủ định ngược lại Nếu câu hỏi thể phủ định phải dùng hình thức tĩnh lược (contractive form) III/ CÁC DẠNG ĐẶC BIỆT: a/ Phần đuôi “I am” “aren’t I” b/ Phần đuôi của: This / That → It These / Those → They c/ Đại từ bất định: Ms Trúc 2/ Were I rich, I would travel around the world 3/ Had he known the party, he would have come Not until January will I have a holiday 1/ Only then did I know what I had got myself into 2/ Only after the film started did I realise that I'd seen it before 3/ Only by working harder can we pass the exam Not only does she play piano well, but also she sings well 1/ So exciting was the soap opera, that I forgot to my English homework 2/ So hard did he work that he forgot his lunch Such was a boring speech that I got sleepy Not only is he good at English but he can also draw very well 1/ Seldom have I seen him looking so miserable 2/ Never in her life had she experienced this exhilarating emotion 3/ At no time did he know she came from a rich family No longer does he work as an accountant VÍ DỤ Jack can come, can’t he? Fred can’t come, can he? You like tea, don’t you? You don’t like tea, you? Tom is a good boy, isn’t he? They will go away, won't they? The girl didn't come here, did she? She hasn't left, has she? I’m going to it again, aren’t I? (Lưu ý: I’m not wrong, am I?) This is your book, isn’t it? These are yours, aren’t they? TÓM LƯỢT KIẾN THỨC NGỮ PHÁP TIẾNG ANH 12 – ÔN THI THPT + something/ anything/ nothing/ everything →it + everyone, everybody, someone, somebody, no one, nobody → they d/ Khi câu nói có từ phủ định như: seldom, rarely, hardly, no, without, never, few, little, nothing/ no one/ nobody… phần đuôi phải dạng khẳng định e/ Trong cấu trúc There + be, phần đuôi there f/ Câu mệnh lệnh câu yêu cầu: + Câu mệnh lệnh/ lời yêu cầu phần thường “will you?” Ms Trúc Everything is ok, isn’t it? Everyone took the test, didn’t they? He seldom goes to the movies, does he? You’ve never been there, have you? Nothing is wrong, is it? Nobody called on the phone, did they? b/ There is a meeting tonight, isn’t there? Wait for me a minute, will you? Open the door, will you? Don’t be late, will you? g/ Phần đuôi câu bắt đầu Let’s → shall we? Let’s go swimming, shall we? Nhưng phần đuôi Let us / Let me → will you? Let me go, will you? h/ Phần đuôi của: You’d better → hadn’t you You’d better stayat home, hadn’t you? You’d rather → wouldn’t you ? You’d rather stay at home, wouldn’t you? You used to → didn’t you ? She ought to exercise every morning, ought to → shouldn’t shouldn’t she? III Ý nghĩa câu hỏi đuôi: Ý nghĩa câu hỏi đuôi phụ thuộc vào ngữ điệu diễn đạt nó: - Xuống giọng hy vọng người nghe trả lời “yes” - Lên giọng người nghe trả lời “yes or no” V/ CONJUNCTION AND CONNECTORS: Những từ dùng để thêm thơng tin • and (và) • also (cũng) • besides (ngồi ra) • first, second, third… (thứ nhất, thứ hai, thứ ba…) • in addition (thêm vào đó) • in the first place, in the second place, in the third place (ở nơi thứ nhất, nơi thứ hai, nơi thứ ba) • furthermore (xa nữa) • moreover (thêm vào đó) • to begin with, next, finally (bắt đầu với, là, cuối là) Những từ dấu hiệu nguyên nhân, hệ • Accordingly (Theo như) • and so (và thế) • as a result (Kết là) • consequently (Do đó) • for this reason (Vì lý nên) • hence, so, therefore, thus (Vì vậy) • then (Sau đó) Những dấu hiệu so sánh • by the same token (bằng chứng tương tự thế) 11 Những từ dấu hiệu thời gian afterward (về sau) ∙ at the same time (cùng thời điểm) ∙ currently (hiện