Gia sư Thành Được www.daythem.edu.vn Relative Clauses ĐỊNH NGHĨA VÀ CÁCH SỬ DỤNG Hướng dẫn bạn đọc số cách dử dụng đại từ quan hệ hay cách dùng who whom which that whose thông dụng đặc biệt mang tới cho bạn trải nghiệm thú vị 1.1 Định nghĩa - Mệnh đề quan hệ mệnh đề phụ nối với mệnh đề đại từ, trạng từ quan hệ quan hệ: Who, What, Which, That…vvv - Mệnh đề quan hệ đứng sau danh từ, bổ sung ý nghĩa cho danh từ, có chức bổ sung ý nghĩa tính từ nên gọi mệnh đề tính ngữ VD: + I live in Hanoi where you visited last year Mệnh đề quan hệ: Where you visited last year mệnh đề có chức làm rõ nghĩa cho danh từ Hanoi, câu sử dụng đại từ quan hệ “Where” để nối mệnh đề với mệnh đề phụ 1.2 Các loại mệnh đề quan hệ WHO : dùng cho chủ từ - người WHOM : dùng cho danh từ - người WHICH : dùng cho danh từ - vật WHEN : dùng cho thời gian WHERE : dùng cho nơi chốn THAT : dùng cho tất chữ ( có ngoại lệ xem phần ) WHOSE : dùng cho sở hửu ,người / vật OF WHICH : dùng cho sở hữu vật WHY : dùng cho lý ( reason /cause ) + WHO, WHOM, WHICH, THAT lược bỏ chúng tân ngữ MĐQH WHO: - làm chủ từ mệnh đề quan hệ - thay cho danh từ người … N (person) + WHO + V + O WHOM: - làm túc từ cho động từ mệnh đề quan hệ - thay cho danh từ người … N (person) + WHOM + S + V Ở vị trí túc từ, whom thay who Ex: I‟d like to talk to the man whom / whoI met at your birthday party WHICH: - làm chủ từ túc từ mệnh đề quan hệ - thay cho danh từ vật ….N (thing) + WHICH + V + O Gia sư Thành Được www.daythem.edu.vn ….N (thing) + WHICH + S + V THAT: - Có thể thay cho vị trí who, whom, which mệnh đề quan hệ quan hệ xác định * Các trường hợp thường dùng “that”: - sau hình thức so sánh - sau từ: only, the first, the last - danh từ trước bao gôm người vật - sau đại từ bất định, đại từ phủ định, đại từ số lượng: no one, nobody, nothing, anyone, anything, anybody, someone, something, somebody, all, some, any, little, none Ex: He was the most interesting person that I have ever met It was the first time that I heard of it These books are all that my sister left me She talked about the people and places that she had visited * Các trường hợp không dùng that: - mệnh đề quan hệ không xác định - sau giới từ WHOS: dùng để sở hữu cho danh từ người vật, thường thay cho từ: her, his, their, hình thức „s … N (person, thing) + WHOSE + N + V … Mệnh đề quan hệ xác định: Là mệnh đề quan hệ dùng đề bổ sung ý nghĩa cho danh từ đứng trước, thiếu mệnh đề quan hệ nghĩa danh từ không rõ ràng, người nghe, đọc hiểu VD: The man who is wearing the blue sweater is my husband Mệnh đề quan hệ không xác định: dùng để giải thích thêm cho danh từ đứng trước, thiếu mệnh đề quan hệ không xác định danh từ có nghĩa rõ ràng VD: I live in Hanoi where you visited last year WHY: mở đầu cho mệnh đề quan hệ lý do, thường thay cho cụm for the reason, for that reason … N (reason) + WHY + S + V … Ex: I don‟t know the reason You didn‟t go to school for that reason → I don‟t know the reason why you didn‟t go to school WHERE: thay từ nơi chốn, thường thay cho there ….N (place) + WHERE + S + V … (WHERE = ON / IN / AT + WHICH) Ex: a/ The hotel wasn‟t very clean We stayed at that hotel → The hotel where we stayed wasn‟t very clean → The hotel at which we stayed wasn‟t very clean WHEN: thay từ thời gian, thường thay cho từ then ….N (time) + WHEN + S + V … Gia sư Thành Được www.daythem.edu.vn (WHEN = ON / IN / AT + WHICH) Ex: Do you still remember the day? We first met on that day → Do you still remember the day when we first met? → Do you still remember the day on which we first met? I don‟t know the time She will come back then → I don‟t know the time when she will come back Các đại từ, trạng từ quan hệ tiếng Anh 2.1 Các đại từ quan hệ tiếng Anh Đại từ quan hệ Cách dùng ví dụ: Who Làm chủ ngữ, dùng đại diện cho người The women who is long hair is my teacher which Làm chủ ngữ tân ngữ, dùng đại diện cho đồ vật, động vật Bổ sung cho câu đứng trước The book which is on the table is Ho Chi Minh author whose Dùng để sở hữu cho người vật The man whose yellow car you see is your new boss whom Dùng đại diện cho tân ngữ người The girl whom you met yesterday in my house is my sister That Dùng đại diện cho chủ ngữ người, vật, đặc biệt mệnh đề quan hệ xác định (who, which có thê sử dụng được) The book that is on the table is Ho Chi Minh auther My father is the person that I admire most 2.2 Các trạng từ quan hệ tiếng Anh Trạng từ Cách