NCRP REPORT No 111 DEVELOPING RADIATION EMERGENCY PLANS FOR ACADEMIC, MEDICAL O R INDUSTRIAL FACILITIES Recommendations of the NATIONAL COUNCIL O N RADIATION PROTEC'TION AND MEASUREMENTS Issued August 30, 1991 National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements 7910 WOODMONT AVENUE Bethesda, MD 20814 LEGAL NOTICE This report was prepared by t h e National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements (NCRP) The Council strives to provide accurate, complete and useful information in its reports However, neither the NCRP, the members of NCRP, other persons contributing to or assisting in the preparation of this report, nor any person acting on the behalf of any of these parties: (a) makes any warranty or representation, express or implied, with respect to the accuracy, completeness or usefulness of the information contained in this report, or that the use of any information, method or process disclosed in this report may not infringe on privately owned rights; or (b) assumes any liability with respect to the use of, or for damages resulting from the use of any information, method or process disclosed in this report, under the Civil Rights Act of 1964, Section 701 et seq as amended 42 U.S.C Section 2000e et seq (Title VZZ) or any other statutory or common law theory governing liability Library of Congress Catalogim-in-PublicationData National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements Developing radiation emergency plans for academic, medical, or industrial facilities : recommendations of the National Council on Radiation Protection and Meawrements p cm.-(NCRP report ;no 111) Prepared by Scientiic Committee 46-7 on Emergency Preparedness, under the auspices of Scientific Committee 46 on Operational Radiation Safety "Issued 30 June 1991." Includes bibliographical references and index ISBN 0-929600-20-7 Radiation-Safety measures Nuclear facilities-United Statessafety measures Emergency management-United States Laboratories United States Safety measures National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements Scientific Committee 46-7 on Emergency Preparedness 11 National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements ScientiRc Committee 46 on Operational Radiation Safety 111 Title IV Series [DNLM: Disaster Planning Emergencies Radiation Injuriesprevention & control Radiation Protection WN 650 N277dI TK9152.N37 1991 363.17'99 dc20 DNLMDLC for Library of Congress 91-23659 CIP Copyright O National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements 1991 All rights resewed This publication is protected by copyright No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form or by any means, including photocopying, or utilized by any information storage and retrievaI system without written permission from the copyright owner, except for brief quotation in critical articles or reviews Preface This report is part of a series prepared under the auspices of Scientific Committee 46 on Operational Radiation Safety It provides guidance on developing radiation emergency plans for academic, medical or industrial facilities Information on preparing and implementing an effective plan is provided An approach to classification of radiation emergencies is developed and examples are provided in the Appendices Practical considerations in handling an emergency are discussed with emphasis on recovery, restoration and preventing a recurrence These recommendations are not intended for use at power reactors or other major nuclear facilities Five reports have been published in this series: NCRP Report No 59, Operational Radiation Safety Programs, NCRP Report No 71, Operational Radiation Safety-Training,NCRP Report No 88, Radiation Alarms and Access Control Systems, NCRP Report No 105, Radiation Protection for Medical and Allied Health Personnel and NCRP Report No 107, Implementation of the Principle of as low as Reasonably achievable (ALARA) for Medical and Dental Personnel Under preparation a t this time are reports treating radiation safety in the mineral extraction industry, survey instrument calibration and radiation protection records In accordance with the recommendations of NCRP Report No 82, SI Units in Radiation Protection and Measurements only SI units are used in the text Readers needing factors for conversion of SI to conventional units are encouraged to consult Report No 82 This report was prepared by Scientific Committee 46-7 on Emergency Preparedness which operated under the auspices of Scientific Committee 46 on Operational Radiation Safety Serving on Scientific Committee 46-7 were: George R Holeman, Chairman Yale University New Haven, Connecticut David E Drum Brigham and Women's Hospital Boston, Massachusetts Martha M Malter University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California iv PREFACE Ronald L Frederickson Kenosha, Wisconsin Daniel B.Howell Rutgers University Piscataway, New Jersey Kenneth W Price University of Connecticut Farmington, Connecticut Gerald T Lonergan University of Iowa Iowa City, Iowa Scientific Committee 46 Liaison Member Robert G Wissink Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing Company St Paul, Minnesota NCRP Secretariat Robert T Wangemann (1986) James A Spahn Jr (1986-1991) Serving on Scientific Committee 46 on Operational Radiation