NCRP REPORT No 117 RESEARCH NEEDS FOR RADIATION PROTECTION Recommendations of the NATIONAL COUNCIL O N RADIATION PROTECTION AND MEASUREMENTS Issued November 30,1993 National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements 7910 Woodmont Avenue Bethesda, MD 20814 LEGAL NOTICE This Report was prepared by the National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements (NCRP) The Council strives to provide accurate, complete and useful information in its reports However, neither the NCRP, the members of NCRP, other persons contributing to or assisting in the preparation of this Report, nor any person acting on the behalf of any of these parties: (a) makes any warranty or representation, express or implied, with respect to the accuracy, completeness or usefulness of the information contained in this Report, or that the use of any information, method or process disclosed in this Report may not &ge on privately owned rights; or (b) assumes any liability with respect to the use of, or for damages resulting from the use of any information, method or process disclosed in this Report, under the Civil Rights Act of 1964, Section 701 et seq m amended 42 U.S.C Section 2000e et seq (Title V I or any other stdutory or common law theory goveining liability Iibmy of Congless Cdoging-in-PublicationData National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements Scientific Committee 83 Research needs for radiation protection : recommen&tions of the National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements c.m (NCRP report ; no 117) p Developed by Scientific Committee 83 of the NCRP "Issued November 30, 1993." Includes bibliographical references and index ISBN 0-929600-32-0 Ionizing radiation Safety measures Radiation dosimetry Ionizing radiation Health aspects I Title II Series [DNLM: Radiation Protection Radiation Injuries Radiation Dosage Risk Research WN 650 N27913r 19931 RA569.N353 1993a 616.9'89705-dc20 DNLMmLC for Library of Congress 93-34922 CIP Copyright National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements 1993 All rights reserved This publication is protected by copyright No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form or by any means, including photocopying, or utilized by any information storage and retrieval system without written permission from the copyright owner, except for brief quotation in critical articles or reviews Preface This Report, developed by ScientSc Committee 83 of the NCRP, was formulated a s a result of a request by the U.S Nuclear Regulatory Commission for the NCRP to provide advice on research needed to improve the bases for recommendations and regulations for radiation protection I n 1988, the President of the NCRP asked the members of the Council to identify "critical questions in research, including laboratory and epidemiologic research, related to radiation protection and requiring resolution a t this time." The responses overwhelmingly identified estimation of the risks of low dose, and low-dose rate, low-LET radiation a s being the most important issue, but other problems were also singled out It was with this background that Scienfic Committee 83 commenced its work The Committee first created a listing of categorical needs, each backed by a statement of significance and rationale These needs and the accompanying narrative were reviewed by a board of consultants who also critiqued the draft report before it was forwarded for the Council's review Attempts were made to prioritize the recommended areas of research However, no rational basis on which to so could be defined and, therefore, no prioritization has been made or intended Serving on Scienti6c Committee 83 during the preparation of this Report were: S J a m e s Adelstein, Chairman Harvard Medical School Boston, Massachusetts Members Bruce B Boecker Inhalation Toxicology Research Institute Albuquerque, New Mexico Barbara J McNeil Harvard Medical School Boston, Massachusetts iv / PREFACE Antone L Brooks Battelle Pacific Northwest Laboratories Richland, Washington Kenneth R JSase Stanford Linear Accelerator Center Stanford, California Roy E Shore New York University Medical Center New York, New York William L Templeton Battelle Pacific Northwest Laboratories Richland, Washington Amy Kronenberg Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory Berkeley, California Consultants Michael A Bender Brookhaven National Laboratory Upton, New York John D Boice, Jr National Cancer Institute Bethesda, Maryland Melvin W Carter Atlanta, Georgia William R Hendee Medical College of Wisconsin Milwaukee, Wisconsin John B Little Harvard School of Public Health Boston, Massachusetts Robert W Miller National Cancer Institute