loi:it k kin trỳc Mc lc H kinh doanh 1.1 Kin trỳc 2.1 Lch s kin trỳc 2.2 Kin trỳc v Xõy dng 2.3 Cỏc phong cỏch kin trỳc phng Tõy ni ting 2.4 Kin trỳc Vit Nam 2.4.1 Kin trỳc c Vit Nam 2.4.2 Kin trỳc thuc a 2.4.3 Kin trỳc mi 2.4.4 Kin trỳc ng i 2.5 Xem thờm 2.6 Liờn kt ngoi Kin trỳc gii ta kt cu 3.1 Lch s 3.2 Kin trỳc tiờu biu 3.3 Hỡnh nh 3.4 Chỳ thớch Kin trỳc Hin i 4.1 Lch s kin trỳc Hin i th k 20 4.1.1 Khi ngun 4.1.2 S thng tr ca kin trỳc Hin i c im 4.2.1 u im 4.3 Cỏc kin trỳc s tiờu biu 4.4 Liờn kt ngoi 4.5 am kho 4.2 am kho Kin trỳc ni tht 10 5.1 10 am kho i ii MC LC L s kin trỳc 11 6.1 i kỡ ỏ 12 6.2 Kin trỳc C i 12 6.2.1 Kin trỳc Ai Cp c i 12 6.2.2 Kin trỳc Lng H 12 6.2.3 Kin trỳc Hy Lp c i 12 6.2.4 Kin trỳc La Mó c i 12 6.2.5 Kin trỳc Byzantine 12 6.2.6 Kin trỳc Ba T 13 Lch s kin trỳc chõu u 13 6.3.1 Kin trỳc thi Trung c 13 6.3.2 Kin trỳc tin La Mó 13 6.3.3 Kin trỳc La Mó 13 6.3.4 Kin trỳc Gothic 13 6.3.5 Kin trỳc thi Phc Hng 13 6.3.6 Kin trỳc Baroque 13 6.3.7 Kin trỳc Rococo 13 6.3.8 Kin trỳc Tõn c in 13 6.3.9 Kin trỳc Hin i 13 6.3.10 Kin trỳc Biu hin 13 6.3.11 Kin trỳc c t 13 6.3.12 Kin trỳc Hu Hin i 13 6.3.13 Phi kin trỳc 13 6.4 Chỳ thớch 13 6.5 am kho 13 6.6 Liờn kt ngoi 14 6.3 Mu thit k 15 it k 16 8.1 Xem thờm 16 8.2 am kho 16 it k ni tht 17 9.1 Phõn loi 17 9.2 Nh thit k ni tht 18 9.3 Giỏo dc 18 9.4 Mt s nh thit k ni ting 18 9.5 Xem thờm 18 9.6 am kho 18 9.7 Liờn kt ngoi 19 10 Trng phỏi kin trỳc 20 MC LC iii 10.1 Cỏc trng phỏi hoc khuynh hng kin trỳc lch s 20 10.2 am kho 20 10.3 Ngun, ngi úng gúp, v giy phộp cho bn v hỡnh nh 21 10.3.1 Vn bn 21 10.3.2 Hỡnh nh 21 10.3.3 Giy phộp ni dung 23 Chng H kinh doanh 1.1 Tham kho [1] Shophouse, nột riờng ca Park Hill Mt shophouse thng cú ớt nht hai tng Trỳc Linh, VnEconomy 14:59 - 22/7/2015 (ting Vit) [2] Zhu, Jieming, Sim, Loo-Lee, Liu, Xuan, D., PlaceRemaking under Property Rights Regimes: A Case Study of Niucheshui, Singapore, IURD Working Paper Series, Institute of Urban and Regional Development, UC Berkeley, 2006, p.13 Truy cp ngy 30 thỏng nm 2012 [3] Chua, Beng Huat, and Edwards, Norman, Public space: design, use, and management, National University of Singapore, Centre for Advanced Studies, Singapore University Press, 1992, p 4-5 ISBN 9971-69-164-7 Cỏch b trớ chy di cho phộp mt dóy cỏc h kinh doanh cú th kộo di n ht ph, nh hỡnh nh mt dóy cỏc cn h thng mi tai tng George Town, Penang Cỏc h kinh doanh trờn ph Hng Bụng, H Ni, Vit Nam Mt cn h kinh doanh l mt loi kin trỳc nh thng thy ti cỏc ụ th khu vc ụng Nam Cn h thng mi thng cao t hai n ba tng, ú tng trt dựng buụn bỏn, m ca hng, cũn cỏc tng trờn dựng lm ni cho gia ch.