Safety were: Charles B Meinhold, Chairman Brookhaven National Laboratory Upton, New York William R Casey (1983-1989) Brookhaven National Laboratory Upton, New York Thomas D Murphy GPU Nuclear Parsippany, New Jersey David S Myers Lawrence Livermore Laboratories Livermore, California Robert J Catlin University of Texas Houston, Texas Keith J Schiager University of Utah Salt Lake City, Utah William R Hendee Medical College of Wisconsin Milwaukee, Wisconsin Ralph H Thomas Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Livermore, California Kenneth R Kase University of Massachusetts Worcester, Massachusetts Robert G Wissink Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing Company St Paul, Minnesota Ernest A Belvin (1983-1987) Tennessee Valley Authority Chatanooga, Tennessee PREFACE James E McLaughlin University of California, Los Angeles, California / v Paul L Ziemer (19&1990) Purdue University West Lafayette, Indiana The council wishes to express its appreciation to the committee members for the time and effort devoted to the preparation of this report Warren K Sinclair President, NCRP Bethesda, Maryland February, 1991 Contents Preface Introduction 1.1 Scope and Objective of this Report 1.2 Development of a Plan 1.3 Types of Facilities 1.4 Radiation Protection Program and Personnel Preparing a Radiation Emergency Plan 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Emergency Plan Development 2.3 Management Support and Assignment of Responsibility 2.4 Emergency Organization Structure 2.4.1 Emergency Coordinator 2.4.2 Emergency Director 2.4.3 Other Members of the Emergency Response Team Preparing Emergency Plan Implementing Procedures 3.1 Emergency Plan Implementing Procedures (EPIPs) 3.1.1 Contents of Emergency Plan Implementing Procedures 3.2 Emergency Facilities Supplies and Equipment 3.3 Emergency Organization Personnel 3.4 Maintaining Emergency Reparedness 3.4.1 Maintenance of Emergency Plan 3.4.2 Training Classification of Radiation Emergencies 4.1 Sources of Radiation 4.1.1 Sealed Sources 4.1.2 Unsealed Sources 4.1.3 Machine Produced Radiation 4.2 Emergencies for Which a Plan May Be Necessary 4.3 Associated Hazards 4.3.1 Biohazards (Infectious Agents) : 4.3.2 Toxic and Flammable or Explosive Materials 4.4 Emergency Planning Guidelines and Classification 4.5 Using the Emergency Classification System 4.5.1 Incident 4.5.2 Level One Emergency iii 2 5 6 12 12 12 13 14 15 15 16 17 17 17 18 18 18 20 20 20 21 28 28 29 viii CONTENTS 4.5.3 Level Two Emergency 4.5.4 Precaution in Applying Classification Schemes Practical Considerations in Handling an Emergency 5.1 Personnel Notification 5.2 Evaluation of Emergency 5.3 Plan Activation Levels 5.4 Emergency Response 5.4.1 Incident 5.4.2 Level One Emergency 5.4.3 Level Two Emergency 5.5 Recovery and Restoration 5.5.1 Exposure Control During Recovery and 30 30 33 33 34 34 34 34 35 36 36 Restoration 36 5.5.2 Dose Assessment 37 5.5.3 Restoration Management 37 5.6 Preventing a Recurrence 38 5.7 Documentation and Reports 38 5.8 Media Releases 39 5.9 Other Considerations 39 5.9.1 Management Involvement 39 5.9.2 Training Aids 39 40 Implementation and Evaluation of the Plan 6.1 Plan Approval 40 6.2 Testing and Modification of the Plan 40 6.2.1 Elements of the Exercise 41 6.2.2 Initial Exercise 41 6.2.3 Review of Exercise 42 6.2.4 Unannounced Exercise 42 6.3 Exercise Scenario 42 6.3.1 Scenario Preparation 43 6.3.2 The Roles of Controllers and Evaluators 44 6.4 Evaluation of the Exercise 45 6.4.1 Analyses of Deficiencies and Weaknesses 45 6.4.2 Implementation of Solutions 46 Summary 47 APPENDIX A Glossary 48 APPENDIX B Sample Emergency Plan for a n Industrial Research Facility 52 APPENDIX C Sample Emergency Plan for a Medical Facility 74 APPENDIX D Emergency Classification Examples 97 References 106 The NCRP 109 NCRP Publications 116 INDEX 126 Introduction The widespread use of radioactive materials and ionizing radiation in education, research, medicine, and industry has made it essential to prepare in advance for potential radiation emergencies Radiation emergencies may vary from minor contamination to significant whole body exposures, and it is important for managers and administrators to ensure that appropriate, effective procedures are in place to cover the range of possible radiation emergencies A viable plan designed to minimize the impact upon patients, employees, visitors, and the public should be available to managers and administrators Offsite emergency planners and offsite emergency response personnel are an integral part of any viable plan, and effective interface between facility personnel and offsite personnel in the planning and emergency phases is extremely important in order to protect the health and safety of all involved An effective radiation emergency plan will be an integral part of a facility's or institution's overall emergency plan covering all types of emergencies An effective radiation emergency plan will also match appropriate available resources to control the consequences with the emergency's potential effects The response of the radiation safety personnel must be planned to correspond to the potential impact of the emergency It is not intended that the entire plan be activated for each emergency and provisions for a graded response should be included For example, the full