tại) ∙ earlier (sớm hơn) ∙ formerly (trước đó) ∙ immediately (ngay lập tức) ∙ in the future (trong tương lai) ∙ in the meantime (trong chờ đợi) ∙ in the past (trong khứ) ∙ later (muộn hơn) ∙ meanwhile (trong đó) ∙ previously (trước đó) ∙ simultaneously (đồng thời) ∙ subsequently (sau đó) ∙ then (sau đó) ∙ until now (cho đến bây giờ) 12 Showing examples (đưa ví dụ) – For example – For instance – Such as … – To illustrate: Ex: To illustrate my point, let me tell you a little story : Để minh họa cho quan điểm tơi,để tơi kể cho bạn câu chuyện nhỏ TĨM LƯỢT KIẾN THỨC NGỮ PHÁP TIẾNG ANH 12 – ÔN THI THPT • in like manner (theo cách tương tự) • in the same way (theo cách giống thế) • in similar fashion (theo cách tương tự thế) • likewise, similarly (tương tự thế) Những dấu hiệu đối lập • but, yet (nhưng) • however, nevertheless (tuy nhiên) • in contrast, on the contrary (Đối lập với) • instead (Thay vì) • on the other hand (Mặt khác) • still (vẫn) Ms Trúc 13 Generalising (tổng quát, nói chung) – Generally, – In general, – Generally speaking, – Overall, – On the whole,: On the whole,I think it is a good idea but I would still like to study it further - All things considered, 14 Specifying (nói chi tiết, cụ thể) – In particular, – Particularly, – Specifically, – To be more precise, Những từ dấu hiệu kết luận tổng kết • and so (và thế) • after all (sau tất cả) • at last, finally (cuối cùng) • in brief (nói chung) • in closing (tóm lại là) • in conclusion (kết luận lại thì) • on the whole (nói chung) • to conclude (để kết luận) • to summarize (Tóm lại) Từ dấu hiệu để ví dụ • as an example • for example • for instance • specifically • thus • to illustrate Những từ dấu hiệu khẳng định • in fact (thực tế là) • indeed (Thật là) • no (khơng) • yes (có) • especially (đặc biệt là) Những từ dấu hiệu địa điểm • above (phía trên) • alongside (dọc) • beneath (ngay phía dưới) • beyond (phía ngồi) • farther along (xa dọc theo…) • in back (phía sau) • in front (phía trước) 15 Expressing your opinion (nêu lên ý kiển mình): – In my opinion, – Personally, – From my point of view, – From my perspective, – It seems to me that… – I believe that… – It appears to me that … 16 Constrasting ideas (đưa ý kiến đối lập): – However, – Nevertheless, – On the other hand, – On the contrary, – Nonetheless, – Although……, … – ….while/whereas 17 Comparing (so sánh): – ….similar to… – Similarly, – In much the same way, – …as…as… 18 Adding information (thêm vào ý kiến): – Moreover, – Furthermore, – In addition, – Besides, – What’s more, – Apart from…, – Also, – Additionally, 19 Expressing certainty (thể chắn điều đó): TĨM LƯỢT KIẾN THỨC NGỮ PHÁP TIẾNG ANH 12 – ƠN THI THPT • nearby (gần) • on top of (trên đỉnh của) • to the left (về phía bên trái) • to the right (về phía bên phải) • under (phía dưới) • upon (phía trên) Những từ dấu hiệu nhắc lại • in other words (nói cách khác) • in short (nói ngắn gọn lại thì) • in simpler terms (nói theo cách đơn giản hơn) • that is (đó là) • to put it differently (nói khác thì) • to repeat (để nhắc lại) 10 Những từ dấu hiệu thời gian ∙ afterward (về sau) ∙ at the same time (cùng thời điểm) ∙ currently (hiện tại) ∙ earlier (sớm hơn) ∙ formerly (trước đó) ∙ immediately (ngay lập tức) ∙ in the future (trong tương lai) ∙ in the meantime (trong chờ đợi) ∙ in the past (trong khứ) ∙ later (muộn hơn) ∙ meanwhile (trong đó) ∙ previously (trước đó) ∙ simultaneously (đồng thời) ∙ subsequently (sau đó) ∙ then (sau đó) ∙ until now (cho đến bây giờ) Ms