A.Infinitive with to ( động từ nguyên mẩu có “to”) To infinitive with to is used in these following situations: 1. The subject of a sentence: Ex: to save money is necessary now. 2. The complement of a verb: Ex: our duty is to study harder. 3. Object: * To infinitive is used as object of these verbs: “ agree, arrange, ask, attemp, begin, care, choose, decide, deserve, determine, edmand, desire, expect, fail, forget, happen, hesitate, hope, intend, learn, manage, mean, neglect( bỏ mặc), offer, plan, … Ex: we hope to pass the next exam with high marks. • To infinitive is used as object of these abjectives: Able, afraid, amused, annoy, anxious, astonished, certain, delighted, eager, easy, glad, hard, pleased, ready Ex: I’m very glad to see you again. • To infinitive is used after “ for/ of” Ex: I’ll wait for you to finish the tasks. 4. To infinitive is used after Noun or pronoun to replace for a clause. Ex:English is an important language to master. Ex: Have you got anyhting to read now? 5. To infinitive is used to express a purpose or result Ex: We go to school to widen our knowledge. Ex: He was born to succeed in many fields. B. Bare infinitive: Bare infinitive is used in these situations: 1. After “modal verbs” Ex: He can speak three languages 2. After the verbs of sense: “ feel, hear, see, watch, smell, and notice, make, let” 3. After proverbs: had better, would rather, Exercise: Insert TO where necessary before the infinitives in brackets. 1. It is easy (be) wise after the event. 2. Do you (wish) (make) a complaint? 3. We don’t (want) anybody (know) that we are here. 4. IF you can’t (remember) his number you’d better (look) it up. 5. I want her (learn) Esperanto; I think everybody ought to (know) it. 6. He is said (be) the best surgeon in the country. 7. Visitors are asked (not feed) the animals. 8. Could I (see) Mr Pitt, please? I’m afraid Mr Pitt isn’t in. Would you like (speak) with his secretary? 9. It’d better (travel) hopefully than (arrive). 10. He should (know) how (use) the film projector, but if he doesn’t you had better (show) him. 11. He was made (sign) a paper admitting his guilt. 12. I heard the door (open) and saw the shadow (move) across the floor. 13. He tried (make) me (believe) that he wasn’t my stepmother. 14. As we seem (have missed) the train we may as well (go) back to the house. 15. I felt the house (shake) with the explosion. 16. He told me (try) (come) early. 17. Before he let us (go) he made us (promise) (not tell) anyone what we had seen. 18. Would you (like) (come) in my car? No, thanks, I’d rather (walk). 19. I advised him (ask) the bus conductor (tell) him where (get) off. 20. It is better (put) your money in a bank than (keep) in under your bed is an old stocking. 21. He doesn’t even bother (read) letters, let alone (answer) them. 22. The bank robbers made the cashier (show) them how (open) the safe. 23. If you knew he was wrong, why didn’t you (say) something?I didn’t like him (say) anything because he always gets angry if you contradict him. 24. It’s better (be) to sure than sorry. 25. What do you (want0 me (tell) him? Tell him that any time he cares (call) I shall be delighted (discuss) the matter with him. 26. Did you remember (give) him the money? No, I didn’t. I still have it in my pocket; but I’ll (see) him tonight and I promise (not forget) this time. 27. I saw the driver (open) his window and (throw) a box into the bushes. 28. This is far too heavy for one person (carry); let me (help) you. 29. I was afraid (pick) up the revolver as I don’t know how (handle) firearms. 30. I saw the plane (crash) into the hill and (burst) into flames. THE GERUND A.Gerund is used in these situations: 1. Subject of a verb Ex: learing foreigner language is very necessary. 2. Object of a verb: Ex: we hace just finished doing our homework. 3. Object of a adjective: Ex: most children are fond of eating sweets. B. Gerund and Infinitive: 1. The verbs followed by gerund Admit, avoid, anticipate, begin, consider, delay, deny, dislike, enjoy, forgive, imagine, involve, like, love, mind, miss,, practise, prevent, postpne, remember, regret, risk, • after some phrase of verbs: can’t bear, can’t face, can’t stand, can’t help, feel like, it’s no good, it’s no use ex: I can’t hep laughing whenever he tells a joke. 2. the verbs followed by to infinitive Agree, arrange, ask, attempt, begin, choose, decide, deserve, determine, demand, desire, expect, fail 3. the verbs followed by both gerund and to infinitive: * Stop:- to infinitive: the driver stopped to ask the way - gerund: ex: the driver stopped driving. * Remember: -to infinitive:ex-Remember to post my letter on your way home -gerund: ex- I remember locking the door when I returned home yesterday. * Try : -to infinitive :ex- I try to swim across the river. - gerund: ex- I try wearing the jeans before buying them. *Advise, allow, permit, recommend: + O + to infinitive:ex-they don’t allow sts to smoke + gerund:ex-students are not allowed smoking. Exercise: Gerund and infinitive. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct form (gerund or infinitive) 1. He hates (answer) the phone, and very often just lets it (ring). 2. If you go on (let) your dog (chase) cars he’ll end by (be) run over. 3. I prefer (drive) to (be driven). 4. I advised you (start) (look) for a flat at once. 5. Would you mind (lend) me 5$? I forgot (cash) a cheque. 6. (Lie) on this beach is much more pleasant than (sit) in the office. 7. She likes her children (go) to the dentist every six months. 8. By (neglect) (take) ordinary precautions he endangered the life of his crew. 9. An instructor is coming (show) us how (use) the aqualung. 10. I have no intention of (go) to that film; I couldn’t bear (see) my favourite actress in such a dreadful part. 11. I suggest (telephone) the hospital before (ask) the police (look) for him. 12. After (hear) the conditions I decide (not enter) for the competition. 13. Some people seem (have) a passion for (write) the newspaper. 14. He expects me (answer) by return but I have no intentions of (reply) at all. 15. I tried (explain) to him but he refused (listen) and went on (grumble). 16. By (offer) enormous wages he is persuading men (leave) their present jobs and (work) for him. 17. He postponed (make) a decision till it was too late (do) anything. 18. Image (have) (get) up at five a.m. everyday. 19. Try (forget) it; it isn’t worth (worry) about. 20. There is no point in (remain) in a dangerous place if you can’t do anything (help) the people who (stay) there. 21. The horse won’t be well enough (run) in tomorrow’s race. He doesn’t seem (have recovered) from his long journey. 22. At first I enjoyed (listen) to him but after a while I got tired of (hear) the same story again and again. 23. It is usually easier (learn) a subject by (read) books than by (listen) to the lectures. 24. It wouldn’t be safe (start) down now; we’ll have (wait) till the mist clears. 25. After (discuss) the matter for an hour the committee adjourned without (have reached) any decision. 26. It’s not much use (have) a bicycle if you don’t know how (ride) it. 27. He didn’t dare (leave) the house because he was afraid of (meet) someone who might (recognize) him. 28. I distinctly remember (pay) him. I gave him 2 $. 29. Did you remember (give) him the key of the safe. - No, I didn’t. I’ll go and do it now. 30. Please forgive me for (interrupt) you but would you mind (repeat) that last sentences? PRESENT PARTICIPLE II. PRESENT PARTICIPLE: 1. Go with “to be” to form “ continuous tense” Ex:We are practising English at the moment 2. To combine two sentences with the same subjects: Ex: Opening the botttle, the boy poured water out. Or having opened the bottle, the boy poured water out 3. result or reason: Ex: Not knowing the way, I stopped to ask for direction. Ex:He was fired, wounding one of the bandits. 4. Replace the relative clause( active): Ex: The girl who talked to you this morning is my sister.  the girl talking to you this morning is my sister. 5. After some verbs or verb phrase: • catch/ find/ leave/ + object+ V-ing Ex: I caught the boy kicking the ball into the window. • Go/ come/ spend/ waste/ be busy+ V-ing Ex: We usually go shopping at weekend 6. Used as adjective for things Ex: I didn’t enjoy the party, it was very boring III/ PAST PARTICIPLE 1. As an attributive: The broken bottle.(The bottle was broken) 2. As a predicative: after linking verbs. (be, seem, look, become…) The worker looks tired. 3. Replace an adjective clause in passive voice: “Romeo and Juliet” which was written by Shakepeare is the best tragedy I’ve ever seen. • NOTES: Past participle has passive meaning. & present participle has active meaning. Ex: After we read an exciting story, we felt excited. EXERCISES Supply the correct forms of the words in brackets: 1. It’s quite an (excite)……………… game. 2. When I saw it, I felt (excite)……………………. 