dùng &Ví dụ When Thay cho cụm thời gian The month when you visited your mother Where Thay cho nơi chốn The place where we married Why Thay cho lí The reason why he left me Giới từ với đại từ quan hệ tiếng Anh Khi Whom Which tân ngữ giới từ tiếng Anh trang trọng giới từ đặt trước đại từ quan hệ Nhưng thường giới từ chuyển cuối mệnh đề trường hợp mệnh đề quan hệ xác định lược bỏ đại từ quan hệ dùng that thay cho whom which VD: The man about whom you are talkingis my brother The picture at which you are looking is very expensive NHỮNG LƯU Ý KHI DÙNG ĐẠI TỪ QUAN HỆ ( WHO ,WHICH ,WHOM ) 1.Khi dùng dấu phẩy ? Khi danh từ đứng trước who ,which,whom : + Danh từ riêng ,tên Ha Noi , which Mary ,who is + Có this ,that ,these ,those đứng trước danh từ : Gia sư Thành Được www.daythem.edu.vn This book ,which + Có sở hửu đứng trước danh từ : My mother ,who is + Là vật biết : ( Sun ( mặt trời ) ,moon ( mặt trăng ) The Sun ,which Đặt dấu phẩy đâu ? - Nếu mệnh đề quan hệ dùng dấu phẩy đặt đầu cuối mệnh đề My mother , who is a cook , cooks very well - Nếu mệnh đề quan hệ cuối dùng dấu phẩy đặt đầu mệnh đề ,cuối mệnh đề dùng dấu chấm This is my mother , who is a cook 3.Khi lược bỏ đại từ quan hệ WHO ,WHICH ,WHOM - Khi làm túc từ phía trước dấu phẩy ,không có giới từ ( whose không bỏ This is the book which I buy Ta thấy which túc từ ( chủ từ I ,động từ buy ) ,phía trước phẩy hay giới từ nên bỏ which : -> This is the book I buy This is my book , which I bought years ago Trước chữ which có dấu phẩy nên bỏ This is the house in which I live Trước which có giới từ in nên không bỏ which đựơc This is the man who lives near my house Who chủ từ (của động từ lives) nên bỏ Khi KHÔNG ĐƯỢC dùng THAT : - Khi phía trước có dấu phẩy giới từ : This is my book , that I bought years ago (sai) phía trước có dấu phẩy -phải dùng which This is the house in that I live (sai) phía trước có giới từ in - phải dùng which Khi bắt buộc dùng THAT - Khi danh từ mà thay gồm danh từ trở lên vừa có ngừơi vừa có vật The man and his dog that That thay cho : người chó I Cách rút gọn mệnh đề quan hệ tiếng Anh Có dạng đề rút gọn mệnh đề quan hệ: V-ing: present participle Chỉ rút gọn MĐQH thể chủ động Cách rút gọn sau:  Bỏ từ quan hệ  Bỏ động từ "tobe" có  Đưa động từ MĐQH dạng V-ing Ví dụ: The man who is sitting on the chair is my father Gia sư Thành Được www.daythem.edu.vn => The man sitting on the chair is my father V-ed/pp: past participle Chỉ rút gọn MĐQH thể bị động Cách rút gọn sau:  Bỏ từ quan hệ  Bỏ động từ "tobe"  Đưa động từ MĐQH dạng V-pp cột Ví dụ: My Tam who was known as a famous singer is over there => My Tam, known as a famous singer is over there To-inf Công thức sau: S + V + (for + Someone) + to-inf Ví dụ: English is an important language which we have to master => English is an important language for us to master Lưu ý:  Trong mệnh đề quan hệ có động từ dạng "to be" bỏ "to be" đại từ quan hệ  Trong mệnh đề quan hệ có động từ dạng "to be" đổi động từ sang dạngV-ing bỏ đại từ quan hệ Ví dụ: Bill Clinton, (who is) the President of the US, is from Arkansas (sau to be danh từ) Clothes (which are) wet from the rain can be here (sau to be tính từ) People (who are) from Iowa are especially nice (sau to be giới từ) The money (which/that was) lying on the table or The money which/that lay on the table = The money lying on the table was mine The money (that had been) placed on the table was mine II Luyện tập rút ngắn mệnh đề quan hệ The man who is standing there is a clown The envelop which lies on the table has no stamp on it Benzene, which was discovered by Faraday, became the starting point in the manufacture of many dyes, perfumes and explosives My grandmother, who is old and sick, never goes out of the house The student don't know how to exercise which were given by the teacher yesterday The diagrams which were made by young Faraday were sent to Sir Humphry Davy at the end of 1812 The gentleman who lives next door to me is a well-known orator All the astronauts who are orbiting the earth in space capsules are weightless All students don't hand in their papers will fail in the exam 10 I saw many houses that were destroyed by the storm 11 The street which leads to the school is very wide 12 The system which is used here is very successful Gia sư Thành Được www.daythem.edu.vn 13 Mr.John, who teaches my son, is my neighbor 14 Trains which leave from this station