[1][2] Phong cỏch nh a dng ny cú du n lch s t thi cỏc ụ th c khu vc ụng Nam .[3] Chng Kin trỳc S khụ cng, vụ tớnh ca kin trỳc hin i b phờ phỏn mnh m nhng nm 1970 khin tro lu kin trỳc hu hin i i Cụng ngh v vt liu mi c ỏp dng mnh m kin trỳc hu hin i, m ỏp dng chỳng mt cỏch khụn ngoan y cm xỳc hn, nhm nhn mnh cỏc c thự ca cụng trỡnh v mi liờn h ca cụng trỡnh n khung cnh t nhiờn húa xó hi xung quanh 2.1 Lch s kin trỳc n Parthenon Athena, Hy Lp Kin trỳc l mt ngnh ngh thut v khoa hc v t chc sp xp khụng gian, lp h s thit k cỏc cụng trỡnh kin trỳc Kin trỳc s vi kin thc chuyờn Dolmen B ngnh kin trỳc, ngoi cụng tỏc thit k cụng trỡnh cú th tham gia vo rt nhiu cỏc lnh vc thit k qun lý khỏc, nh quy hoch ụ th, thit k ụ th, thit k cnh quan, qun lý ụ th, qun lý giỏm sỏt d ỏn, thit k ni tht, thit k hay thit k to dỏng cụng nghip T nhng vt liu sn cú, nhng tri thc khoa hc, kinh nghim, nhu cu thc t, quan nim v ý ngha v giỏ tr thm m ca cỏc hỡnh thc kin trỳc, mi nn húa thng li hng lot cỏc cụng trỡnh kin trỳc cú chung nhng phong cỏch kin trỳc riờng, c trng cho cỏc thi k lch s Kin trỳc hin i i theo xu hng tụn sựng cụng ngh v vt liu mi, cụng nng s dng, v nng lc sỏng to cỏ nhõn, ú cỏc cụng trỡnh kin trỳc hin i Stonehenge England thng khụng cú nhiu liờn h n húa bn a 2.3 CC PHONG CCH KIN TRC PHNG TY NI TING Bt u bui bỡnh minh ca lch s loi ngi, ng trc nhu cu t bo v mỡnh trc cỏc tỏc ng thiờn nhiờn thi tit, ngi tin s ó phi to nờn nhng dng thc kin trỳc u tiờn tn ti Nh vy, kin trỳc trc tiờn c ny sinh t trờn nhu cu cụng nng s dng ca ngi Trong lch s kin trỳc chõu u, gi thuyt v ngun gc ca kin trỳc c Vitruvius cp n tỏc phm Mi cun sỏch vit v kin trỳc eo ú, tỳp lu nguyờn thy c xem l im thy cho mi dng thc ca kin trỳc sau ny Vo thi k ỏ mi, ngi ó xõy dng nhng tng thnh kiờn c t bo v, vớ d nh bc tng thnh bng ỏ ni ting c tỡm thy Jericho, cú niờn i xõy dng vo nm 8000 trc Cụng nguyờn Ngi ta cng ó khai qut c mt cm qun c gm nhng u trng Roma, í, phong cỏch kin trỳc Roman nh trũn xõy dng bng nhng tng ỏ chng xp lờn lng Skara Brae Scotland Vo thi i ng, cỏc loi hỡnh kin trỳc u tiờn ó i ú l cỏc loi hỡnh sau õy: Phũng ỏ (Dolmen) Ct ỏ (Menhir hay Monolith) Lan can ỏ (Cromlech) Hỡnh thc s ca n th 2.2 Kin trỳc v Xõy dng 2.3 Cỏc phong cỏch kin trỳc phng Tõy ni ting u trng Coloseum, í Lch s kin trỳc ó tri qua nhiu giai on vi cỏc phong cỏch khỏc Lch s kin trỳc chõu u, nu phõn chia theo cỏc giai on lch s, ngi ta cú cỏc dũng kin trỳc chớnh: Kin trỳc Ai Cp c i Kin trỳc Lng H v Ba T Kin trỳc