3. I went home early because I felt (bore)……………………. 4. He seems quite (satisfy)………………… with his new job. 5. It’s an (astonish)……………… news. All of us are (astonish)……………… . 6. She was (amaze)…………………. to see that London drivers kept their cars to the left. 7.The government has promised to deal with the problem of (employ)…………… among young people. 8. She was very (shock)………………… by the news. 9. He cycled (care)……………… and had an accident 10. It was a very (tire)……………… meeting. 11. No tree can grow on that soil . It is (tree)…………………. 12. Julia sings more (beauty)………………… than Susan does. 13. I was (delight)………………… to get your letter this morning. 14. They all passed their exames without the slightest (difficult)………………… . 15. The lesson was so (interest)………………. that most of them went to sleep in the middle. 16. I feel (interest)……………… in this book. 17. I think that the price here are (reason)…………………… 18. They were (disapoint)……………… when they read the result. 19. The weather this summer has been (disappoint)……………. 20. Were they (satisfy)……………… when they got the job? 21. If you work hard, you’ll eventually (success)…………………… . 22. The result of the test was (satisfy)…………………. PRESENT PARTICIPLE PERFECT GERUND AND PERFECT PARTICIPLE I/ GERUND AND PRESENT PARTICIPLE 1.Gerund: a. Form: V-ing b. Usage: *Subject: Ex: Going to cinema is fun Ex: Behaving like that is not good. Like the form: Ex: going to the cinema is fun = it is fun to go to the cinema *after preposition: Ex: I’m thinking about going camping in the mountain Ex: she is afraid of watching the ghost film. + some verbs with prep. • to look forward to • to insist on • supprised at • interested in • busy with *Object: Ex:He likes swimminng Ex: I stopped smoking 2 years ago II/ PERFECT GERUND and PERFECT PARTICIPLE: + They are used the same in meaning: Ex: finishing my homework, I went to bed. =having finished my homework, Iwent to bed. EXERCISES: I. Gerund, infinitive and present participle. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct forms. No that sometimes a bare infinitive will be required. 1. ‘I was lonely at first,’ the old man admitted, ‘but after a time I got used to (live) alone and even got (like) it.’ 2. Before trains were invented people used (travel) on horseback or in stage coaches. It used (take) a stage coach three days (go) from London to Bath. 3. I meant (buy) an evening paper but I didn’t see anyone (sell) them. 4. Tom: I want (catch) the 7 a.m. train tomorrow. Ann: but that means (get) up at 6; and you’re not very good at (get) up early, are you? 5. He accepted the cut in salary without complaint because he was afraid (complain). He was afraid of (lose) his job. 6. She remembers part of her childhood quite clearly. She remembers (go) to school for the first time and (be) frightened and (put) her finger in her mouth. And she remembers her teacher (tell) her (take) it out. 7. Did you remember (lock) the car? No, I didn’t. I'd better (go) back and (do) it now. 8. No, I didn’t move the bomb. I was afraid (torch) it; I was afraid of (be) blown to pieces! 9. Next time we go (house-hunt), remember (ask) the agent for clear directions. I wasted hours (look) for the last house. 10.Tom: Let’s (go) for a swim! Ann: I'm not particularly keen on (swim). What about (go) for a drive instead? 11. .I want the boy (grow) up hating violence but his father keeps (buy) him guns and swords. It’s almost impossible (prevent) boy (play) soldiers. 12.Would your children mind (keep) quiet for a moment? I'm trying (fill) in a form. it is + adj + to-infinitive It’s no use (ask) children (keep) quiet. They can't help (make) a noise. 13.I'm thinking of (go) to Oxford tomorrow on my motorbike. Would you like (come)? No, thanks. I want (go) Oxford, but I'd rather (go) by train. I loathe (travel) by road. 14.Let’s (go) (fish) today. There’s a nice wind. What about (come) with us, Ann? No, thanks. I'm very willing (cut) sandwiches for you but I’ve no intention of (waste) the afternoon (sit) in a boat (watch) you two (fish). 15.He resented (be) asked (wait). He expected the minister (see) him at once. 16.The police have put up a railing here (prevent) people (rush) out of the station and (dash) straight across the road. 17.All day long we saw the trees (toss) in the wind and heard the waves (crash) again the rocks. 