emergency plan will not need to be invoked for every minor spill of radioactive material where there is no potential for significant personnel exposure or the spread of contamination There is considerable emergency planning literature available for major installations such as nuclear power plants and major government facilities However, there is minimal guidance for academic, medical and industrial facilities Hospital accreditation groups, such as the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations (JCAHO), require hospitals to have emergency plans which detail management of, and acceptance criteria for, accident victims exposed to radiation or contaminated with radioactive material The National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurement (NCRP) has issued several related reports, such as Report No 65 Manugement of Persons Accidentally Contaminated with Radionuclides, (NCRP, 1980) which gives guidance in managing patients This report has been written to provide generic guidance for development of a plan and implementing procedures to respond to a radiation emergency which may occur in these facilities It is not intended for emergency planning at power reactors or other major nuclear facilities 1.1 Scope and Objective of this Report In recognition that the requirements for radiation emergencyplanning a t academic, medical and industrial facilities have not been well defined, this report has been prepared to assist a planner in: defining a range of credible emergencies that could develop at these types of facilities; determining the radiological impact for a potential range of emergencies; and developing the implementing procedures to prevent, mitigate and remedy the adverse consequences of the emergencies This report is intended to assist in preparing plans t o cope with emergencies having a potential for exposure to radiation In assessing local circumstances, factors other than radiation may dictate a more intensive response than may be required by the radiation emergency alone, e g , a life-threatening traumatic injury of a radiation contaminated worker Terms used in the report are defined in Appendix A Two terms used in the report have a special meaning as indicated by the use of italics: 1) Shall and shall not are used to indicate that adherence to the recommendations is considered necessary to meet accepted standards of protection 2) Should and should not are used to indicate a prudent practice, exceptions to which may occasionally be made in appropriate circumstance 1.2 Development of a Plan To develop a plan, several questions must be addressed: What types and quantities of radioactive material or radiationproducing devices are actually being used, and what procedures are likely to lead to serious accidents? 1.3 TYPES OFFACILlTIES / What are the associated procedures, facilities, and equipment and their complexity? Are the status, education, and experience of the workers appropriate to the tasks being performed? Which emergencies involving radiation have previously occurred a t this or similar facilities? Which procedure or failure of equipment may lead to significant radiation exposures or radionuclide releases? Which are the most severe emergencies likely to occur which would have an impact on workers, the public andlor the environment? Information is presented in this report for use in the classification of emergencies based solely on radiological exposure and designed to be conservative, i.e., prevent under-classification of an emergency involving radiation The tables represent condensed versions of the guides and limits in the literature and therefore should be used with caution in determining emergency classification Extreme caution should also be used in applying these values to actuul dose assessments, without further supplemental data 1.3 Types of Facilities This guide is applicable to academic, medical, and industrial facilities Academicfacilities may range from a single radionuclide laboratory in a small college to extensive radionuclide receiving, storage, dispensing, and research laboratories in major universities Larger academic facilities may also have onsite particle accelerators andlor research reactors Medical facilities may range from small community hospitals with a clinical laboratory and a small nuclear medicine section to a multi-hospital medical school complex Some medical facilities may operate small accelerators and/or research reactors Industrial facilities include manufacturers or users of sources and irradiators, radiochemicals, and operators of accelerators and research reactors Industrial radiography is included within this tzroup The purpose of emergency planning is to anticipate potential problems and devise a plan and its implementing procedures that will successfully prevent or remedy adverse consequences Different emergencies require varying levels of response This report has been developed as a guide so that an effective plan can be formulated to suit the needs and requirements of each individual facility, large or small THE NCRP 115 Health Effects Research Foundation (Japan) Health Physics Society Institute of Nuclear Power Operations James Picker Foundation Martin Marietta Corporation National Aeronautics and Space Administration National Association of Photographic Manufacturers