take an hour to get to London 15 The candidates who are sitting for the exam are all from Vietnam 16 We are driving on the road which was built in 1980 17 Customers who complain about the service should see the manager 18 The city which was destroyed during the war has now been rebuilt 19 My brother, who met you yesterday, works for a big firm 20 The vegetable which are sold in this shop are grown without chemicals KEYS The man standing there is a clown The envelop lies on the table has no stamp on it Benzene, discovered by Faraday, became the starting point in the manufacture of many dyes, perfumes and explosives My grandmother, being old and sick, never goes out of the house The student don't know how to exercise given by the teacher yesterday The diagrams made by young Faraday were sent to Sir Humphry Davy at the end of 1812 The gentleman living next door to me is a well-known orator All the astronauts orbiting the earth in space capsules are weightless All students not handing in their papers will fail in the exam 10 I saw many houses destroyed by the storm 11 The street leading to the school is very wide 12 The system used here is very successful 13 Mr.John, teaching my son, is my neighbor 14 Trains leaving from this station take an hour to get to London 15 The candidates sitting for the exam are all from Vietnam 16 We are driving on the road built in 1980 17 Customers complaining about the service should see the manager 18 The city destroyed during the war has now been rebuilt 19 My brother, meeting you yesterday, works for a big firm 20 The vegetable sold in this shop are grown without chemicals * Một số lưu ý mệnh đề quan hệ- cách nhớ kiến thức nhanh * CÁC ĐẠI TỪ QUAN HỆ Các đại từ quan hệ dùng để quy chiếu với danh từ đứng trước cho người hay vật Xác định Xác định không xác định who people that Chủ từ which things who(m) people that/ Ø Túc từ which things whose Sở hữu people whose Gia sư Thành Được www.daythem.edu.vn whose/ of whose/ of which which Lưu ý: That dùng để người hay vật, thay cho chủ ngữ hay tân ngữ mệnh đề quan hệ That đặc biệt sử dụng danh từ đứng trước all, everyone, everybody, anyone, someone hay danh từ đứng trước cho người lẫn vật - That, who không dùng sau giới từ - That không dùng sau dấu phảy (trong mệnh đề không xác định) Đại từ quan hệ lược bỏ làm tân ngữ mệnh đề quan hệ & không đứng sau giới từ * MỆNH ĐỀ QUAN HỆ XÁC ĐỊNH (Defining relative clauses) Mệnh đề quan hệ xác định sau cụm danh từ làm rõ người vật nói Ex: - People who drink and drive are a danger to everyone - This is the horse that won last year‟s race - A member whose car breaks down can ring this number Mệnh đề quan hệ xác định sau a/an- danh từ Ex: The book is about a boy who run away from home Giữa danh từ/ đại từ mệnh đề quan hệ xác định dấu phảy Mệnh đề quan hệ xác định thành phần lược bỏ câu * MỆNH ĐỀ QUAN HỆ KHÔNG XÁC ĐỊNH (Non- defining relative clauses) Mệnh đề quan hệ không xác định sau cụm danh từ xác định từ trước mà không cần định nghĩa giải thích thêm Ex: Bill, who won the race last year, hopes to win again His new car, which he paid $ 15,000 for, has broken down Her car, whose tyres were bad, skedded on the wet road Mệnh đề quan hệ không xác định cung cấp thêm thông tin người vật nói đến Ex: Peter, who spoke French well, offered to interpret - Giữa danh từ/ đại từ mệnh đề quan hệ không xác định có dấu phảy - Mệnh đề quan hệ không xác định thành phần lược bỏ câu Bài tập mệnh đề quan hệ.- EXERCISE RELATIVE CLAUSES Ex1: Fill in the blank with the correct relative pronoun There are eighteen different kinds of penguins live south of the equator Thank you very much for the present you sent me This is Mrs Jones, son won the championship last year His girlfriend, he trusted absolutely, turned out to be an enemy spy The bus crashed into a queue of people, four of _ were killed A man bought in a little girl, hand was cut by flying glass Mary, boyfriend didn‟t turn up, ended by having lunch with Peter He paid me $5 for cleaning ten windows, most of _ hadn‟t been cleaned for at least a year In prison they fed us on dry bread, most of was moldy 10 The chair in _ I was sitting suddenly collapsed 11 The bed I slept on has no mattress 12 The man _ I was waiting for didn‟t turn up 13 The student with she was dancing had a slight limb things Gia sư Thành Được www.daythem.edu.vn Ex2: Put a tick if the relative