18.I didn’t mean (eat) anything but the cakes looked so good that I couldn’t resist (try) one. 19.Do you feel like (walk) there or shall we (take) a bus? I'd rather go by bus. Besides, it’ll take ages (get) there on foot. 20.All right. When would you like (start)? In a few minutes? Oh, let’s wait till it stops (rain); otherwise we’ll get soak (walk) to the bus station. 21.The old miser spent all his time (count) his money and (think) up new hiding- places. He kept (move) it about because he was terrified of (be robbed). He used (get) up at night sometimes (make) sure it was still there. 22.Jack suggested (let) one flat and (keep) the other for myself. But Tom advised me (sell) the whole house. 23.The child used (lean) on the gate (watch) the people (go) to work in the mornings and (Come) home in the evenings. And he used to hear them (shout) greetings to each other and (talk) loudly. 24.He soon got (know) most of them and even managed (learn) the greetings. Then they began (greet) him too on their way to work and sometimes would stop (talk) to him on their way home. 25.He succeeded in (untie) himself, (climb) out of the window and (crawl) along a narrow ledge to the window of the next room. 26.Did you have any trouble (find) the house? No, but I had a lot of difficult (get) in. Nobody seemed (know) where the key was. 27.Bill couldn’t bear (see) anyone (sit) round idly. Whenever he found me (relax) or (read) he would (produce) a job which, he said, had (be) done at once. I wasted a morning (perform) his ridiculous tasks and spent the rest of the weekend (keep) out of his way. 28.After (spend) a week in the cottage, he decided that he didn’t really enjoy (live) in the country and began (think) of an excuse for (sell) the cottage and (return) to London. 29.It’s no use (argue) with him. You might as well (argue) with a stone wall. He is incapable of (see) anyone else’s point of view. 30.I'm delighted (hear) that you can come on Saturday. We are all looking forward to (see) you. Remember (bring) your rubber boots. REPORTED SPEED I. REPORTED SPEED WITH INFINITIVE 1. Reported order and requests: 2. reported offers and comment II/REPORTED SPEED WITH GERUND 1. suggest 2. admit 3. insist on 4. apologize for 5. accuse sb of 6. dream of 7. prevent sb from 8. deny 9. thank sb for 10. think of 11. look forward to EXERCISES: I/. Indirect speech: commands, requests, advice, suggestions. Put the following into indirect speech. 1. ‘Would you please fill in this form and then join in the queue by the door?’ said the clerk. 2. ‘Could you read the last sentence again, please?’ said the girl. 3. ‘Could I have a new queue book, please?’ said the girl. ‘Could you show me your old cheque book?’ said the bank clerk. 4. Postcard: be ready to move off at very short notice, Tom. Ann (reading it to Mary): Tom says that we … 5. ‘Please, please don’t tell my mother,’ begged the boy. 6. ‘Don’t fire except in self-defence,’ said the police sergeant. 7. ‘Why don’t you task the rest of the day off?’ said my assistant. 8. ‘Will you have me to move the piano please?’ said my aunt. 9. ‘Don’t drive too close to the car in front,’ said the driving instructor. 10. ‘Don’t smoke near the petrol pumps,’ said the mechanic. 11. ‘When you have chosen a book, bring it to me and I'll stamp it,’ said the librarian. 12. ‘Show the boarding card to the man at the roof of the gangway,’ said the clerk. 13. ‘Reduce speech now,’ said a huge notice. (omit now) 14. ‘Could I see your tickets, please?’ said the inspector. 15. ‘Keep an eye on your luggage,’ he said. ‘This place is full of thieves. 16. ‘When you have read this, pass it on to the next person on the list,’ he said. 17. ‘Why not light a fire on the bank and cook the fish at once?’ suggested the fisherman. 18. ‘Whenever you see the number “7” on the screen, press this button,’ he said. 19. ‘Sit down and tell me what is worrying you,’ he said to her. 20. ‘Walk along the line of men,’ said the police sergeant ‘and if you recognize your attacker, just nod. Don’t say anything.’ 21. ‘Even if you feel hungry don’t eat anything between meals,’ said the dietician. 22. ‘Could you ring up the taxi rank and order a taxi for me?’ said Tom. ‘Why don’t you go by tube?’ said Ann. ‘It’s much quicker.’ 23. ‘Let’s buy some yeast and make our own bread,’ said Mary. ‘The bread we’re getting now is absolutely tasteless.’ 24. ‘IF you have to use the river water,’ said the guide, ‘boil it first. Don’t drink it unboiled.’ 