Trúc – Certainly, – Undoubtedly, – Obviously, – It is obvious/clear that… – Definitely 20 Expressing agreement (đưa đồng tình): – …in agreement that… – …in accordance with – Accordingly 21 Stating the reason why something occurs/happens (đưa lí do, nguyên nhân): – Due to… – Owing to… – This is due to … – …because… – …because of… 22 Stating the effect/result (đưa hậu quả, kết quả): – As a result, – Therefore, – Thus, – For this reason, – Consequently, – As a consequence, 23 Sequencing (thứ tự): – Firstly, – Secondly, – Thirdly, – Finally, – Lastly, – At the same time, – Meanwhile, 24 Concluding (kết luận): – To conclude, – In conclusion, – To summarise, – In summary, – In short, – To conclude with, TÓM LƯỢT KIẾN THỨC NGỮ PHÁP TIẾNG ANH 12 – ÔN THI THPT TỪ VỰNG ĐỒNG NGHĨA – TRÁI NGHĨA SYNONYMS ( Đồng nghĩa) -Suffer = come in for: chịu đựng, hưởng phần… -rather than = instead of: thay -fulfillment = completion: hồn thành -depressed = disappointed : thất vọng -wiped out = destroyed completely: xóa bỏ - hand out = distribute: phân phát - polluted = contaminated :bị ô nhiễm -a masterpiece = an excellent work of art: kiệt tác - widespread = common : phổ biến - home and dry = have been successful: thành công -hospitable = friendly: hiếu khách - outstanding = impressive: bật, đáng ý -explode = suddenly become uncontrollable: bùng nổ - mobile = moving from place to place: lưu động -odd/ weird = very strange and unusual : kỳ quặc -evidence = proof: chứng -get the better of = gain an advantage over: chiếm ưu -decrease = diminish : giảm bớt - illicit = illegal : hợp pháp -establish =set up: thành lập -exchange = giving and receiving things at the same time -fundamental = essential : thiết yếu -make one’s ideas understood= get one’s ideas across -ridiculous = unreasonable: vô lý, lố bịch -modified = altered: thay đổi -in the end = eventually: rốt cuộc, cuối -for a while = for a short period of time: khoảng lúc -on my own = alone: -stand one’s ground = refuse to change one’s decision: không thay đổi định -remove = take away: dời -take one’s hat off = respect: khâm phục - expand = enlarge: mở rộng - stay alive = survive: sống sót - raise = bring up: nuôi dưỡng - In my book ,…= In my opinion: theo ý - take it easy = relax: thư giãn - neutral =middle: trung lập - detrimental = harmful: có hại - become stale = go off: ươn, thối - roughly = more or less: sấp xỉ, khoảng chừng -Between you and me, … = In confidence: giữ bí mật - drive SO crazy = irritate SO: làm phát điên - ignorance = unawareness: - shelved= delayed: bị xếp xó, bị trì hỗn Ms Trúc (Trích đề thi THPT quốc gia 2017) ANTONYMS ( Trái nghĩa) -heavy # light: nặng # nhẹ -humid # arid : ẩm ướt # khô cằn -preserve # reveal: lưu giữ # tiết lộ -advancing # holding back : tiến # ngăn lại - punctuality # being late: # trễ -polluted # purified : bị ô nhiễm # làm -secure = unsure : an tâm # không - well-behaved = behaving improperly: cư xử tốt # cư xử không -vary # stay unchanged: thay đổi # không thay đổi - outmoded # fashionable:lỗi thời # hợp thời trang -arid # damp: khơ cằn # ẩm ướt -conserve # destroy: gìn giữ # tàn phá -go along with the idea # disagree with the idea: đồng ý # không đồng ý - obliged # optional: bắt buộc # tùy chọn - huge # insignificant: to lớn # tầm thường - prospered # declined : thịnh vượng # suy tàn - run into # arrange to meet: gặp tình cờ # xếp gặp gỡ - illicit # legal: bất hợp pháp # hợp pháp - advocate # doubt: tán thành, ủng hộ # nghi ngờ -identical # different: giống