National Cancer Institute National Electrical Manufacturers Association National Institute of Standards and Technology Nuclear Management and Resources Council Radiation Research Society Radiological Society of North America Richard Lounsbery Foundation Sandia National Laboratory Society of Nuclear Medicine United States Department of Energy United States Department of Labor United States Environmental Protection Agency United States Navy United States Nuclear Regulatory Commission Victoreen, Incorporated To all of these organizations the Council expresses its profound appreciation for their support Initial funds for publication of NCRP reports were provided by a grant from the James Picker Foundation and for this the Council wishes to express its deep appreciation The NCRP seeks to promulgate information and recommendations based on leading scientific judgment on matters of radiation protection and measurement and to foster cooperationamong organizations concerned with these matters These efforts are intended to serve the public interest and the Council welcomes comments and suggestions on its reports or activities from those interested in its work NCRP Publications NCRP publications are distributed by the NCRP Publications' office Information on prices and how to order may be obtained by directing an inquiry to: NCRP Publications 7910 Woodmont Ave., Suite 800 Bethesda, Md 20814 The currently available publications are listed below Proceedings of the Annual Meeting No Title Perceptions of Risk, Proceedings of the Fifteenth Annual Meeting, Held on March 14-15,1979 (Including Taylor Lecture No 3) (1980) Quantitative Risk in Standards Setting, Proceedings of the Sixteenth Annual Meeting, Held on April 2-3, 1980 (Including Taylor Lecture No 4) (1981) Critical Issues in Setting Radiation Dose Limits, Proceedings of the Seventeenth Annual Meeting, Held on April 8-9, 1981 (Including Taylor Lecture No 5) (1982) Radiation Protection and New Medical Diagnostic Procedures, Proceedings of the Eighteenth Annual Meeting, Held on April 6-7,1982 (IncludingTaylor Lecture No 6)(1983) Environmental Radioactivity, Proceedings of the Nineteenth Annual Meeting, Held on April 6-7, 1983 (Including Taylor Lecture No 7) (1984) Some Issues Important in Developing Basic Radiation Protection Recommendations, Proceedings of the Twentieth Annual Meeting, Held on April 4-5, 1984 (Including Taylor Lecture No 8) (1985) Radioactive Waste, Proceedings of the Twenty-first Annual Meeting, Held on April 3-4, 1985 (Including Taylor Lecture No 9) (1986) NCRP PUBLICATIONS 10 11 12 117 Nonionizing Electromagnetic Radiation and Ultrasound, Proceedings of the Twenty-second Annual Meeting, Held on April 2-3,1986 (IncludingTaylor Lecture No 10) (1988) New Dosimetry at Hiroshima and Nagasaki and Its Implications for Risk Estimates, Proceedings of the Twenty-third Annual Meeting, Held on April 5-6, 1987 (Including Taylor Lecture No 11)(1988) Radon, Proceedings of the Twenty-fourth Annual Meeting, Held on March 30-31,1988 (IncludingTaylor Lecture No 12) (1989) Radiation Protection Today-The NCRP at Sixty Years, Proceedings of the Twenty-fifth Annual Meeting, Held on April 5-6,1989 (Including Lecture No 13) (1989) Health and Ecological Implications ofRadioactively Contaminated Environments, Proceedings of the TwentySixth Annual Meeting of the National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements, Held on April 4-5, 1990 (Including Taylor Lecture No 14) (1991) Symposium Proceedings The Control of Exposure of the Public to Ionizing Radiation in the Event of Accident or Attack, Proceedings of a Symposium held April 27-29, 1981 (1982) Lauriston S Taylor Lectures No Title and Author The Squares of the Natural Numbers in Radiation Pmtection by Herbert M Parker (1977) Why be Quantitative About Radiation Risk Estimates? by Sir Edward Pochin (1978) Radiation Protection-Concepts and Trade Offs by Hymer L Friedell (1979)[Availablealso in Perceptions of Risk, see abovel From "Quantity of Radiation" and "DoseJ' to 'cExposure" and "Absorbed Dosey'-An Historical Review by Harold 0.Wyckoff (1980)[Availablealso in Quantitative Risks in Standards Setting, see abovel How Well Can We Assess Genetic Risk? Not Very by James F Crow (1981)[Availablealso in Critical Issues in Setting Radiation Dose Limits, see abovel 118 / NCRPPUBLICATIONS Ethics, Tmde-offs and Medical Radiation by Eugene L Saenger (1982)[Available also in Radiation Protection and New Medical Diagnostic Approaches, see abovel The Human Environment-Past, Present and Future by Merril Eisenbud (1983) [Available also in Environmental Radioactivity, see abovel Limitation and Assessment in Radiation Protection by Harald H Rossi (1984) [Available also in Some Issues Important in Developing Basic Radiation Protection Recommendations, see abovel Truth (and Beauty) in Radiation Measurement by John H Harley (1985) [Availablealso in Radioactive Waste, see above] Nonionizing Radiation Bioeffects: Cellular Properties and Interactions by Herman P Schwan (1986) [Available also in Nonionizing Electromagnetic Radiations and Ultrasound, see abovel How to be Quantitative about Radiation Risk Estimates by Seymour Jablon (1987) [Available also in New Dosimetry at Hiroshima and Nagasaki and its Implications for Risk Estimates, see abovel How Safe is Safe