Bethesda, Maryland Merril Eisenbud Robert A Schlenker Chapel Hill, Argonne National North Carolina Laboratory Argonne, Illinois R J Michael Fry Oak Ridge National Laboratory Oak Ridge, Tennessee Paul Slovic Decision Research Eugene, Oregon PREFACE / v NCRP Secretariat William M Beckner The Council wishes to express its gratitude to the participants in the work of Scientific Committee 83 for the effort they have made to produce this Report Charles B Meinhold President, NCRP Bethesda, Maryland November 1, 1993 Contents Preface iii 1 Introduction Cellular a n d Molecular Biology 2.1 Acute Molecular Changes Produced by the Exposure of Cells to Ionizing Radiation 2.1.1 Risk of Mutation a s a Function of Dose Rate in Human-Derived Cell Systems 2.1.2 Cellular and Molecular Changes Following Combined Exposures to Radiation, Drugs and Chemicals 2.1.3 Molecular Markers for Cells a t Risk for Carcinogenesis in the Respiratory Tract 2.2 Genetic Variability and Risk of Radiation-Induced Cancer 2.3 Biochemical and Genetic Responses 2.3.1 Induction of DNA Repair Enzymes (and Other Proteins) 2.3.2 Expression of Genes Associated with Mutational Loss, Activation and Induction 2.3.3 Radiation-Induced Genetic Alterations a s a Function of Time for Cells That Retain Proliferative Capacity 2.3.4 Persistence of Radiation-Induced Genetic Alterations 2.3.6 Biologic Bases for Species Differences in Radiation Response 2.3.6 Studies in Animal Systems to Test Biologically Based Models of Carcinogenesis and Intervention in Radiation Carcinogenesis 2.4 In-VitroStudies 2.5 Biologic Markers of Radiation Exposure viii / CONTENTS 2.6 Estimates of Genetic Effects 2.6.1 Genetic Alterations in Germ Cells 2.6.2 Heritable Genetic Risk a s a Function of Dose Rate and Ionization Density 2.6.3 Heritable Genetic Risks in Females of Species other than the Mouse 2.6.4 Radiation-Induced Genetic Alterations in Reproductive Tissues 2.6.5 Induction of Aneuploidy 2.6.6 Multifactorial Genetic Diseases 2.7 In-UteroExposure 2.7.1 Cancer and Developmental Risks 2.7.2 Mental Retardation Risks 12 12 13 13 14 14 14 15 15 16 Dose Determination: Models, Measurements, Markers a n d Exposure Analysis 17 3.1 Biologic and Physiologic Models 18 3.1.1 Modscation of Current Metabolic Models for Internally Deposited Radionuclides Taking into Account Variations in Age, Health Status and Anatomy 18 3.1.2 Relationship of Bioassay Results (Excretory Measurements) to the Variables in Biokinetic Models 19 3.1.3 Determination of the Impact of Nonuniform Deposition and Retention of Radionuclides and Nonuniform External Exposure on Effective Dose and Consequent Risk 20 3.2 Physical Dosimetry Models and Radiation Transport 21 3.2.1 Development of Improved Calculational Models for Determining the Distribution of Energy Deposition &om Internal Emitters 21 3.2.2 Development of Improved Calculational Models for Relating Exposure to External Radiation Fields 22 3.2.3 Relationship of the Microscopic and Submicroscopic Distribution of Energy Absorbed to the Risk of Radiation Injury 23 CONTENTS / ix 3.2.4 Improvement of the Data Base of Environmental Parameters for Use i n Dose Assessment Models 23 3.3 Experimental Techniques, Measurements and Instrumentation 25 3.3.1 Development of Dosimetric Techniques for the Experimental Verification of Complex Calculational Models 25 3.3.2 Development of Accurate and Sensitive Methods for Monitoring Intake 25 3.3.3 Development of a More Exact Method for Monitoring Uranium Uptake 26 3.3.4 Development of a Generic Guidance Document for Environmental Monitoring of Radionuclides and Chemicals 26 3.3.5 Development of Instrumentation to Relate Radiation Field Quantities to Relevant Dose Quantities 27 3.4 Exposures to Specific Sources 27 3.4.1 Development of Accurate Models of the Dose to Bronchial Tissues &om Radon Progeny in Relation to Airborne Radon Concentration 27 3.4.2 Development of Screening Models for Environmental Contaminants 28 29 Risk Assessment 4.1 Animal Studies and their Relationship to Human Studies 29 4.1.1 Species Dose-Response Differences a t the Tissue, Cellular and Molecular Levels 30 4.1.2 Integration of Animal and Human Data to Provide the Best Estimates of DoseResponse, Relative Biological Effectiveness and Dose-Rate Effectiveness Factor 30 4.1.3 Studies in Animal Systems to Validate Mathematical Models of Radiation-Related Carcinogenesis 4.1.4 Determination of the Influence of Parental Exposure on Leukemia Risk in Offspring 31 4.2 Human Epidemiologic Studies of Low-LET Exposures 32 x / CONTENTS 4.2.1 Improvement of Estimates of the Risks from 4.3 4.4 4.6 4.6 Exposure to Low-Dose and Fractionated or Protracted Low-LET Irradiation 33 4.2.2 Development of Additional