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Academic Reading Passage 1 - Lost for Words(Source: Cambridge IELTS 4, Cambridge University Press 2005)In the Native American Navajo nation, which sprawls across four states in the American south-west, the native language is dying. Most of its speakers are middle-aged or elderly. Although many students take classes in Navajo, the schools are run in English. Street signs, supermarket goods and even their own newspaper are all in English. Not surprisingly, linguists doubt that any native speakers of Navajo will remain in a hundred years' time. Navajo is far from alone. Half the world's 6,800 languages are likely to vanish within two generations - that's one language lost every ten days. Never before has the planet's linguistic diversity shrunk at such a pace. 'At the moment, we are heading for about three of four languages dominating the world;' says Mark Pagel, an evolutionary biologist at the University of Reading. It's a mass extinction, and whether we will ever rebound from the loss is difficult to know.'Isolation breeds linguistic diversity; as a result, the world is peppered with languages spoken by only a few people. Only 250 languages have more than a million speakers, and at least 3,000 have fewer than 2,500. It is notnecessarily these small languages that are about to disappear. Navajo is considered endangered despite having 150,000 speakers. What makes a language endangered is not just the number of speakers, but how old they are. If it is spoken by children it is relatively safe. The critically endangered languages are those that are only spoken by the elderly, according to MichaelKrauss, director of the Alassk Native Language Center, in Fairbanks. Why do people reject the language of their parents? It begins with a crisis of confidence, when a small community finds itself alongside a larger, wealthier society, says Nicholas Ostler, of Britain's Foundation for Endangered Languages, in Bath. 'People lose faith in their culture,' he says. 'When the next generation reaches their teens, they might not want to be induced into the old traditions.'The change is not always voluntary. Quite often, governments try to kill off a minority language by banning its use in public or discouraging its use in schools, all to promote national unity. The former US policy of running Indian reservations schools in English, for example, effectively put languages such as Navajo on the danger list. BitSalikoko Mufwene, who chairs the Linguistics department at the University of Chicago, argues that the deadliest weapon is not government policy but economic globalisation. 'Native Americans have not lost pride in their language, but they have had to adapt to socio-economic pressures,' he says. 'They cannot refuse to speak English.' But are languages worth saving? At the very least, there is a loss of data for the study of languages and their evolution, which relies on comparisons between languages, both living and dead. When an unwritten and unrecorded language disappears, it is lost to science. Language is also intimately bound up with culture, so it may be difficult to preserve one without the other. 'If a person shifts from Navajo to English, they lose something,'Mufwene says. 'Moreover, the loss of diversity may also deprive us of different ways of looking at the world,' says Pagel. There is mounting evidence that learning a language produces physiological changes in the brain. 'Your brain and mine are different from the brain of someone who speaks French, for instance,' Pagel says, and this could affect our thoughts and perceptions.' The patterns and connections we make among various concepts may be structured by the linguistic habits of our community.' So despite linguists' best efforts, many languages will disappear over the next HỌC VIỆN ANH NGỮ EQUEST ĐIỀU CẦN BIẾT VỀ CHỨNG CHỈ IELTS IELTS (International English Language Testing System) kỳ thi đánh giá lực tiếng Anh phổ biến phạm vi toàn cầu Chứng IELTS chấp nhận rộng rãi trường đại học, công ty, tổ chức toàn giới; yêu cầu bắt buộc phải có cho người muốn du học định cư nhiều nước Bài thi IELTS kiểm tra kỹ Nghe, Nói, Đọc, Viết tiếng Anh, có thang điểm từ đến Điểm tổng hợp kết trung bình kỹ IELTS SUPERSCORE – CHALLENGE YOUR LIMITS Được xây dựng mô hình đào tạo SuperScore, khóa luyện thi IELTS Học viện Anh ngữ EQuest cam kết giúp bạn đạt điểm số xuất sắc đến 7.5+ sau hoàn thành lộ trình học tập Chi tiết: ielts.equest.edu.vn IELTS Academic Word s Học viện Anh ngữ EQuest List www.equest.edu.vn abandon: lacking restraint or control; feeling of extreme emotional intensity; unbounded enthusiasm abstract: theoretical; not concrete; not applied or practical; difficult to understand academic: related to school; not