Enough? by Bo Lindell(1988) [Available also in Radon, See abovel Radiobiology and Radiation Protection: The Past Century and Prospects for the Future by Arthur C Upton (1989)[Availablealso in Radiation Protection Today-The NCRP at Sixty Years, see abovel Radiation Protection and The Internal Emitter Saga by J Newel1 Stannard (1990) [Available also in Health and Ecological Implicationsa t Radioactively Contaminated Environments, see abovel NCRP Commentaries No Title Krypton-85 in the Atmosphere-With Specific Reference to the Public Health Significance of the Proposed Controlled Release at Three Mile Island (1980) Preliminary Evaluation of Criteria for the Disposal of Tmnsumnic Contaminated Waste (1982) Screening Techniques for Determining Compliance with Environmental Standards (19861, Rev (1989) 119 Guidelines for the Release of Waste Water from Nuclear Facilities with Special Reference to the Public Health Significance of the Proposed Release of Treated Waste Waters at Three Mile Island (1987) A Review of the Publication, Living Without Landfills (1989) Radon Exposure of the U.S Population-Status of the Problem (1991) NCRP PUBLICATIONS NCRP Reports No Title Control and Removal of Radioactive Contamination in Laboratories (1951) MaximumPermissible Body Burdens and Maximum Permissible Concentrations of Radionuclides in Air and in Water for Occupational Exposure (1959)[Includes Addendum issued in August 19631 Measurement of Neutron Flux and Spectra fbr Physical and Biological Applications (1960) Measurement ofAbsorbed Dose of Neutrons and Mixtures of Neutrons and Gamma Rays (1961) Stopping Powers for Use with Cavity Chambers (1961) Safe Handling of Radioactive Materials (1964) Radiation Protection in Educational Institutions (1966) Dental X-Ray Protection (1970) Radiation Protection in Veterinary Medicine (1970) Precautions in the Management of Patients Who Have Received Therapeutic Amounts of Radionuclides (1970) Protection Against Neutron Radiation (1971) Protection Against Radiation from Brachytherapy Sources (1972) Specifications of Gamma-Ray Brachytherapy Sources (1974) Radiological Factors Affecting Decision-Making in a Nuclear Attack (1974) Krypton-85 in the Atmosphere-Accuinulation, Biological Significance, and Control Technology (1975) Alpha-Emitting Particles in Lungs (1975) Tritium Measurement Techniques (1976) Structural Shielding Design and Evaluation for Medical Use of X Rays and Gamma Rays of Energies Up to 10 MeV (1976) NCRP PUBLICATIONS Environmental Radiation Measurements (1976) Radiation Protection Design Guidelines for 0.1-100 MeV Particle Accelerator Facilities (1977) Cesium-137 from the Environment to Man: Metabolism and Dose (1977) Review of NCRP Radiation Dose Limit for Embryo and Fetus in Occupationally Exposed Women (1977) Medical Radiation Exposure of Pregnant and Potentially Pregnant Women (1977) Protection of the Thyroid Gland in the Event of Releases of Radioiodine (1977) Instrumentation and Monitoring Methods for Radiation Protection (1978) A Handbook of Radioactivity Measurements Procedures, 2nd ed (1985) Operational Radiation Safety Program (1978) Physical, Chemical, and Biological Properties ofRadiocerium Relevant to Radiation Protection Guidelines (1978) Radiation Safety Training Criteria for Industrial Radiography (1978) Tritium i n the Environment (1979) Tritium and Other Radionuclide Labeled Organic Compounds Incorporated in Genetic Material (1979) Influence of Dose and Its Distribution i n Time on DoseResponse Relationships for Low-LET Radiations (1980) Management ofPersons Accidentally Contaminated with Radionuclides (1980) Mammography (1980) Radiofreqency Electromagnetic Fields-Properties, Quantities and Units, Biophysical Interaction, and Measurements (1981) Radiation Protection in Pediatric Radiology (1981) Dosimetry of X-Ray and Gamma-Ray Beams for Radiation Therapy in the Energy Range 10 keV to 50 MeV (1981) Nuclear Medicine-Factors Influencing the Choice and Use ofRadionuclides in Diagnosis and Therapy (1982) Operational Radiation Safety-Training (1983) Radiation Protection and Measurement for Low Voltage Neutron Generators (1983) Protection i n Nuclear Medicine and Ultrasound Diagnostic Procedures in Children (1983) NCRP PUBLICATIONS 121 Biological Effects of Ultrasound: Mechanisms and Clinical Implications (1983) Iodine-129: Evaluation of Releases from Nuclear Power Generation (1983) Radiological Assessment: Predicting the Transport, Bioaccumulation, and Uptake by Man ofRadionuclides Released to the Environment (1984) Exposures from the Uranium Series with Emphasis on Radon and its Daughters (1984) Evaluation of Occupational and Environmental Exposures to Radon and Radon Daughters in the United States (1984) Neutron Contamination from Medical Electron Accelerators (1984) Induction of Thyroid Cancer by Ionizing Radiation (1985) Carbon-14 in the Environment (1985) SI Units i n Radiation Protection and Measurements (1985) The Experimental Basis for Absorbed-Dose Calculations in Medical Uses of Radionuclides (1985) General Concepts for the Dosimetry of Internally Deposited Radionuclides (1985) Mammography-A User's Guide (1986) Biological Effects and Exposure Criteria for Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Fields (1986) Use of Bioassay Procedures for Assessment of Internal Radionuclide Deposition (1987) Radiation Alarms and Access Control Systems (1987) Genetic Effects of Internally Deposited Radionuclides (1987) Neptunium: Radiation Protection Guidelines (1987) Recommendations on Limits for Exposure to Ionizing Radiation (1987) Public Radiation Exposure from Nuclear Power Generation in the United States (1987) Ionizing Radiation Exposure of the Population of the United States (1987) Exposure of the Population in the United States and Canada from Natural Background Radiation (1987) Radiation Exposure of the U.S Population from Consumer Products and Miscellaneous Sources (1987) Comparative Carcinogenesis of Ionizing Radiation and Chemicals (1989) 122 / NCRP PUBLICATIONS Measurement of Radon and Radon Daughters in Air (1988) Guidance on Radiation Received i n Space Activities (1989) Quality Assurance for Diagnostic Imaging Equipment (1988) Exposure of the U.S Population from Diagnostic Medical Radiation (1989) Exposure of the U.S Population From Occupational Radiation (1989) Medical X-Ray, Electron Beam and Gamma-Ray Protection For Energies Up To 50 MeV (Equipment Design, Performance and Use) (1989) Control of Radon in Houses (1989) Radiation Protection for Medical and Allied Health Personnel (1989) Limits of Exposure to "Hot Particles" on the Skin (1989) Implementation of the Principle ofAsLow As Reasonably Achievable (ALARA)for Medical and Dental Personnel (1990) Conceptual Basis for Calculations ofAbsorbed-DoseDistributions (1991) Effects of Ionizing Radiation on Aquatic Organisms (1991) Some Aspects of Strontium Radiobiology (1991) Developing Radiation Emergency Plans for Academic, Medical or Industrial Facilities (1991) Binders for NCRP Reports are available Two sizes make it possible to collect into small binders the "old series" of reports (NCRP Reports Nos 8-30) and into large binders the more recent publications (NCRP Reports Nos 32-111) Each binder will accommodate from five to seven reports The binders carry the identification "NCRP Reports" and come with label holders which permit the user to attach labels showing the reports contained in each binder The following bound sets of NCRP Reports are also available: Volume I NCRP Reports Nos 8,22 Volume 11 NCRP Reports Nos 23, 25,27, 30 Volume 111 NCRP Reports Nos 32,35,36,37 Volume IV NCRP Reports Nos 38,40,41 Volume V NCRP Reports Nos 42,44,46 Volume VI NCRP Reports Nos 47,49,50,51 Volume VII NCRP Reports Nos 52,53,54,55,57 NCRP PUBLICATIONS / 123 Volume VIII NCRP Reports No 58 Volume IX NCRP Reports Nos 59,60,61,62,63 Volume X NCRP Reports Nos 64,65,66,67 Volume XI NCRP Reports Nos 68,69,70,71,72 Volume XII NCRP Reports Nos 73,74,75,76 Volume XIII NCRP Reports Nos 77,78,79,80 Volume XIV NCRP Reports Nos 81,82,83,84,85 Volume XV NCRP Reports Nos 86,87,88,89 Volume XVI NCRP Reports Nos 90,91,92,93 Volume XVII NCRP Reports Nos 94,95,96,97 Volume XVIII NCRP Reports Nos 98,99,100 Volume XIX NCRP Reports Nos 101,102,103,104 (Titles of the individual reports contained in each volume are given above) The following NCRP Reports are now superseded andlor out of print: No 10 11 12 13 Title X-Ray Protection (1931).[Superseded by NCRP Report No 31 Radium Protection (1934).[Superseded by NCRP Report No 41 X-Ray Protection (1936).[Superseded by NCRP Report No 61 Radium Protection (1938).[Superseded by NCRP Report No 131 Safe Handling of Radioactive Luminous Compounds (1941).[Out of Print] MedicalX-Ray Protection Up to TwoMillion Volts(1949) [Superseded by NCRP Report No 181 Safe Handling of Radioactive Isotopes (1949) [Superseded by NCRP Report No 301 Recommendations for Waste Disposal of Phosphorus32 and Iodine-131 for Medical Users (1951).[Out of Print1 Radiological Monitoring Methods and Instruments (1952).[Superseded by NCRP Report No 571 Maximum Permissible Amounts of Radioisotopes in the Human Body and Maximum Permissible Concentrations in Air and Water (1953).[Superseded by NCRP Report No 221 Recommendations for the Disposal of Carbon-14 Wastes (1953).[Superseded by NCRP Report No 811 Protection Against Radiations from Radium, Cobalt-60 NCRP PUBLICATIONS and Cesium-137 (1954).[Superseded by NCRP Report No 241 Protection Against Betatron-Synchrotron Radiations Up to 100 Million Electron Volts (1954).[Superseded by NCRP Report No 511 Safe Handling of Cadavers Containing Radioactive Isotopes (1953).[Superseded by NCRP Report No 21.1 Radioactive Waste Disposal i n the Ocean (1954).[Out of Print] Permissible Dose from External Sources oflonizing Radiation (1954)including Maximum Permissible Exposure to Man, Addendum to National Bureau of Standards Handbook 59 (1958).[Superseded by NCRP Report No 391 X-Ray Protection (1955).[Superseded by NCRP Report No 261 Regulation of Radiation Exposure by Legislative Means (1955).[Out of Print] Protection Against Neutron Radiation Up to 30 Million Electron Volts (1957).[Superseded by NCRP Report No 381 Safe Handling of Bodies Containing Radioactive Isotopes (1958).[Superseded by NCRP Report No 371 Protection Against Radiations from Sealed Gamma Sources (1960).[Superseded by NCRP Report Nos 33, 34,and 401 Medical X-Ray Protection U p to Three Million Volts (1961).[Superseded by NCRP Report Nos 33,34,35, and 361 A Manual of Radioactivity Procedures (1961).[Superseded by NCRP Report No 581 Exposure to Radiation in an Emergency (1962).