Information on the Temporal Expression of RadiationInduced Cancer 33 4.2.3 Development of Better Methods for Transfer of Risk Estimates Across Populations 34 4.2.4 Development of a National Dose Registry of Radiation Workers 35 Risk Assessment of Exposure to Internal Radionuclides and Heavy, Energetic High-LET Particles 35 4.3.1 Life-Span Studies of Dose-Response Relationships for Internally Deposited Radionuclides in Laboratory Animals 35 4.3.2 Studies of Human Populations Exposed to Internally Deposited Radionuclides Medically Administered 36 4.3.3 Improvement of the Estimates of Risk &om Radon Exposure 36 4.3.4 Improvement of Estimates of Risk for l3'1 38 4.3.5 Determination of the Biologic Effects of Radiation in Space 39 4.3.6 Determination of the Relative Biological Effectiveness of Neutrons in Humans 39 Improvement of Epidemiologic Methods and Applications 40 Elaboration of Risks by Studying Host Susceptibility Factors 41 4.5.1 Development of Models that Provide Individualized Molecular Risk Assessment for Cell Survival and Carcinogenesis 42 4.6.2 Characterization of Radiation Risks in Relation to Host Susceptibility Factors and Age a t Exposure 42 Interactions of Radiation and Other Toxicants 43 Prevention, Intervention a n d Perception 45 6.1 Prevention 45 CONTENTS / xi 5.1.1 Utilization of Molecular and Cellular Techniques to Identlfy Individuals Who May Have an Increased Risk for RadiationInduced Cancer 45 6.1.2 Relationship of Patient Dose to Radiologic Image Quality and Diagnostic Outcomes 45 5.1.3 Assessment of the Impact of New Technologies and Changing Demographics on Risks from Medical Radiation Sources 46 6.1.4 Acquisition of Additional Data on Transmission, Scattering and Fragmentation That Will Help in the Development of Better Shielding 47 5.2 Interventions 48 5.2.1 Development of Information on Countermeasures Following Large Radiologic Accidents 48 5.2.2 Development of Informational Materials for Public Use after a Radiation Accident 49 5.3 Perception and Public Policy 49 5.3.1 Development of Common Expressions of Risk 50 5.3.2 Development of a Better Understanding of the Public's Perception of Risk and Improved Methods of Presenting Information on Exposure and Risk 50 5.3.3 Assessment of Societal Values with Respect to Radiation and Other Risks 51 5.3.4 Development of a Level of Acceptability for Different Types of Risk 52 Resource Requirements 55 71 82 References NCRP Publications Index 53 70 / THE NCRP Initial funds for publication of NCFU? reports were provided by a gmmt h m the James Picker Foundation The NCRP seeks to promulgate information and recommendations based on leading sciensc judgement on matters of radiation protection and measmment and to foster cooperation among organizations concerned with these matters These efforts are intended to serve the public interest and the Council welcomes comments and suggestions on its reports or activities h m those interested in its work NCRP Publications NCFU? publications are distributed by the NCRP Publications' Office Information on prices and how to order may be obtained by dimcting an inquiry to: NCFU?Publications 7910 Woodmont Avenue Suite 800 Bethesda, MD 208143095 The currently available publications are listed below NCRP Reports No Title Control andRemoval of lbchmtive Contamination in Lobomtories (1951) 22 M k m u m Permissible Body Burdens and Mcrcimum Permissible Concentmtions of Radionuclides in Air and in Water for Occupational Eixposure (1959)Dncludea Addendum 1issued in August 19631 23 Measurement of Neutron Flux and &ctm for Physiwl and Biobgiwl App2icatwns (1960) 25 Measurement of Absorbed Dose of Neutrons, and of Mixtures of Neutrons and Gamma Rays (1961) 27 Stopping Powers for Use with Cavity Chambers (1961) 30 Safe Handling of Radioactive Materials (1964) 32 Radiation h t e c t i o n in Educational Institutions (1966) 35 Dentad X-Ray h t e c t i o n (1970) 36 hbckztion h t e c t i o n in Veterinary Medicine (1970) 37 A.eurutions in the Management of Patients Who Have Received Thempeutic Amounts of Radionuclides (1970) 38 h t e c t i o n Against Neutron Radiation (1971) 40 h t e c t w n A g h t hdiution from B m c h y t h e m Souroes (1972) 41 Specification of Gamma-h%zyBmchythempy Sources (1974) 72 NCRP PUBLICATIONS 42 Rddblogicul Factors Affecting Decision-M&ng in a NuclecwAttack (1974) 44 Krypton-85 in the Atmosphere-Accumulation, Biologicul Sign-, and Control Technology (1975) 46 Alpha-Emitting Particles in Lungs (1975) 47 TMHm Measurement Techniques (1976) 49 S t m t u m l Shielding Design and Evalwtion for Mediwl Use of X Rqys and Gamma Rqys of Energies Up to 10 MeV (1976) 50 Environmental Radiation Measurements (1976) 51 Radiation h t e c t i