25. ‘Let’s not tell anyone,’ said Tom, ‘till we are quite certain that the report is true.’ 26. Tom (on the phone to Ann): I’ve got the tickets. Meet me at the air terminal at 6.30. (Image you are Ann. Report this message to Mary, who is standing beside you. Begin :Tom says …) 27. ‘Let’s show that we are united,’ urged the shop steward, ‘by voting unanimously to continue the strike.’ 28. ‘Will customer please count their change,’ said a notice above the cashier’s desk, ‘as mistakes can't be rectified afterwards?’ 29. ‘Don’t clap yet,’ warned my friend. ‘She hasn’t finished. Singers loathe people who clap too soon,’ he added. 30. ‘Don’t forget to put your name at the top of the page,’ he said. 65. Indirect speech: sentences with let. Put the following into indirect speech. 1. ‘Let’s go to the cinema,’ said Ann. Yes, let’s,’ I said. 2. The Prime Minister said, ‘Let us show the nation that we are worthy of their confidence.’ (Use urged.) 3. ‘Let me stay up a little longer tonight, mother,’ begged the child. 4. ‘Let’s eat out tonight,’ said Ann. ‘Too expensive,’ objected Tom. ‘Why don’t we go to your flat and have scrambled eggs?’ 5. The police officer said, ‘Let’s leave the wrecked car here for a bit. It may remind other drivers to be more careful.’ 6. ‘The neighbour will object!’ said Ann. ‘Let them,’ said Tom. 7. ‘Let’s go on a diet,’ said Ann. ‘All right,’ said Mary reluctantly. 8. ‘Tom made this mess. Let him clear up,’ said his father. 9. ‘It’s Mothering Sunday tomorrow,’ said the boy. ‘Let’s buy Mum some flowers.’ 10. ‘Let’s take a tent and camp out,’ said Bill. ‘Let’s go to a nice hotel and be comfortable,’ said Mary. 11. ‘Let’s give a party,’ said Ann. ‘Let’s not,’ said her husband. 12. I said, ‘Let’s not jump to conclusions. Let’s wait till we hear confirmation of this rumour.’ 13. ‘The newspapers will say it’s your fault,’ warned his colleagues. ‘Let them say what they like,’ he said. 14. ‘Let the nations forget their differences and work together for peace,’ said the preacher. 15. ‘Let me explain,’ she said. ‘Don’t be in such a hurry.’ 16. ‘Let the children play in the garden if they want to,’ she told the gardener. ‘I'm sure they won't do any harm.’ 17. ‘Let’s stay here till the storm has passed,’ I said. 18. ‘It’s the government fault. Let them do something about it,’ grumbled my father. II/. Indirect speech: sentences with must, needn’t and have to. Put the following into indirect speech. 1. He said, ‘IF what you say is true I must go to the police.’ 2. He said, ‘I must be at the docks at six a.m. tomorrow.’ 3. ‘Must you make such a noise?’ he asked. 4. ‘You mustn’t come in with out knocking,’ he told us. 5. ‘Your tickets will cost 5$,’ I said. ‘In that case,’ said my nephew, ‘I must go to the bank tomorrow.’ 6. Park notice: Dogs must be kept on a lead. 7. His father said, ‘Tom must work harder next term.’ 8. ‘You needn’t come in tomorrow,’ said my employer. ‘Take the day off.’ 9. ‘I must go to the dentist tomorrow,’ he said. ‘I have an appointment.’ 10. Notice: passengers must not lean out of the window. 11. He said, ‘There must be someone in the house; there’s smoke coming from the chimney.’ 12. She said, ‘When you are a big boy you’ll have to ties in your own shoes.’ 13. ‘Port wine must be never shaken,’ my wine merchant said. 14. ‘He hasn’t had anything to eat since breakfast; he must be starving,’ she said. 15. The official said, ‘This passport photo isn’t like you at all. You must have another one taken.’ 16. ‘You mustn’t play with knives, children,’ said their mother. 17. ‘I needn’t get up till nine tomorrow,’ I said. 18. Railway regulations: Passengers must be in possession of a valid ticket before traveling. 19. ‘How did you get your bulldog up the escalator?’ I said. ‘I carried him,’ said Tom. ‘You must be very strong,’ I said admiringly. 20. ‘You mustn’t tell anyone what I’ve just told you,’ she said to me. 21. ‘Need I eat all, mummy?’ said the child. ‘Yes, dear, you must,’ she said. 22. ‘I had to drive your pigs out of my garden,’ she said. 23. ‘Sticks and umbrellas must be left at the desk,’ said the notice in the museum. 24. ‘Must you do it tonight? Couldn’t you leave some for tomorrow?’ I asked her. 25. ‘When you go through Bayeux you must see the tapestry,’ he told me. 26. He said, ‘You must walk faster; you are far too slow.’ 27. ‘You mustn’t forget to put the stamp on or your friend will have to pay double postage,’ he told me. 28. ‘I needn’t tell you how grateful I am,’ he said.