pronoun in the following sentences can be deleted, and put a cross if it is not We lit a fire, which soon dried out clothes The report, which should have taken an hour and a half, took three hours The children who I was looking after were terribly spoilt She thanked him for the kind help that she received There wasn‟t any directory in the telephone box from which I was phoning The man who was driving us didn‟t know the way The Smiths, whose house was destroyed in the explosion, were given rooms in the hotel The car which we hired from the airport broke down on the road My boss, who I really wanted to see, was too busy to meet anyone 10 Mr and Mrs Jones, who were out playing cards, knew nothing of the burglary Ex3: Choose the best answer I have two sisters are doctors A both of which B who both C both of whom D whom both Do you remember the day ? I first met you on that day A Do you remember the day where I first met you ? B Do you remember the day when I first meet you ? C Do you remember the day on which I first met you ? D B and C are correct Mexico City , _ is the fastest growing city in the world , has a population of over 10 million A what B which C that D where We visited the church _ in the 18th century A was built B which built C building D which was built Ms Young, to many of her students are writing, is living happily and peacefully in Canada A who B whom C that D whose She is the woman sister looks after the baby for us A who B whom C that D whose Mr Smith, is a retired teacher, does volunteer work at the hospital A that B whom C who D is I want to know the reason he told you last night A Why B which C where D when 10 I like the teacher I learnt English with her in high school A.I like the teacher with whom I learnt English in high school B I like the teacher whom I learnt English with in high school C.I like the teacher that I learnt English with in high school D.all are correct 11.The banker to I gave my check was quite friendly A who B that C whom D which 12.All of us are waiting for the man _ son was lost A who B which C whom D whose 13.The girl is our neighbor Gia sư Thành Được www.daythem.edu.vn A talks to the lady over there C was talking to the lady over there B is talking to the lady over there D talking to the lady over there 14 My computer, _ mouse doesn't work, cannot be used now A while B because C whose D which 15 What‟s the name of the man _car you borrowed? A who B which C that D whose 16 The young woman who lives next door is very kind to my family A.The young woman to live next door is very kind to my family B.The young woman he lives next door is very kind to my family C.The young woman living next door is very kind to my family D.The young woman lived next door is very kind to my family 17 She didn‟t tell me the reason _ she came late A when B for which C why D.both B and C 18 This is the best play I have ever seen A which B what C whom D that 19 I know a nearby restaurant _ has seafood A that B who C where D whose 20 Taj Mahal, _ by Shah Janhan for his wife, is thought to be one of the great architectural wonders of the world A being built B was built C.which was built D.been built 21 Mr.Jones, I was working, was generous about overtime payments A he B for whom C for him D whom 22 Is this the address to you want the package sent ? A where B which C that D whom 23 London is the city I have visited several times A in which B where C in that D which 24 One of the girls in that company caused an accident A worked B who worked C whom worked D whose worked 25 The computer, _ hard disk has just been upgraded, is among the latest generations A that B whose C of which D.which of 26 The girl me this gift is my best friend A presented B was presenting C presenting D be presenting 27 He lent me many picture-books, most of I had read A whom B who C whose D which 28 Don't drink too much beer, will make us fat A which B when C who D whom 29 The friend to he was talking on the phone is English A who B whose C whom D which 30 Why you always believe in everything he says? A who B which C when D.that 31 There are a lot of people at my friend's wedding party, only a few of I had met before A who B whose C whom D which Gia sư Thành Được www.daythem.edu.vn 32 Aberdeen, my brother lives, is a town in Scotland A where B which C who D when 33 My parents live in the same house they bought 50 years ago