o n Design Guidelines for 0.1-100 MeV Particle Aceelemtor Facilities (1977) 52 Cesium-137fnom the Environment to Man; Metabolism and Dose (1977) 54 Mediwl Radiation Exposure of h g n o n t and Potentidy A-egnant Women (1977) 55 h t e c t i o n of the Thyroid Gland in the Event of Releases of Radioiodim (1977) 57 Instrumentation and Monitoring Methods for Radiation Protection (1978) 58 A Himdbook of Radioactwity Measurements h d u r e s , 2nd ed (1985) 59 Opemtwnal Radiation Safety h g r a m (1978) 60 Physical, Chemioal, and BiologPioal Properties of l t i d t x e h m R e l e v m to Radiation h t e c t w n Guidelines (1978) 61 Radiation Safety lhining Criteria for I1Lstnhl Rdogmphy (1978) 62 TMium in the Environment (1979) Compounds 63 TMium and Other Radionuclide Labeled Or# Imrpomted in Genetic Material (1979) 64 Influence of h e and Its Distribution in If:mon Dose-Response Relationships for Low-LET Radiations (1980) 65 Management of Persons Accidentally Contaminated with Radionuclides (1980) ELectronugneticFields-Properties, @antitiescad 67 Radi~frequency Units, Biophysical Intemetwn, and Measurements (1981) 68 Radiation h t e c t w n in Pediatric Radiology (1981) 69 Dosimetry of X-Ray and GummaRay Beams for Rodwtion nLemlpy in the Energy Range 10 keV to 50 MeV (1981) 70 Ntlclear ~e&-~actors' Influencing the Choice and Use of Radionuclides in Dugnosis and nLemrpy (1982) 71 Operational Radiation Safety-%in&! (1983) 72 Radiation h t e c t i o n and Measurement for Low-Voltqge Neutron Genemtors (1983) NCRP PUBLICATIONS / 73 73 h t e c t i o n in Nuclear Medicine and Ultmsound Diagmitic lhcecd~resin Children (1983) 74 l3iologica.l Effects of Ultmsound Mechanisms and Clinical Implkdwns (1983) 75 Iodine-129: Evaluation of Releases from Nuclear Power Genemtwn (1983) 76 Radiological Assessment: Bedicting the Transport, Biomcumulation, and Uptak.e by Man of Rhiionuclides Released to the Envhnment (1984) 77 Exposures from the U&m Series with Emphasis on Radon and Its Daughters (1984) 78 E m h i i o n of Occupational and Enuhnmental &posures to Radon and Radon Daughters in the United States (1984) 79 Neutron Contamincdionfrom Medioal Electron Accelemtors (1984) 80 Induction of Thyroid Cancer by Ionizing Radiation (1985) 81 Carbon-14 in the Environment (1985) 82 Sl Units in Radiation h t e c t i o n and Measurements (1985) 83 7R.eExperimental h i s for Absorbed-lhse CaZculatwnsin Medical Uses of Radionuclides (1985) 84 Geneml Concepts for the Dosimetry of I n t e d y Deposited Rizdionuclides (1985) 85 Mammography-A User$ Guide (1986) 86 Biol0gica.l Effects and Exposure Criteria for Radiofrequency Electromagnetic &Ms (1986) 87 Use of Bioassqy Procedures fir Assessment of I n t e d Radionuclide Deposition (1987) 88 Radiation Almms and Access Control Systems (1986) 89 Genetic Effectsfrom IntentalEy Deposited Radionuclides (1987) 90 Neptunium Radicdion h t e c t i o n Guidelines (1988) 92 Public Radiation Exposure from Nuclear Power Genedion in the United States (1987) 93 Ionizing Radiation Erposure of the Population of the United States (1987) 94 Exposure of the Population in the United States and CanadQfrom Natuml Background Radiation (1987) 95 Radiation Exposure of the U.S Population from Consumer Products and MismUaneous Sources (1987) 96 Comparative Carcinogenicity ofIonizingRadiatwn and Chemicals (1989) 97 Measurement of Radon and Radon Daughters in Aw (1988) 74 / NCRP PUBLICATIONS 98 Guidance on Raaliation Received in &ace Activities (1989) 99 Quality Assumme for Dicrgnostic Imaging (1988) 100 Exposure of the U.S Population from Diagnostic Medical Radiation (1989) 101 Exposure of the U.S Population from Occupational Radiation (1989) 102 Medad X-Ray, Electron Beam and Gamma-Ray Protection for Energies Up to 50 MeV (Equipment Design, Performme and Use) (1989) 103 Control of Radon in Houses (1989) 104 lh Relative Biologiwl Effectiveness of Radiations of Different &uality (1ggC)) 105 RaaYation Protection for Me& and Allied Health Personnel (1989) 106 Limit for Exposure to "Hot Particlesr1on the hein (1989) 107 Implementation of the Ainnple of As Low As Reasonably Achievable ( A M ) for Medical and Dental Personnel (1990) 108 Conceptual Basis for Calculations of A b s o r b e d h Distributions (1991) 109 Effects of Ionizing Radiation on Aquatic Organism (1991) 110 Some Aspects of Strontium Ibdhbiology (1991) 111 Developing Radiation Emergency Plans for Academic, Medad or I&td Facilities (1991) 112 Calibmtion of Survey Instruments Used in Radiation Protection for the Assessment of Ionizing Radiation Fields and Radioactive Surf' Contamination (1991) 113 Exposure Criteria for Medical DLa;gnostic Ultmsourd I Criteria Based on llhermal Mechanisms (1992) 114 