[Superseded by NCRP Report No 421 Shielding for High Energy Electron Accelerator Installations (1964).[Superseded by NCRP Report No 511 Medical X-Ray and Gamma-Ray Protection for Energies up to 10 MeV-Equipment Design and Use (1968) [Superseded by NCRP Report No 1021 Medical X-Ray and Gamma-Ray Protection for Energies Up to 10 MeV-Structural Shielding Design and Evaluation (1970).[Superseded by NCRP Report No 491 Basic Radiation Protection Criteria (1971).[Superseded by NCRP Report No 911 NCRP PUBLICATIONS 43 45 48 56 58 125 Review of the Current State of Radiation Protection Philosophy (1975) [Superseded by NCRP Report No 91.1 Natural Background Radiation in the United States (1975) [Superseded by NCRP Report No 941 Radiation Protection for Medical and Allied Health Personnel [Superseded by NCRP Report No 1051 Radiation Exposurefrom ConsumerProducts and Miscellaneous Sources (1977) [Superseded by NCRP Report No 951 A Handbook on Radioactivity Measurement Procedures [Superseded by NCRP Report No 58,2nd ed.] Other Documents The following documents of the NCRP were published outside of the NCRP Reports and Commentaries series: "Blood Counts, Statement of the National Committee on Radiation Protection," Radiology 63,428 (1954) "Statements on Maximum Permissible Dose from Television Receivers and Maximum Permissible Dose to the Skin of the Whole Body," Am J Roentgenol., Radium Ther and Nucl Med 84,152 (1960) and Radiology 75, 122 (1960) Dose Effect Modifying Factors In Radiation Protection, Report of Subcommittee M-4 (Relative Biological Effectiveness) of the National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements, Report BNL 50073 (T-471) (1967) Brookhaven National Laboratory (National Technical Information Service, Springfield, Virginia) X-Ray Protection Standards for Home Television Receivers, Interim Statement of the National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements (National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements, Washington, 1968) Specification of Units of Natural Uranium and Natural Thorium (National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements, Washington, 1973) NCRP Statement on Dose Limit for Neutrons (National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements, Washington, 1980) Control ofAir Emissions ofRadionuc1ide.s (National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements, Bethesda, Maryland, 1984) Copies of the statements published in journals may be consulted in libraries A limited number of copies of the remaining documents listed above are available for distribution by NCRP Publications Index Analysis of Deficiencies and Weakneeses, 45 emergency plan coordinator 45 Associated Hazards, 20 hazardous materials, 20 life threatening medical emergencies, 20 malfunctions, 20 Biohazards (Infectious Agents), 20 autoclaving, 20 combined radiological and biological hazards 20 decontaminating materials, 20 qualified biohazard control specialist, 20 training, 20 Classification of Radiation Emergencies, 17-31 guidance 17 immediate response, 17 potential for radiation exposure, 17 professional judgement, 17 Development of a Plan, 2.3 classification of emergencies, Documentation and Reports, 38,39 administrative procedures, 39 planned exposure, 39 retention of records, 39 Dose Assessment, 37 internal and External doses, 37 planned investigations, 37 planning for the recovery, 37 reenactments, 37 Elements of the Exercise, 41 controller and evaluators, 41 objectives, 41 scenario, 41 training, 41 Emergency Classification Examples, 90-97 emergency classification worksheet, 93,95 implementation of the emergency classification scheme, 90 Emergency Coordinator, 7, emergency plan implementing procedures (EPIF's), Emergency Director, 8,9 authority, declared emergency, EPIF's, initial responder, offsite response agencies, point of contact, Emergency Facilities, Supplies and Equipment, 13, 14 communication systems, 13, 14 decontamination supplies, 13 emergency classification, 13 emergency response kit, 14 radiation detection instrument, 13 regulations, 14 Emergencies for which a plan may be necessary, 18,19 broad emergency plan, 19 credible worst case situation, 18 emergency - - coordinator, 19 emergency planner, 18 equipment malfunction, 19 exposure pathway, 19 human error, 19 interlocks, 19 radioactive source dispersal or loss 19 sealed source rupture, 19 skin contamination, 19 source positioning mechanisms, 19 transportation accidents, 19 unauthorized use, 19 Emergency Organization Personnel, 14,15 emergency plan, 15 E P P s , 14 emergency response team, 15 offsite emergency response agencies, 15 radiation protection staff, 15 INDEX rehearsals, drills and exercises, 15 safe return to routine operations, 15 Emergency Organization Structure, 6-11 authority, emergency coordinator, emergency reaponse team, functional units, Emergency Plan Development, accident potential, emergency equipment, emergency organization, EPIPs, legal assistance, management support, public relations, restoration, termination of the emergency, testing and critiquing the plan, training, Emergency Plan Implementing Procedures (EPIPs), 12,13 emergency claeeifications, 12 emergency plan, 12 radiation exposure, 12 restoration, 12 Emergency Planning Guidelines and Classification, 21-28 accident scenario, 23 bioassay, 28 collective dose, 