hệt # khác - pure # contaminated: lành # ô nhiễm - arrogant # humble: kiêu căng # khiêm tốn, khúm núm - commence # stop: mở đầu # dừng -disastrous # beneficial: tai hại # có lợi -under control # out of hand : kiểm soát # ko kiểm sốt - secret # revealed: bí mật # bị lộ -faint # clear: mờ nhạt # rõ ràng -luminous # dim: phát sáng # mờ - great # unknown : vĩ đại # vô danh, - beneficial # detrimental: có lọi # có hại - apparent # indistinct : dễ thấy # mơ hồ, không rõ ràng -sorrow # joy: nỗi buồn # niềm vui -whisper # shout: thầm # la hét -artificial # natural: nhân tạo # tự nhiên -more and more+ N(số nhiều) : # fewer and fewer: -more and more+ N(không đếm được) : # less and less -at first hand # indirectly: trực tiếp # gián tiếp -densely # sparsely: đông đúc # thưa thớt - strenuous # half-hearted: vất vả, căng thẳng # khơng nhiệt tình -relatively # absolutely: tương đối # hoàn toàn - ‘permanent # temporary: cố định, lâu dài # tạm thời - actual # hypothetical: có thật # giả thuyết TĨM LƯỢT KIẾN THỨC NGỮ PHÁP TIẾNG ANH 12 – ÔN THI THPT - electricity production = electricity generation: sản xuất điện -stare at = gaze steadily: nhìn chằm chằm, ko rời mắt - look on the bright sight = be optimistic: lạc quan -bring up = educate: nuôi dạy -balance = compare: cân nhắc (1 giải pháp) -speak your mind = say exactly what you thinhk: nói điều nghĩ -off the record= not yet official: khơng thức -the enrite day = all day long: suốt ngày dài -put up with = tolerate: chịu đựng, dung thứ -frugal = economical: tiết kiệm, tằng tiên -diplomatic = tactful: khôn khéo - temporary = transitory : tạm thời -specialized = distinct: chun mơn hóa, riêng biệt -on display = on exhibit: trưng bày -leisure time = free time: thời gian rảnh -chronology= time sequence: trình tự xảy kiên -query = question: câu hỏi, câu chất vấn -touch = stroke: sờ, vuốt ve -unique = one of a kind: có khơng hai -aggressive = strong: có tính hoang dã, mạnh mẽ -commencement ceremony = graduation ceremony (lễ phát = lễ tốt nghiệp) -hazardous = causing a lot of risks : nguy hiểm -insight = deep understanding: hiểu biết sâu sắc -flora and fauna = plants and animals: hệ động thực vật -be entitled to = be given the right to: quyền làm -undoubtedly = certainly: rõ rang, chắn -commercial (n) = advertisement : quảng cáo -give S.O a hand = help: giúp -arrive = turn up : đến -concentrate = focus your attention: tập trung - enthusiasm = interest: hăng hái, nhiệt tình - comment = remark: lời nhận xét, bình luận -obstacle = experience: trở ngại, điều trải qua -nuy time = delay the collapse: trì hỗn -emphasize the primacy = make it most important: nhấn mạnh điiều quan trọng -common practice = common habit: thông lệ,việc phổ biến -give in = surrender & accept: nhượng -impression = deep, strong effect : ấn tượng - a letter of recommendation = a letter of reference (thư giới thiệu) -clear and honest = corect: rõ ràng & thành thật - sense of humor = ability to amuse people: óc hài hước -contaminating = harming: gây hại -casual = informal (clothes) : bình thường (quần áo) -endanger =harm: gây nguy hiểm -qualifications = what you have earn through study: phẩm Ms Trúc -appear # vanish: xuất # biến mât - look on the bright sight # be pessimistic: lạc quan # bi quan -suficient # inadequate: đầy đủ, dư thừa # thiếu -obligatory # volunrary: bắt buộc # tự nguyện -compulsory # optional: bắt buộc # tự chọn -secure # challenging: đảm bảo # đầy thử thách -rough # smooth: ghồ ghề # trơn, phẳng -indoor # outdoor: nhà # trời -permanent = temporary : lâu dài # tạm thời -striking contrast # complete coincidence: (Sự tương phản bật # trùng khớp hoàn toàn) -friendly # hostile : thân thiện # thù địch -trustworthy # unreliable: đáng tin cậy # khơng đáng tin -preserve # reveal: giữ gìn # tiết lộ -full # partial: đầy đủ # phần -inordinate # limited: mức # hạn chế -comprehensive # superficial: tồn diện # nơng cạn -advance # hold back : tiến # kiềm lại - acceptance # refusal: chấp nhận # từ chối -gentle # fierce: hiền lành # - trivival # important: tầm thường # quan trọng - unlike # similar: không giống # tương tự - cruelly # gently: cách đọc ác # dịu dàng - tobe at a loose end # tobe occupied: nhàn rỗi # bận rộn -required # optional: bắt buộc # không bắt buộc -enthusiasm # indifference: hăng hái # dửng dung -discourtesy # politeness (n): bất lịch # lịch -discourteous # polite (adj) : bất lịch # lịch -Hardly anyone # Almost everyone: (Hầu không # Hầu người ) - strong smell # faint smell: mùi # mùi (faint: mờ nhạt, không rõ) -thoughtful # inconsiderate: quan tâm # thiếu quan tâm -in common with # unlike: giống # không giống - catch # miss: bắt kịp # bỏ lỡ -hostility # friendliness: thù địch # thân thiện - vague # apparent: mờ nhạt # rõ - fixed (price) # negotiable (price) : (cố định # thương lượng (giá cả)) - striking contrast # interesting resemblance: (Sự khác biệt lớn # tương đồng thú vị) -a couch potato # a live wire: (người suốt ngày xem tivi # người nổ) - remove # plant: nhổ bỏ # trồng vào -avoidable # inescapable : tránh # ko thể tránh khỏi TÓM LƯỢT KIẾN THỨC NGỮ PHÁP TIẾNG ANH 12 – ÔN THI THPT chất, lực -make progress = better: tiến triển -available = present for the event: có mặt -temping fate = taking a risk: liều mạng, mạo hiểm - disrespectful = showing inpolite behavior: ko tôn trọng -simple = easy (to use) : đơn giản, đễ (sử dụng) - compulsory = obligatory: bắt buộc -stand for = tolerate: chịu đựng - life expectancy = life span: vòng đời -irigation = supplying water: tưới nước -relatively = comparatively: khá, tương đối - workforce = working class: lực lượng lao động - centernatian = people who live to be 100 or older (người sống đến trăm tuổi) -drift apart = not as friendly as before : trôi - conspicuous = easily seen: dễ nhìn thấy -face to face = in person: mặt đối mặt, đích thân có mặt - advocate = publicly support: ủng hộ, tán thành Ms Trúc -neglect # attend to : lờ # ý vào - merge # separate: hợp # tách biệt -inappropriate # suitable: ko phù hợp # phù hợp - amuse = sadden: làm vui nhộn # làm buồn - dilapidated # renovated : đổ nát # nâng cấp,sửa chữa lại - partially # entirely: phần # toàn - concerned # indifferent: quan tâm # thờ - automonous # dependent: tự trị # phụ thuộc - obtain # isolate: đạt # phân lập, tách - in particular# in general: cụ thể, nói riêng # nói chung - well-behaved # behaving improperly: (cư xử tốt # cư xử không phù hợp) -incredibly # believably: ko thể tin # tin - mass-produced # produced in small numbers: ( sản xuất hàng loạt # sản xuất số lượng ít) -propable # unlikely : # dường ko thể -accomplished # unskilled: có đủ tài # ko chun mơn -well off # poor: giàu có, giả # nghèo -faciliate # make difficult: làm cho thuận tiện # làm khó - inadequate # sufficient : khơng đủ # đầy đủ -precious # worthless : q giá # khơng có giá trị TÓM LƯỢT KIẾN THỨC NGỮ PHÁP TIẾNG ANH 12 – ÔN THI THPT Ms Trúc COLLOCATION: (Sự kết hợp từ) -work on a night shift: làm ca đêm -tobe busy at work: bận rộn làm việc -tobe busy doing sth: bận rộn