Maintaining Radiation Protection Records (1992) 115 Risk Estimates for Radiation Protection (1993) 116 Limitation of Exposure to Ionizing Radiation (1993) 117 Research Needs for Radiation h t e c t i o n (1993) Binders for NCRP reports are available Two sizes make it possible to collect into small binders the "old aeries1' of reports (NCRP Reports Nos 8-30)and into large binders the more recent publications (NCRP Reports Nos 32-117).Each binder will accommodate h m five to seven reports The binders cany the identikation I1NCRPReports1'and come with label holders which permit the user to attach labels showing the reports contained in each binder NCRPPUBLICATIONS / 75 The following bound sets of NCRP reports are also available: Volume I Volume 11 Volume III Volume IV Volume V Volume VI Volume VII Volume VIII Volume E Volume X Volume XI Volume XII Volume Xm Volume XIV Volume XV Volume XVI Volume XM Volume XVIII Volume XIX Volume XX Volume XXI Volume XXII NCRP Reports Nos 8,22 NCRP Reports Nos 23, 25.27,30 NCRP Reports Nos 32,35, 36,37 NCRP Reports Nos 38,40,41 NCRP Reports Nos 42,44, 46 NCRP Reports Nos 47, 49, 50, 51 NCRP Reports Nos 52,53,54,55,57 NCRP Report No 58 NCRP Reports Nos 59,60,61,62,63 NCRP Reports Nos 64,65,66,67 NCRP Reports Nos 68, 69, 70, 71, 72 NCRP Reports Nos 73, 74, 75, 76 NCRP Reports Nos 77, 78, 79, 80 NCRP Reports Nos 81,82,83,84,85 NCRP Reports Nos 86,87,88,89 NCRP Reports Nos 90, 91,92, 93 NCRP Reports Nos 94,95, 96,97 NCRP Reports Nos 98,99,100 NCRP Reports Nos 101, 102, 103, 104 NCRP Reports Nos 105, 106, 107, 108 NCRP Reports Nos 109, 110, 111 NCRP Reports Nos 112, 113, 114 mtles of the individualreports contained in each volume are given above.) NCRP Commentaries No Title Krypton-85 in the Atmosphere-With Specific Referem to the Public H e d h Stgni,ficaace of the Proposed Controlled Release at Three Mile Island (1980) Relimincay Evaluation of Criteria for the fiposal of lhmumnic Contaminated Waste (1982) h e n i n g Techniques for Determining Compliance with Environmental Stamhds-Releases of Radionuclides to the Atmosphem (1986), Revised (1989) Guidelines for the Release of Waste Water from Nuclear F&ies with Special Reference to the Public Health Sgni&ma of the 76 NCRP PUBLICATIONS Proposed Release of l k a t e d Waste Waters at Thme Mile Island (1987) Review of the Publication, Living Without Lmd@s (1989) Radon Exposum of the U.S.Population-Status of the Problem (1991) Miaiiministmtion of Radioactive Material in Mediche-S&ntific Background (1991) Uncertainty in NCRP h e n i n g Models Relating to Atmospheric h p o r t , Deposition and Uptake by H u m (1993) Proceedings of the Annual Meeting No Title Perceptions of Risk, Proceedings of the F i b n t h Annual Meeting held on March 1415, 1979 (includmg Taylor lecture No 3) (1980) CriticalIssues in Setting Radiation Dose Limits, Proceedingsof the Seventeenth Annual Meeting held on April 8-9,1981(including Taylor JA&UT? No 5) (1982) Radiation Protection and New Medical Diagmstic A p p m h e s , b e d i n g a of the Eighteenth h u a l Meeting held on April 67,1982 (includingTaylor bcture No 6) (1983) Environmental Radioactivy Proceedings of the Nineteenth Annual Meeting held on April 6-7,1983 (including Taylor Lecture No 7) (1983) Some Issues Importmt in Developing Basic Radiation h t e c t i o n Recommendations, Proceedings of the Twentieth Annual Meeting held on April 4-5, 1984 (includingTaylor hcture No 8) (1985) Radiaactwe Waste, Proceedings of the Twenty-&st Annual Meeting held on April 3-4, 1985 (including Taylor I&xm No 9)(1986) Nonionizing Electromagnetic Radiations and Ultrasound, hmedhgs of the Twenty-secondAnnual Meeting held on April 2-3,1986 (includingTaylor Lectmn! No 10) (1988) New Dosimetry at Hiroshima and N a g d i and Its Implications for Risk Estimates, Proceedings of the Twenty-third Annual Meeting held on April 8-9,1987 (including Taylor Lecture No 11) (1988) NCRP PUBLICATIONS / 77 10 Radon,Prnceedings of the Twenty-fourth Annual Meeting held on March 30-31,1988 (includingTaylor Lecture No 12)(1989) 11 Radiotion Protection Te-27W NCRP at m y Yews, Proceedings of the Twenty-fdth Annual Meeting held on April 5-6,1989 (includingTaylor Lecture No 13)(1990) 12 Health and Ecologid Implimtions of Radioactiveb Contaminated Environments, Proceedingsof the Twenty-sixthhual Meeting held on April 45,1990(includingTaylor k t u r e No 14)(1991) 13 Genes, C m r and Radiatwn Protection, Proceedmga of the Twenty-seventh Annual Meeting held on April 3-4,1991 (includingTaylor Ledure No 15)(1992) 14 Radiation Protection in Medicine,Proceedingsof the 'hentyeighth Annual Meeting held on April 1-2,1992 (including Taylor Lecture No 16)(1993) Lauriston S Taylor Lectures