Hy Lp c i Kin trỳc La Mó c i Kin trỳc Byzantine v kin trỳc Nga thi k trung th k Kin trỳc Roman Kin trỳc Gothic Kin trỳc Phc hng (Renaissance) Kin trỳc Baroque Kin trỳc Rococo Cỏc dng thc ct kin trỳc phng Tõy Kin trỳc Tõn c in (Neoclassic) Kin trỳc Hin i (Modern architecture) CHNG KIN TRC Kin trỳc Hu Hin i (Postmodern architecture) Ch ngha Phờ bỡnh bn a 2.4 Kin trỳc Vit Nam Kin trỳc Vit Nam cú th chia lm cỏc giai on loi ni bt sau õy: 2.4.1 Kin trỳc c Vit Nam Kin trỳc c truyn Vit Nam a phn s dng kt cu khung g nh nh g truyn thng Vit Nam kt hp vi cỏc vt liu b tr khỏc nh gch, ỏ, ngúi, t, rm, tre Trong th loi kin trỳc ny, thc s khụng cú s khỏc bit hoc phõn chia hoc khỏc bit nhiu v kt cu ca cỏc th loi cụng trỡnh khỏc Da trờn c im cng nh tớnh cht ca h kt cu cng nh vt liu ny, kin trỳc c truyn Vit Nam khụng thc s tn ti cỏc cụng trỡnh cú kớch thc ln nh cỏc quc gia khỏc Trong sut lch s, kin trỳc c truyn Vit Nam thc s khụng cú nhiu thay i hoc cú xut hin nhng trng phỏi nh chõu u Vỡ l mt quc gia phi liờn tc chu ng chin tranh tri di theo lch s, thi gian hũa bỡnh xõy dng rt ngn, nờn kin trỳc ln hay bn vng tn ti khụng cú nhiu Cú th phõn loi kin trỳc Vit Nam cỏc cụng trỡnh hng mc theo: Chc nng s dng: kin trỳc cung in, tụn giỏo (ỡnh, chựa, miu th), húa (bia, n), nh dõn gian, Vt liu xõy dng thỡ cng ớt cú tớnh cỏch lõu di, ch tr cỏc cụng trỡnh cụng cng: gch, ỏ, g quý (thit mc) m a s dựng cỏc vt liu a phng sn cú nh lỏ, tranh, tre, g o, ỏ kờ nn ct, t sột nung hoc khụng nung, bựn trn rm, Kt cu: khung sn g, mng v l mng (khụng dựng inh), v kốo g ũn tay, rui mố, ũn vong, ct kờ tỏn (khụng múng, c) tựy theo iu kin a lý m cú th nh kt cu nõng sn, na nh sn na nn t, hay trờn nn t, nhng khụng cú lu hay nhiu tng nh cỏc nc khỏc Mỏi nh thng cú dc cao hay dựng lỏ, tranh, ngúi (dc ln hn 45 ) Trang trớ: cụng trỡnh cụng cng thỡ thng lp ngúi (hong cung, ỡnh, miu), mỏi cụng gúc mỏi cú trang trớ u ao, rng, cỏ, chm tr hoa trang trớ cỏc u x g g, cỏc hỡnh tng trang trớ thng t thỳ h t linh (Long, Ly, i, Phng) hay cp, cỏ, it k bỡnh : cụng trỡnh cụng cng nh chựa, ỡnh thng cú bỡnh dựng theo chit t Hỏn nh ni cụng ngoi quc, cũn nh thỡ thng l gian, chỏi, hỡnh ch inh, nh chớnh (nh trờn) v nh ph (nh di) cú sõn nc (sõn thiờn tnh) v thng khụng ngn chia cỏc phũng nh nh tõy phng, ca chớnh v ca i ph v rt ớt ca s Nh Nam nhiu sụng rch nờn phng tin i li chớnh l xung nờn cụng trỡnh ph nh nh ghe xung thng mộ sụng (xo) hay tu, v phớa ngoi nh cú chung trõu bũ, cũn kho lỳa thỡ thng t nh Vt lý kin trỳc: thụng giú t nhiờn, tng v mỏi nh thng trựm kớn nh ma rt nhiu, hn