practical or directly useful; relating to scholarly organization; based on formal education access: approach; entry; entrance accommodation: living quarters provided for public convenience accompany: travel with; be associated with accumulation: increase by natural growth or addition; concentration accurate: capable of providing a correct reading or measurement; performing with care and precision achieve: gain with effort; accomplish; fulfill acquisition: act of contracting or assuming or acquiring possession of something adaptation: modification; alteration or adjustment in structure or habits adequate: sufficient; enough to meet a purpose adjacent: adjoining; neighboring; close to; lying near adjustment: making or becoming suitable; adjusting to circumstances administration: management; supervision; people who are in charge for management; activity of government for powers and duties advocate: speak, plead, or argue in favour of; plead for; push for something affect: have an emotional or cognitive impact upon aggregate: gather into a mass, sum, or whole; amount to aid: person or thing that promotes or helps in something done; helper; assistant albeit: even though; although; notwithstanding alter: modify; cause to change; make different; convert alternative: one of two or more things, ideas or courses of action that may be used; option; choice ambiguous: unclear or doubtful in meaning amendment: correction; revision analogous: comparable; similar or alike analysis: study; investigation; process of breaking down a substance into its constituent parts annual: occurring or payable every year apparent: capable of being seen, or easily seen; open to view; visible to eye appendix: something appended or added appreciation: recognition; taste; judgment or opinion, especially a favorable one approach: access; method appropriate: acquire; take possession of for one's own use; set apart for specific use approximate: approach; come near arbitrary: randomly chosen; determined by chance or impulse, and not by reason or principle area: plane surface, as of the floor of a room; open space in a building; the enclosed space; extent; scope; range assembly: gathering; meeting; a group of persons gathered together for common reason assessment: act of judging or assessing; amount determined as payable assistance: activity of contributing to fulfillment of a need or furtherance of an effort or purpose assume: suppose; presume; take on; bear assurance: promise or pledge; certainty; self-confidence; freedom from doubt attached: fastened together; joined by wall, especially by sharing a wall with another building; not freestanding author: beginner, former, or first mover of anything; creator; originator; one who composes or writes book or composer authority: jurisdiction; power to enforce laws, exact obedience, command, determine, or judge; government available: convenient for use or disposal; not busy, free; obtainable; accessible aware: knowing; having knowledge or cognizance behalf: represent; advantage, benefit, interest of someone benefit: advantage; something that aids or promotes well-being ; welfare; gain bias: preference or inclination, especially one that inhibits impartial judgment; influence in unfair way bond: link; connection; uniting force or tie; binding agreement; duty brief: short in time, duration, length, or extent; concise bulk: majority; main part; volume; mass capable: having the ability required for a specific task capacity: mental or physical ability; ability to accommodate challenge: assert a right; raise a formal objection; take exception to channel: passage for water or other fluids to flow through; bed of a stream or river; route of communication or access chapter: division of a book or treatise; assembly of monks; bishop's council; organized branch of some society chart: graph; diagram; map showing coastlines, water depths, or other information of use to navigators civil: having to with citizens or the state; courteous and polite clarity: clearness of thought or style; ... Reading and Writing ACADEMIC MODULE Preparation and Practice Reading and Writing ACADEMIC MODULE Wendy Sahanaya Jeremy Lindeck Richard Stewart INDONESIA AUSTRALIA LANGUAGE FOUNDATION OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS 253 Normanby Road, South Melbourne, Victoria 3205, Australia Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers the University's objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide in Oxford New York Auckland Cape Town Dar es Salaam Hong Kong Karachi Kuala Lumpur Madrid Melbourne Mexico City Nairobi New Delhi Shanghai Taipei Toronto With offices in Argentina Austria Brazil Chile Czech Republic France Greece Guatemala Hungary Italy Japan Poland Portugal Singapore South Korea Switzerland Thailand Turkey Ukraine Vietnam OXFORD is a trade mark of Oxford University Press in the UK and in certain other countries © Wendy Sahanaya, Jeremy Lindeck, Richard Stewart 1998 First published 1998 Reprinted 1999, 2000 (twice), 2001 (three times), 2003 (twice), 2004 (twice], 2005, 2006 This book is copyright. Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of private study, research, criticism or review as permitted under the Copyright Act, no part may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without prior written permission. Enquiries to be made to Oxford University Press. Copying for educational purposes Where copies of part or the whole of the book are made under Part VB of the Copyright Act, the law requires that prescribed procedures be followed. For information, contact the Copyright Agency Limited. National Library of Australia Cataloguing-in-Publication data: Sahanaya, Wendy. 1940-. IELTS preparation and practice: reading and writing: academic module. ISBN 0 19 554093 X. ISBN 978 0 19 554093 2. 1. English language - Examinations. 2. International English Language Testing System. 3. English language - Examinations, questions, etc. I. Title. II. Title: International English Language Testing System preparation and practice. (Series; IELTS preparation and practice). 428 Typeset by Stephen Chan Printed through Bookpac Production Services, Singapore Contents Preface How to use this hook Section 1 The Reading test IV About the Reading test Practice Reading test 1 The question types Overview questions Specific information questions Viewpoint questions Summarising questions Practice Reading tests 2 and 3 Section 2 The Writing test 1 5 16 16 30 55 66 75 About the Writing test Task 1 Describing graphs Describing charts Language of comparison Describing rabies Process description How Task 1 is assessed Discussion of sample essays Task 2 Topic/Focus Brainstorming Writing the essay The introduction The argument The conclusion Organising the paragraph Cohesion Grammar - Tense check Test tips 100 101 102 116 119 122 127 131 131 137 137 139 140 140 141 143 144 146 149 Reading and Writing Suggestions for further practice Answer key 154 156 157 Acknowledgments Reading answer sheet 171 172 Preface How to Use this Book There are two main sections to this book: the reading and the writing. The Practice tests and the ACADEMIC LISTENING PRACTICE TEST 1 SECTION 1 Questions 1 - 10 Questions 1 - 5 Complete the form below. Write NO MORE THAN ONE WORD OR A NUMBER for each answer. PAN ASIAN AIRWAYS LOST PROPERTY REPORT FORM Surname Allen Address (1) ____________________ Windham Road Richmond Postcode (2) ____________________ Home tel. 020 8927 7651 Mobile tel. (3) ____________________ Flight Number (4) ____________________ Seat Number (5) ____________________ From New York To London Heathrow Page 1 Example Answer First Name Kirsty ieltshelpnow.com ACADEMIC MODULE PRACTICE TEST 1 Academic Test 1; Page 1 © ieltshelpnow.com Questions 6 - 8 Circle THREE letters A - F. What items did Kirsty’s bag contain? A 17 pounds B pens C her passport D a book E 200 dollars F her house keys Questions 9 and 10 Choose a letter (A - D) that correctly answers questions 9 and 10. 9 What has Kirsty done regarding the loss of her credit card? A Informed the police but not the credit card company. B Informed the credit card company but not the police. C Informed both the police and the credit card company. D Informed neither the police nor the credit card company. 10 What must Kirsty do after the call regarding her lost handbag? A Call back after 1 hours. B Just wait for a call back. C Call back after 1 hours if she has heard nothing. D Call back the next day if she has heard nothing. Academic Test 1; Page 2 © ieltshelpnow.com SECTION 2 Questions 11 - 20 Questions 11 - 14 Label the locations on the map below. (14) _______________ _______________ _______________ Main Lecture Hall WE ARE HERE Car Park (11)_______________ __________________ __________________ (13) ______________ __________________ __________________ Hall of Residence (12) ____________ ____________ ____________ Refectory Academic Test 1; Page 3 © ieltshelpnow.com Questions 15 - 20 Complete the notes below. Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS OR A NUMBER for each answer. Notes on Student Facilities Students’ Union Very cheap Bookshop Food and drink available Parties! Ofces - travel, welfare etc. Open 8am - 12 midnight Library Must register Tours every (15) ____________________ for 2 weeks. Open 9am - 9pm (later during (16) ____________________) Refectory Cheap meals Lunch 12 noon - 3pm Dinner (17) __________ - 8.30pm Types of food - favourites healthy ethnic (18) ____________________ vegan Sports Hall Must join Athletic Union which - lets me use facilities lets me play for teams (19) ______________ me all year Discount Card Costs (20) £_______________ Gives me discounts on all uni. services Academic Test 1; Page 4 © ieltshelpnow.com SECTION 3 Questions 21 - 30 Questions 21 - 25 Complete the table below. Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each answer. John Jane Day of Arrival Thursday (21) _______________________ Subjects Studying economics maths french (22) _______________________ history music Monday’s 9am lecture french history Monday’s 2pm lecture maths (23) _______________________ Wednesday afternoon sport selected (24) _______________________ volleyball Location of Sport sports hall (25) _______________________ Questions 26 - 29 Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS OR A NUMBER for each answer. 26 Students can choose from how many essay titles for their rst assignment? _________________________________________________________________________ 27 Where did John travel during the summer? _________________________________________________________________________ 28 What is the word limit for the essays? _________________________________________________________________________ 29 When must the rst essay be handed in by? _________________________________________________________________________ Question 30 Circle the correct letter A - C. 30 Where will John and Jane meet up later that Sublists of the Academic Word List Each word in italics is the most frequently occurring member of the word family in the Academic Corpus. For example, analysis is the most common form of the word family analyse. British and American spelling is included in the word families, so contextualise and contextualize are both included in the family context. Sublist 1 of the Academic Word List analyse analysed analyser analysers analyses analysing analysis analyst analysts analytic analytical analytically analyze analyzed analyzes analyzing approach approachable approached approaches approaching unapproachable area areas assess assessable assessed assesses assessing assessment assessments reassess reassessed reassessing reassessment unassessed assume assumed assumes assuming assumption assumptions authority authoritative authorities available availability unavailable benefit beneficial beneficiary beneficiaries benefited benefiting benefits concept conception concepts conceptual conceptualisation conceptualise conceptualised conceptualises conceptualising conceptually consist consisted consistency consistent consistently consisting consists inconsistencies inconsistency inconsistent constitute constituencies constituency constituent constituents constituted constitutes constituting constitution constitutions constitutional constitutionally constitutive unconstitutional context contexts contextual contextualise contextualised contextualising uncontextualised contextualize contextualized contextualizing uncontextualized contract contracted contracting contractor contractors contracts create created creates creating creation creations creative creatively creativity creator creators recreate recreated recreates recreating data define definable defined defines defining definition definitions redefine redefined redefines redefining undefined derive derivation derivations derivative derivatives derived derives deriving distribute distributed distributing distribution distributional distributions distributive distributor distributors redistribute redistributed redistributes redistributing redistribution economy economic economical economically economics economies economist economists uneconomical environment environmental environmentalist environmentalists environmentally environments establish disestablish disestablished disestablishes disestablishing disestablishment established establishes establishing establishment establishments estimate estimated estimates estimating estimation estimations over-estimate overestimate overestimated overestimates overestimating underestimate underestimated underestimates underestimating evident evidenced evidence evidential evidently export exported exporter exporters exporting exports factor factored factoring factors finance financed finances financial financially financier financiers financing formula formulae formulas formulate formulated formulating formulation formulations reformulate reformulated reformulating reformulation reformulations function functional functionally functioned functioning functions identify identifiable identification identified identifies identifying identities identity unidentifiable income incomes indicate indicated indicates indicating indication indications indicative indicator indicators individual individualised individuality individualism individualist