No Title 27W Sqwres of the Natuml Numbers in Radiation Protection by Herbert M Parker (1977) Why be Quantitative about Rrcdiation Risk Estimates? by Sir Edward Pochin (1978) Radiation P r o t e c t i o d w p t s and Bwde Offs by Hymer L Friedell (1979)[Available also in Perceptions of Risk, see above] From "Qzumtity of R i o n " and 'Zbse" to 'Exposureffond 'Xbsorbed Dose'LAn Historical Review by Harold 0.Wyckoff (1980) How Well Can We Assess Genetic Risk? Not Vely by James F Crow (1981) [Available also in Critical Issues in Setting IMiation Dose Limits, see above] Ethics, M - o f f s and Media$ Radiation by Eugene L Saenger (1982)[Available also in Radiation Protection and New Medical Dutgnostic A p p m h e s , see above] 27W Human Environment-Past, Present and m u r e by Menil Eisenbud (1983)[Available also in Environmental lhdhuctivity, see above] Limitation and Assessment in Racliation Protection by Harald H Roasi (1984) [Available also in Some Issues Important in Developing &sic Radicdion Protection Recommendations, see above] 78 / NCRP PUEIJCATIONS ! h t h (and Beauty) in Radiation Measurement by John H.Harley (1985) [Available also in Radioactive Waste, see above] 10 &logical Effects of Non-ionizing Radications: Cellular Properties anol Intemctions by Herman P Schwan (1987) [Available also in Nonionizing Electromagnetic Radiations anol Ultmsound, see above] 11 How to be &uantzhtive about Radiation Risk Estimates by Seymour Jablon (1988) [Available also in New-Dosimetry cd Hiroshima anol Nagasaki and its Implications for Risk Estimates, see above] 12 How Safe is Safe Enough? by Bo Lindell(1988) [Available also in Radon, see above] 13 Radiobiology and Radiation Fbtection: 7 Past ~ Century and Prospects for the Future by Arthur C Upton (1989) [Available also in Radiation Protection Today, see above] 14 Radiation Protection anol the Internal Emitter Saga by J Newel1 Stannard (1990) [Available also in Health and Ewlogiwl Implications of Raalioactively Gntaminated Environments, see above] 15 When is a Dose Not a h e ? by Victor P Bond (1992) [Available also in Genes, C m r and Radiation htection, see above] 16 Dose and Risk in Diagnostic Radiology:How Big? How Little? by Edward W Webster (1992) [Available also in Radiation Protection in Medicine, see above] 17 Science, Radiation Protection lmd the NCRPby Warren K Sin* (1993) Symposium Proceedings !lhControl of Exposure of the fib& to Ionizing Radiation in the Event of Accident or Attack, Proceedings of a Symposium held Apd 27-29, 1981 (1982) * No NCRP Statements Title " B b d Counts,Statement of the National Committee on Radiation Pmtection," Radiology 63, 428 (1954) NCRP PUBLICATIONS / 79 "Statements on Maximum Permkible Dose from Television Receivers and Maximum Permissible Dose to the Skin of the Whole Body," Am J RoentgenoL, Radium Ther and N u d Med 84, 152 (1960) and Radiology 75, 122 (1960) X-Rayh t e c t i o n St-& for Home TelevisionReceivers, Interim Statement of the Notional Council on Radiation FWection and Measurements (1968) Specz@ation of Units of Nbtuml Umnium a d Naduml ITtorium, Statement of the Notional Council on m i o n Protection and Measurements, (1973) NCRP Statement on Dose Limit for Neutrom (1980) Control of Air Emissions of Raa!jonuclides (1984) l7w Probability l7m.t a Particdm Maligmmy Mw Haue Been C a s e d by a &wcified I-ion (1992) Other Documents The following documents of the NCRP we= published outside of the NCRP Report, Commentary and Statement aeries: &matic lhdiution Dose for the Geneml Population, Report of the Ad Hoc Committee of the National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements, May 1959, Science, February 19, 1960, VoL 131, No 3399, pages 482486 Dose Effect MocliJjting Factors In Raclicrtion Protection, Report of Su-ttee M-4 (Relative Biological Effectiveness) of the National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements, Report BNL 50073 (7-471) (1967) Brookhaven National Laboratory (National Technical Information Service Sprhghld, Virginia) The following documents are now superaeded andlor out of print: NCRP Reports No Title X-Rcqy h t e c t i o n (1931) [superaeded by NCRP Report No 31 Radium Protection (1934) [Superseded by NCRP Report No 41 80 NCRP PUBLICATIONS X-Rcy Protection (1936) [Superseded by NCRP Report NO 61 Radium Protection (1938) [Superseded by NCRP Report No 131 Safe H d i n g of Radioactive Luminous Compound (1941) [Out of Print] Medioal X-Ray Protection Up to l'h Mdlion Volts (1949) [Superseded by NCRP Report No 181 Safe Handling of hh'ioactive Isotopes (1949) [Superseded by NCRP Report No 301 Rewmmendations for Waste Disposal of Phosphom-32 and I&-131 for Me& Users (1951) [Out of Print] 10 R&b@ Monilonjtg Methods and Instruments (1952) [Superseded by NCRP Report No 571 11 Mmimum Permissible Amounts of Ridimkotopes in the H u m Body and M&um Permissible Concentmtions in Air cad Water (1953) [Superseded by NCRP Report No 221 12 Recommendations for the Disposal of Carbon-14 Wastes (1953) [Superseded by NCRP Report No 811 13 Protection Against Radiations from Radium, Cobalt-60 and Cesium-137 (1954) [Superseded by NCRP Report No 241 14 Protection Against Betatron-Synchrotron Radiations Up to 100 MiUion Electron Volts (1954) [Supersededby NCRP Report No 511 15 safe Handling of Cadavers Containing h!achactwe Isotopes (1953) [Superseded by NCRP Report No 211 16 Rimkctwe- Waste Disposal in the Ocean (1954) [Out of Print] 17 Permissible Dose from Extental Sources of Ionizing Radiation (1954) including Mmimum Permissible Exposures to Man, Addendum to N a t i o d Bureau of St-& Hadbook 59 (1958) [Superseded by NCRP Report No 391 18 X-Ray Protection (1955) [Superseded by NCRP Report No 261 19 Regukdion of Radiation Exposure by Legiskdive Means (1955) [Out of Print] 20 Protection Against Neutron RacEiation Up to 30 Miilion Electron Volts (1957) [Superseded by NCRP Report No 381 21 safe H d i n g of Bodies Containing h!achactive Isotopes (1958) [Superseded by NCRP Report No 371 24 Protection Against Radiations from Sealed Gamma Sources (1960) [Superseded by NCRP Reports No 33,34 and 401 26 Medical X-Ray Protection Up to Zhree Million Volts (1961) [Superseded by NCRP Reports No 33,34,35 and 361 NCRPPUBLICATIONS / 81 28 A M m d of Rkdiaactivity Proceckres (1961) [Superseded by NCRP Report No 581 29 Exposure to l?ud&ion in m Emergency (1962) puperseded by NCRP Report No 421 31 Shieldingfor High-Energy ElectronAcoelenrdor Instauations (1964) [Superseded by NCRP Report No 511 X-Ray caul G a m m R a y Rvtection for Energies up to 10 33 Me& MeV-Equipment Design and Use (1968) [Supersededby NCRP Report No 1021 34 Mediwl X-Ray and Gmmu-Ray h t e c t i o n for Energies Up to 10 MeV Stncctuml &lding Design and Evaluation Handbook (1970) [Superseded by NCRP Report No 491 39 &sic Radiation h t e c t i o n Criteria (1971) puperaeded by NCRP Report No 911 43 Review of the Current State of Radiation h t e c t i o n Philosophy (1975) [Superseded by NCRP Report No 911 45 Natuml Background Radiation in the United States (1975) [Superseded by NCRP Report No 941 48 Radiation h t e c t i o n for Medical cmd Allied Health Personnel (1976) [Superseded by NCRP Report No 1051 53 Review of NCRP Radiation Dose Limit for Embryo and Fetus in Ocmpatiody-Exposed Women (1977) [Out of Print] 56 RQdiation Exposure from Consumer Aoducts and MisceUaneous Sourns (1977) [Superseded by NCRP Report No 9-51 58 A Hof Rachactivity Measmments Procedures, 1st ed (1978) [Superseded by NCRP Report No 58.2nd ed.] 66 Mammgmphy (1980) [Out of Print] 91 Rewmrnendations on L i m b for Exposm to Ionizing Radiation (1987) [Supeded by NCRP Report No 1161 NCRP Proceedings No Title Qumtitative Risk in tS Setting, Proceedings of the SixteenthAnnual Meeting held on April 2-3.1980 [Out of Print] Index Absolute riak model 33 Acute radiation exp&ure, Aneuploidy, 14 Annual re&rence lev& of intake 25 Atomic-bomb s u v i m , 34 irradiated in utem, 34 Biokhetic models, 19 Biologic dosimeters, 10,11 Biologic ei%cta, 39 radiation in space, 39 Biologic markers, 11 chromosome aberrations, 11 Calculational models, 21,22 external radiation fielda, 22 Cancer and developmental riaks, 15 in-utem exposure, 15 Cmcinogenesis, 11,31,33,42 mathematical models of, 11 mechanisms of, 11 radiation-related, 31 risk assessment, 42 temporal expression, 33 Cellular and molecular changes, exposures to radiation, drugs and chemicals, Cellular responses, modulation, Chromosome aberrations, 11 biologic dosimeter, 11 Collective dose, 46 Complex cahdationalmodela, 25 experimental vefication, 25 Design of M t i e s , 47 optimizing, 47 Deterministic eefFecta, Distribution of energy absorbed, 23 Auger-electron emitter 12%, 23 low-energy beta emitter 23 DNA alterations, 12 DNA repair deficiencies, ataxia telangiectasia, Bloom's syndrome, Chkayne's syndrome, Fanmni's anemia, xeroderma pigmentosum, DNA repair enzymes, induction of, Dose assessment models, 23 environmental parameters, 23 Dose determination, 17,24 epidemiologic studies, 17 Japanese auvivors, 17 transport parameters, 24 Dose-rate efFeetiveness fador, 30 Dose-response relatiomhips, 30,35 internally depoeited radionuclides, 35 life-span studies, 35 Dose to bronchial tissues from radon progeny, 27 Doses to the population, 46 Dosimetric techniques, 25 Dosimetzy models, 21 EfFective dose, 20 Environmental monitoring, 26 Epidemiologic methods, 40 Epidemiologic studies, 32 low-LETexpoeures, 