na ca i v ca s m rt ớt an ninh nga trm cp nờn chiu sỏng t nhiờn rt ti v kộm sỏng sa, nh thng hng nam (ún giú nm thi mỏt vo hố) v chỏi ph u nh s l hng ụng tõy chng hi núng mt tri sỏng v chiu Trng cõy: trc nh trng cau (cau ún giú nam mỏt) sau nh trng chui (lỏ chui ngn bt giú bc lnh ụng) 2.4.2 Kin trỳc thuc a loi kin trỳc ny c du nhp t cỏc nc phng Tõy, cựng vi s xut hin ca ngi Phỏp ti Vit Nam vo cui th k 19 u th k 20 Loi hỡnh kin trỳc ny phỏt trin song song vi quỏ trỡnh khai thỏc thuc a ca ngi Phỏp Do c im ca riờng ca iu kin a lý, khớ hu khỏc bit nờn cỏc phong cỏch kin trỳc chõu u ó phi cú nhng chuyn bin nht nh hũa hp vi iu kin Vit Nam 2.4.3 Kin trỳc mi loi kin trỳc ny c hỡnh thnh t gia th k 20, sau nc Vit Nam thoỏt giai on thuc a ca thc dõn Phỏp Da trờn iu kin lch s khỏc bit, kin trỳc hai Nam v Bc cng phi chu nhng nh hng nht nh 2.4.4 Kin trỳc ng i Cựng vi s phỏt trin ca kinh t cng nh quỏ trỡnh m ca hi nhp quc t sau giai on i mi v s du nhp nhiu lung kin trỳc khỏc vo Vit Nam ó hỡnh thnh nờn mt khuynh hng kin trỳc mi Vo giai on ca m ca, phong cỏch kin trỳc ny phn nhiu mang tớnh lai chộp cỏc c im kin trỳc nc ngoi cũn mang tớnh hn lon Hin nay, cỏc kin trỳc s Vit Nam ang ln tỡm mt ng cho riờng h Tuy nhiờn, t nm 2003 n nay(2007) mt s tro lu kin trỳc mi theo phong cỏch hin i ó c hỡnh 2.6 LIấN KT NGOI thnh Tuy cha rừ nột nhng ó mt phn th hin c s hi nhp vi th gii ca cỏc kin trỳc s Vit Nam Bờn cnh cỏc hỡnh thc thng thy ngoi ng ph, cụng nng s dng cng c nghiờn cu nghiờm tỳc hn, to tin nghi cho ngi s dng tt hn 2.5 Xem thờm Cụng nghip hoỏ Cụng nghip sỏng to 2.6 Liờn kt ngoi Hi kin trỳc s Vit Nam - kienviet.net Hip hi kin trỳc s Hong gia Australia Hip hi kin trỳc s Hong gia Anh Worldarchitecture.org, Database World Architecture Archdaily.com Recopilation of thousands of recents projects Architectural centers and museums in the world, list of links from the UIA Batharchitecture.com Student Design Projects and Essays on Architectural eory arch-library Chng Kin trỳc gii ta kt cu o ln mi nhn thc bỡnh thng, dựng trớ tng tng to mt b cc mi, tỡm n mt hng mi hn Tiờu biu ca kin trỳc ny l s bt cõn i, cú v ln xn, bt hi hũa gõy nờn cm giỏc bt n nh cho ngi xem, nhng cng gõy nhiu thớch thỳ vỡ s mi l.