individualists individualistic individually individuals interpret interpretation interpretations interpretative interpreted interpreting interpretive interprets misinterpret misinterpretation misinterpretations misinterpreted misinterpreting misinterprets reinterpret reinterpreted reinterprets reinterpreting reinterpretation reinterpretations involve involved involvement involves involving uninvolved issue issued issues issuing labour labor labored labors laboured labouring labours legal illegal illegality illegally Nhóm 1 ðinh Nho Hiệp – ddinhnhohiep@gmail.com - 1 - Analysis: Sự phân tích Chemical analysis of the woman’s dress revealed traces of blood. The book is an analysis of poverty and its causes. At the meeting they presented a detailed analysis of twelve schools. • analyse / • analyze • analyst • analytic = isolating • analytical • analytically Approach: Phương pháp, tiếp cận We need to adopt a different approach to the problem What's the best way of approaching this problem? • approachable / • unapproachable Area: Phạm vi hiểu biết, chuyên môn Software is not really my area of expertise Assess: ðánh giá The tests are designed to assess a child's reading skills. It's difficult to assess the effects of these changes. Interviews allow you to assess the suitability of candidates. • assessable • assessment • reassess • reassessment Assume: Cho rằng, giả ñịnh Everything was quiet when I got home so I assumed that you had gone out. Let us assume for a moment that the plan succeeds. She would, he assumed, be home at the usual time. In this example we have assumed a unit price of $10. I had assumed him to be a Belgian. • assumed • assuming • assumption Authority: Chuyên gia She is an authority on seventeenth-century English literature • authoritative • authoritatively Nhóm 1 ðinh Nho Hiệp – ddinhnhohiep@gmail.com - 2 - Available: Có thể mua ñược, sử dụng ñược This information is available free on the Internet. The new drug is not yet available to the public. When will the information be made available? We'll send you a copy as soon as it becomes available. • availability • unavailability • unavailable Benefit: Lợi thế, lợi ích He couldn't see the benefit of arguing any longer. I had the benefit of a good education For maximum benefit, take the tablets before meals. • beneficial • beneficiary Concept: Khái niệm He can't grasp the basic concepts of mathematics Concepts such as ‘civilization’ and ‘government’ • conception • conceptual • conceptualize • conceptually Consist: Bao gồm, gồm có A dessert consisting of fruit and cream (chứa ñựng) The beauty of the city consists in its magnificent buildings. (chính) • consistency / • inconsistency • consistent / • inconsistent • consistently / • inconsistently Constitute: (~establish, set up) Thiết lập, thành lập The committee was constituted in 1974 by an Act of Parliament • constituency • constituent • constitution • constitutional / • unconstitutional • constitutionally / • unconstitutionally • constitutive Nhóm 1 ðinh Nho Hiệp – ddinhnhohiep@gmail.com - 3 - Context: Trong hoàn cảnh This speech needs to be set in the context of Britain in the 1960s. His decision can only be understood in context. • contextual • contextualization • contextualize • contextually Contract: Hợp ñồng • contractor Create: Tạo ra, gây nên The snow created further problems Scientists disagree about how the universe was created. The government plans to create more jobs for young people. • creation / • recreation • creative • creatively • creativity • creator • recreate Data: Thông tin Define: Chắc chắn I've heard rumours, but nothing definite Your duties are clearly defined in the contract. Can you define what it means to be an American? • definable • definition • redefine • redefinition • undefined Derive: Nhận ñược, lấy ñược từ… tìm thấy nguồn gốc từ The name derives from Latin. The word ‘politics’ is derived from a Greek word meaning ‘city/ He derived great pleasure from painting • derivation • derivative Nhóm 1 ðinh Nho Hiệp – ddinhnhohiep@gmail.com - 4 - Distribute: Phân phối, phân phát The organization distributed food to the earthquake victims • distribution • distributional • distributive • distributor • redistribute • redistribution • redistributiv ...IELTS Academic Word s Học viện Anh ngữ EQuest List www .equest. edu.vn abandon: lacking restraint or control; feeling of extreme... enthusiasm abstract: theoretical; not concrete; not applied or practical; difficult to understand academic: related to school; not practical or directly useful; relating to scholarly organization;... of law; system of rules or regulations relating to one subject; system of symbols, letters, or words coherence: logical and orderly and consistent relation of parts; state of cohering or sticking