32 Estimates of riak, 38 1311, 38 Exposure analysis, 17 Exposure and risk, 50 Exposure to radiation, drugs and chemicals, cellular and molecular changes, INDEX / 83 External radiation fields, 22 calculational models, 22 Extrapolation of risk, 15 Galactic cosmic rays, 47 Gene expression, associated with activation and induction, associated with mutational lose, Genetic alterations, 8, 12, 10, 14 in germ cells, l2 persistence of radiation-induced, radiation induced, 8, 14 reproductive tissues, 14 transhrmed ceb, 10 Genetic diseases, 14, 15 dose-response relationehipa, 15 genetic equilibrium, 14 m d f i d o r i a l diseases, 14 Genetic efFems, 12 estimates of, 12 in germ cells, 12 mdfidorial genetic diseases, 12 mutation doubling dose, l2 Genetic equilibrium, 14 Genetic risk, 13, 15 heritable, 13 impact of mulfictorial diseases, 15 Genetic variability, risk of radiation induced cancer, Host susceptibiity hctma, 41,42 age a t exposure, 42 RZE particles, 48 Immune system, 42 In-situ hybridization, Internal emitters, calculational models, 21 Internally deposited radionuclides, 18,30, 36 Intervention, 45 Intervention in radiation carcinogenesie, In-utem exposm, 15,34 In-vitm studies, 10, 11 alterations in cell pmlil%ration, 11 biologic dosimeters, 10 chrommme translocation, 11 fluorescence in-situ hybridization, 10 other kaqmtypic alterations, 11 polymer- chain reaction, 10 Irradiation in utem, 15 Leukemia, 43 preconception irradiation, 43 Leukemia risk in offipring, 31 I&-span studies, 35 doee-response r e l a t i o ~ h i p35 , Li6etime radiation risks, 33 absolute risk model, 33 relative risk model 33 h-dose-rate exposure, molecular effects, risks of, Mathematical models, 11,41 Medical radiation sources, 46 risksof,46 Mental retardation risks, 16 Metabolic models, 18 age and health-dated variations, 18 hr internally deposited radionudides, 18 Models of carcinogenesis, Molecular changes, acute, Molecular effects, acute radiation expoam, low-doee-rate expasure, Molecular markers, carcinogenesis in the respiratory trad, Mutation doubling dose,l2 Mutation risks, National radiation dose registry, 35 Neoplastic tamdmmtion, Neutron doses, 40 84 / INDEX Nuclear accident, 49 Occupational radiation expc~~ures, 47 Patient d m , 46 dhgmstk outcome, 45 radio* image quality,45 Percept;on, 45 Perception and public p o h , 49 Perception of risk, 50 Physiologic modela, 18 age and health-related variations, 18 fir i n t e d y deposited radionuclides, 18 Polymerase chain reaction, hvention, 45 molecular and cellular techniques, 45 Radiation and other riske, 51 asaesement of societal values, 61 Radiation epidemioaogY, 32 Radiation h l d quantities,27 Radiation in apace, 39 biologic efkxb, 39 Radiation protection, 18 age and health-related ~ariatio118, 18 tbr interm& deposited radionuclidee, 18 Radiation protection stan-, Radiation-related carcinogeneeis, Radiation response, Radiation risk, 42, 49 public perceptio~m,49 Radiation ahieldmg, 47 Radiation tramport, 21 calculational models, 21 Radiation workers, 35 national dose registry, 35 Radiocarbon, 24 Radiologic accidents, 48 muntermeaawtxi b m Radionuclides, 50 riek fhctom, 50 Radon exposure, 36,38 ,48 estimatea of risk, 36 residential, 38 Relative biological e&&imnea WE), 5,30,39 neutrons, 39 Relative risk model, 33 Resouroe requirements, 53 Respiratory tract, molecular markers, Risk, 16, 60, 62 common expressions, 50 level of aazptability, 62 mental retardation, 16 Risk assessment, 29,35,42 animals studies, 29 carcinogenesis, 42 cell survival, 42 high-LEI' particlea, 35 intemal radionuclides, 36 neutron exposures, 29 Risk estimates, 34 trans& across p o p u l a ~ ,34 Risk factors, 60 Risks~mexposuretalowdoeeand hctionated or prokacted low-LET irradiation, 33 Risk of radiation, 23 microscopic energy distribution, 23 submicmsmpicenergy distribution, 23 Risk of radiation-induced cancer, 5, DNA repair dekiencies, genetic variability, heterozygvus carriers, molecular markers, Screening models for environmental contnminnnh, 28 Shielding, 47 Technetium, 24 tmnqmrt parameters, 24 Tiseue weighing factma, 21 Uranium uptake, 26 ... National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements Scientific Committee 83 Research needs for radiation protection : recommen&tions of the National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements... 82 References NCRP Publications Index 53 Introduction This Report addresses research needs for establishing guidelines for radiation protection from ionizing radiation and... combination of ionizing radiation and other agents Research needs in the area of nonionizing radiation are not addressed The general fields of research for which increased information would be most