[1] 3.1 Lch s Cn nh ca Frank Gehry m ó c tu b li cui thp niờn 1970 c xem l mt nhng cn nh u tiờn theo kin trỳc gii ta kt cu Nm 1988, mt trin lóm ti Bo tng Ngh thut Hin i New York Philip Johnson, Heiko Herden v Mark Wigley t chc, xu hng thit k kin trỳc mi ny chớnh thc c t tờn Trong cuc trin lóm ny cú trng by cỏc tỏc phm ca cỏc nh kin trỳc nh: Frank Gehry, Daniel Libeskind, Rem Koolhaas, Peter Eisenman, Zaha Hadid, Coop Himmelb(l)au v Bernard Tschumi Vitra Design Museum Weil am Rhein (xõy nm1989) 3.2 Kin trỳc tiờu biu Bo tng Guggenheim Bilbao ca Frank Gehry, 19911997 gii BMW ca Coop Himmelb(l)au 2003-2007 3.3 Hỡnh nh Seattle Central Library ca (Rem Koolhaas v Joshua PrinceRamus) Kin trỳc gii ta kt cu (Deconstructivism) l mt tro lu kin trỳc mi phỏt trin sau thi k Kin trỳc Hu Hin i Nú dng mi phng tin nhm lm Ngụi nh ca Gehry, Santa Monica 4.3 CC KIN TRC S TIấU BIU lp trng Bauhaus, v Mies l hiu trng cui cựng ca trng Bauhaus trc b gii th 4.3 Cỏc kin trỳc s tiờu biu Le Corbusier 4.2 c im Ludwig Mies van der Rohe Walter Gropius Tange Kenzo Richard Meier Maki Fumihiko Adolf Loos 4.4 Liờn kt ngoi Modern architecture & design news Trng Bauhaus, c KTS Walter Gropius thit k To nh Quc hi ca Brasil Oscar Niemayer thit k 4.2.1 u im Dõy chuyn cụng nng c cao, hp lý Tit kim c khụng gian giao thụng, tit kim vt liu Khụng trang trớ phự phim p dng cỏc thnh tu ca khoa hc v k thut Giao thoa cựng vi thiờn nhiờn (ỏnh sỏng, cõy xanh, nc) Tớnh thm m gn lin vi s hi hũa, hp lý ngụn ng kin trỳc 4.5 Tham kho Chng Kin trỳc ni tht Kin trỳc ni tht l kin trỳc khụng gian bờn mt cụng trỡnh Khỏi nim ny cú phn hi tng ng vi khỏi nim thit k ni tht Vin Cụng ngh Rochester Tuy nhiờn khỏi nim ny thng gn lin vi cỏch dựng khỏc " Kin trỳc ni tht ch nhng kin trỳc, khụng gian " it k ni tht thỡ thng ch cụng vic liờn quan n kin trỳc ni tht Vin Ngh thut Chicago Trng Santa Monica i hc California ti Berkeley i hc California ti Davis Ti M, tr thnh mt kin trỳc s lm kin trỳc ni tht thỡ phi hon thnh mt s tiờu t tr thnh mt kin trỳc s cú chng ch hnh ngh i hc Idaho i hc Louisville Vit Nam kin trỳc ni tht ó phỏt trin c mt thi gian khỏ di, iu kin sng phỏt trin kốm theo nhu cu lm p cho Ni tht, ngoi tht nh ca tng mnh i hc Nevada, Las Vegas i hc North Carolina ti Greensboro i hc Oregon Kin trỳc ni tht ó chia nhiu trng phỏi khỏc nhau, mi trng phỏi li mang m nột khỏc bit quc gia hoc vựng lónh th Nh kin trỳc ni tht chõu õu, kin trỳc ni tht Phỏp, (cỏi ny hiu l phong cỏch thit k hay kiu kin trỳc) i hc Cụng ngh Sydney i hc Wisconsin-Madison i hc Woodbury Hiu theo cỏch n gin nht, kin trỳc ni tht l thit k kin trỳc xõy dng cú tớnh n phng ỏn b trớ ni tht v trang trớ ni tht cú liờn quan n kt cu trn, tng, sn Mt s Vin o to kin trỳc ni tht: i hc New South Wales, c i hc Victoria ti Wellington, New Zealand 5.1 Tham kho i hc Monash, Melbourne, c Trng it k Harrington i hc Kansas State i hc Cụng ngh Lawrence i hc