22 dose equivalent factors, 23-27 embryo/fetus, 22 emergency classification scheme, 21,22 emergency treatment, 28 hot particle, 26 incidents, 22 level one emergencies, 22 level two emergencies, 22 non-stochastic effects, 21 recovery period, 23 response plans, 21 stochastic effects, 22 threshold doses for effects, 22 wound burden measurements, 28 Emergency Response, 34-36 assessment, 34 corrective action, 34 notification, 34 protective action guides, 34 / 127 Emergency Response %am, 9,10 EPIPs, valuation of Emergency, 34 activation of the emergency plan, radiological assessment teams, 34 Evaluation of the Exercise 45.46 controllers and evaluators, 45 Exercise Scenario, 4 emergency classification level, 43 written sequence of events, 42 Exposure Control During Recovery and Restoration, 36,37 access control team, 36,37 external and internal exposures, 36 management of the emergency, 37 Fire Marshall, 10 engineered fire protection system, 10 Implementation and Evaluation of the Plan, 40-46 functional Groups, 40 Implementation of Solutions, 46 training, 46 Incident, 28,29,34,35 protective action, 34 radiation Wety Officer 34 Industrial Hygienist, 10 carcinogens, 10 cytotoxic substances, 10 hazardous substances, 10 Initial Exercise, 41 knowledgeable evaluators, 41 mock emergency, 41 testing functional groups, 41 training aids, 41 Level One Emergency, 29,30,35,36 effective dose equivalent limits, 29 emergency director, 35 notification, 30 public information officer, 35 radiation safety officer, 35 written procedures, 35 Level Two Emergency, 30,36 annual drills, 36 evacuation, 30,36 non-stochastic effects, 30 128 / INDEX notification of regulatory agencies, 36 outside expert assistance, 36 potential for escalation of the radiation hazard, 30 Machine Produced Radiation, 18 emergencies, 18 particle accelerators, 18 Maintenance of Emergency Plan, 15, 16 amendments to the Plan, 16 drills and exercises, 15 emergency plan, 15 EPIPs, 15 Maintaining Emergency Preparedness, 15 routine testing, 15 Management Involvement, 39 policy, 39 reports, 39 Management Support, criteria, emergency coordinator, training, Media Releases, 39 emergency director, 39 public information officer, 39 Other Considerations, 39 Personnel Notification, 33 alarm signals, 33 authentication scheme, 33 EPIPs, 33 emergency response team, 33 Plan Activation Level, 34 classifications of emergencies, 34 initial assessment, 34 Plan Approval, 40 Planner, Plant Services Director 10 liaison with public utility suppliers, 10 technical support, 10 Practical Considerations in Handling an Emergency, 33-39 training, 33 Precautions in Applying Classification Schemes, 30,31 limitations of the emergency classification, 30 potential for radiation exposure, 31 worksheet, 31 Preparing a Radiation Emergency Plan, emergency classification system, emergency organization, emergency plan implementation procedures (EPIPs), radiation exposure, Preventing a Recurrence, 38 Public Information Officer, 10, 11 Radiation Emergencies, Radiation Protection Program and Personnel, radiation safety officer (RSO), Radiation Safety Officer, Recovery and Restoration, 36-38 Restoration Management, 37,38 public relations, 37 restoration phase, 37 restoration team, 37,38 Review of the Exercise, 42 Roles of Controllers and Evaluators, 44,45 Sample Emergency Plan for an Industrial Research Facility, 52-70 classification worksheet 69 classifying emergencies,' 52 emergency coordinator, 55 emergency coordinator procedures, 59 emergency director, 55 example facility, 52 emergency plan implementing procedures (EPIPs), 52 emergency plan organizational chart, 54 notification of emergencies, 58 organizational responsibilities, 55 sample emergency plan, 52 Sample Emergency Plan for a Medical Facility, 71-89 emergency coordinator, 73 emergency director, 73 emergency managers of functional areas, 74 INDEX emergency plan exercises, 81 emergency plan implementing procedures (EPIPs), 71.83 emergency plan organizational chart, 78 instructions for employees, 72 notification of emergency, 79,83 organization and responsibilities, 73 training, 80 Scenario Preparation, 43,44 Sealed Sources, 17, 18 accident conditions, 17 external exposure hazard, 18 Security Omcer, 10 Sources of Radiation, 17 Testing and Modification of the Plan, 40-42 / 129 external approvals, 41 facility management, 40 n x i c and Flammable or Explosive Materials, 20, 21 accident, 21 emergency planner, 20 material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS), 21 'l'raining, 16 a a i n i n g Aids, 39 Types of Facilities, academic, medical, industrial, Unannounced Exercise, 42 test of an emergency plan, 42 Unsealed Sources, 18 Using the Emergency Classification System, 28 ... facilities Five reports have been published in this series: NCRP Report No 59, Operational Radiation Safety Programs, NCRP Report No 71, Operational Radiation Safety-Training ,NCRP Report No 88, Radiation. .. Systems, NCRP Report No 105, Radiation Protection for Medical and Allied Health Personnel and NCRP Report No 107, Implementation of the Principle of as low as Reasonably achievable (ALARA) for Medical. .. on developing radiation emergency plans for academic, medical or industrial facilities Information on preparing and implementing an effective plan is provided An approach to classification of radiation