A that B which C where D A and C 34 August is the month I always give my birthday parties A which B in which C what D why 35 The people to _she was speaking didn't know German A who B whose C that D whom 36 Sunday is the day _ most of the Christians usually go to church A in which B when C that D at which 37 Joyce Bews, was born and grew up in Portsmouth on the south coast of England, she still lives, was 100 last year A that / in which B who / where C that / where D whom / where 38 According to the research, the time at most road accidents happen is early evening A when B which C whose D that 39 The girls and the flowers _he painted were vivid A who B which C whose D that 40 We go to school regularly, A that makes our teacher happy B which makes our teacher happily C.it makes our teacher happy D which makes our teacher happy 41 The letter _ grandma was kept carefully in a box A you wrote B which you wrote to C to whom wrote D which wrote 42 Sue lives in the house The house is opposite my house A.Sue lives in the house which is opposite my house B.Sue lives in the house who is opposite my house C.Sue lives in the house where is opposite my house D.Sue lives in the house and which is opposite my house 43 Computers cannot operate without the programmes, are often called software A which B that C in which D with which Ex 4: Join each pair of sentences using relative pronouns : 1.The man didn‟t come back again I shouted at him ……………………………………………………… The television never worked again I dropped it ……………………………………………………… The machine was broken I hired it ……………………………………………………………… The clothes were beautiful She bought some clothes ………………………………………………… The wall fell down after three weeks They built the wall ……………………………………………… The policeman wasn‟t very helpful I asked him ………………………………………………………… Gia sư Thành Được www.daythem.edu.vn I didn‟t really like the car We bought it ………………………………………………………… I lost the money I borrowed it from John …………………………………………………………………… She is the most intelligent woman I‟ve ever met this woman …………………………………………… 10 This doctor is famous You visited him yesterday  ……………………………………………………… 11.These children are orphans She is taking care of these children  ……………………………………… 12.My father goes swimming everyday You met him this morning …………………………………… 13.The man is my father I respect this man most …………………………………………………………… 14.The man is my father I respect his opinion most ………………………………………………………… 15.Mary and Margaret are twins You met them yesterday ……………………………………………… 16 I‟ll introduce you to the man His support is necessary for your project ……………………………… 17 The middle-aged man is the director My father is talking to him …………………………………… 18 The boy is my cousin You make fun of him …………………………………………………………… 19 The student is from china He sits next to me …………………………………………………………… 20 I thanked the woman This woman had helped me  ………………………………………………… Ex : Write relative pronouns to complete these sentences We visited the school _ my father taught I met her last month, _ she came to our house We all looked at the place _ the fire had started Did they tell you the reason _ they were late? The cat sat on the wall _ it had a good view of the birds They arrived in the evening, at a time _ we were all out I couldn‟t understand the reason _ they were so rude I met him in the cafeù _ he was working as a waiter I listen to music late at night, _ the children have gone to bed 10 I bought them in August, _ I was in France 11 Let me see all the letters _ you have written 12 Is there any one can help me this? 13 Mr Brown, _ is only 34, is the director of this company 14 I know a place roses grow in abundance Gia sư Thành Được www.daythem.edu.vn 15 It was the nurse told me to come in 16 The teacher with , we studied last year no longer teaches in our school 17 They showed me the hospital buildings had been destroyed by US bombings 18 We saw many soldiers and tanks were moving to the front 19 Dr Fleming, _ discovered penicillin, was awarded the Nobel Prize for medicine in 1945 20 He joined the political party _ was in power 21 Love, is a wonderful feeling, comes to everyone at some time in his life 22 Freedom is something for _ millions have given their lives 23 It is easy to find faults in people we dislike 24 The really happy people are those _ enjoy their daily work 25 We must find a time _ we can meet and a place _ we can talk