làm -spend as much time with SO as possible -It is generally believed that….: ng.ta thường tin rằng… - take responsibility for doing sth: có trách nhiệm làm việc - tobe willing to sth: sẵn sàng làm việc -tobe under pressure: chịu áp lực -share sth with SO: chia sẻ điều với -make a decision: định -tobe excited about: hào hứng - household chores: làm việc nhà -believe in: tin tưởng -fall in love: yêu -tobe attracted to each other: bị thu hút lẫn -contractual marriage: hôn nhân theo thỏa thuận -on the other hand: mặt khác -conduct a survey: tiến hành khảo sát -responses to: đáp lại -physical attractiveness: hấp dẫn hình thể -In fact: thực tế -a majority of: đa số -confide in: tin tưởng, chia sẻ -tobe obliged to sth: bị bắt buộc làm -base on: dựa -to be supposed to: cho -in public: nơi công cộng -attract someone’s attention: thu hút ý -form of communication: phương thức giao tiếp -point at SO: vào - at the age of (six): lúc tuổi -from the age of (six) to (ten): từ đến 10 tuổi -consist of: bao gồm - tobe divided into: chia ra… - explain to SO: giải thích cho - give SO a chance: cho hội -provide SO with sth: cung cấp cho thứ -make use of: tận dụng -undergraduate course: khóa học đại học -prepare for: chuẩn bị cho -tobe called for the interview: gọi đến vấn -reduce the feeling of pressure: giảm áp lực -create a good impression on: tạo ấn tượng tốt -letter of application: thư xin việc -letter of recommendation : thư giới thiệu -On the contrary: trái lại -domestic chores: việc nội trợ -apply for a (job/position): xin vào vị trí (làm việc) - suitable for : phù hợp -In addition: thêm vào -relate to: liên quan đến -make an effort: nổ lực, cố gắng - have a sense of responsibility: có ý thức trách nhiệm - say goodbye to S.O: nói tạm biệt với - save one’s life: cứu mạng -thanks to +N: nhờ vào -tobe bound to sth : chắn làm -It is (very) likely that: (rất) -It is unlikely that…: khơng thể -instead of: thay -tobe full of: đầy -The future is in our hands: Tương lai tầm tay -better one’s lives: cải thiện sống -contribute to :: đóng góp -find a cure for: tìm phương pháp chữa trị cho -live to be 100: sống đến 100 tuổi -life expectancy: tuổi thọ trung bình -eternal life: sống vĩnh cửu -on the whole: nhìn chung, tổng quát -in a short/long period of time: thời gian ngắn/dài -memorize information: ghi nhớ thong tin -devastating fire: lửa có sức tàn phá -It is obvious that….:: rõ rang -harmful chemicals: chất hóa học có hại -essential for: cần thiết cho -achieve one’s goal: đạt mục đích -pay/give attention to: ý vào -in shortage of sth: thiếu -in need of sth: cần -domestic violence: bạo lực gia đình -In terms of: mặt, phương diện -put a stress on: nhấn mạnh -take into consideration (several) factors: cân nhắc/ xem xét nhiều yếu tố -take measures: áp dụng biện pháp… -tobe on the go: bận rộn hoạt động -jump to conclusions: vội vàng kết luận -do S.O a favour: cho đặc ân, ân huệ ... Vo/ (do), have) Danh từ + -s/es: danh từ số nhiều (trừ vài ngoại lệ 5*) ĐỘNG TỪ CHIA SỐ ÍT Danh từ số ít, khơng đếm (Water, food, milk,… ) Eg Milk is good for your health Mệnh đề danh từ, V-ING... THỨC NGỮ PHÁP TIẾNG ANH 12 – ÔN THI THPT Ms Trúc NO + Danh từ số Eg No student is in the hall NO + Danh từ số nhiều eg No students are on the schoolyard The number of + Danh từ số eg The number... V(theo danh từ) Ex: The study of languages is very interesting 12 There + be + N (chia theo danh từ) Ex: There are 28 students in my class B EXERCISES Exercise 1: Choose the best answer Tom as