it k Massey, Wellington, New Zealand Vin Ngh thut Maryland i hc Marywood Vin Ngh thut v it k Milwaukee i hc Ohio Trng it k Rhode Island 10 Chng Lch s kin trỳc ca cỏc lung t tng m sau ny s tr thnh ch cho cỏc phong tro ngh thut Trờn nhng bỡnh din ú, lch s kin trỳc l mt nhỏnh phõn ngnh ca lch s ngh thut, trung vo lch s phỏt trin tin húa ca cỏc nguyờn tc v phong cỏch thit k cụng trỡnh v thit k ụ th Di nh hng ca s a nguyờn Hu Hin i, cỏc nh lý thuyt gn õy c gng m rng kin trỳc nhng din dch mi a dng hn Nhng lý thuyt ngụn ng (linguistic) thnh hnh gia thp niờn 1990 c gng nhỡn nhn cỏc thnh t kin trỳc nhng mt ngụn ng c lp, úng gúp v s phỏt trin ca Lý lun Phờ bỡnh (Critical eory) Cỏc nghiờn cu v Chỳ gii Ngụn ng (Hermeneutics) úng gúp nhng khớa cnh khỏc cho lch s kin trỳc v cỏc bn tớnh trng im ca kin trỳc c xem nh nhng hin tng Tt c u tỡm cỏch tip cn v xỏc nh kin trỳc nh mt dng ca ngụn ng Hai cỏch nhỡn nhn ú khỏc cỏc khỏi nim tham kho, Lý thuyt Phờ bỡnh ch yu mang tớnh t tham chiu cỏc c im cỏ nhõn (se-referential), cũn Chỳ gii ngụn ng nng v nghiờn cu bi cnh tỡnh (contextual) Bỏch khoa ton th v kin trỳc xut bn nm 1729 L s kin trỳc nghiờn cu s phỏt trin v lch s ca nn kin trỳc th gii thụng qua vic nghiờn cu cỏc nh hng cỏc gúc khỏc nh ngh thut, hoỏ, chớnh tr kinh t v k thut Nhỡn chung, nhim v ca lch s kin trỳc l phi xõy dng c mi quan h gia ý ngha biu cm vụ hỡnh ca cụng trỡnh kin trỳc (ng ngha, chc nng, biu tng) vi s th hin hu hỡnh ca cỏc i tng kin trỳc (kớch thc, vt liu, thnh phn ca kin trỳc) v t vo mt nghiờn cu tng th ca thi im lch s Xu th chung ca thi i cú th xem nh mt phn ng vi cỏc quan im siờu hỡnh, nng tớnh lý thuyt trc ú, cng nhng u th ca nhng biu hin siờu hin i quỏ trỡnh ton cu húa, hu t bn (late capitalism) v dõn ch t mi (neo-liberal democracy) S gia tng nhn thc di nh hng ca ch ngha thuc a cng thỳc y quỏ trỡnh xem xột li v kin trỳc cỏc quc gia thuc a húa v tỡm kim s gii phúng nhng quan im lý thuyt v thc hnh khụng phự hp ca phng Tõy Lch s kin trỳc, cng nh bt kỡ mt ngnh nghiờn cu lch s cú nguyờn tc nghiờn cu v s gii hn v s tim n ca lch s iu ú cú ngha l di mt cựng mt s kin chỳng ta cú th cú nhiu cỏch nhỡn nhn v suy din khỏc nhau, ph thuc vo hon cnh quan sỏt T ú cho phộp ny sinh mt s lng ln cỏc quan im nghiờn cu v lch s kin trỳc, c bit phng Tõy Nhỡn chung, lch s kin trỳc phng Tõy c phõn loi rừ rng thnh tng giai on phỏt trin nn húa ngoi phng Tõy lch s kin trỳc ớt liờn quan n n cỏc bi cnh lch s Di nh hng ca quỏ trỡnh thuc a v s u th ca húa phng Tõy, li cng tr nờn phc hn Cỏc nh vit s Hu Hin i ang c gng xỏc nh ct lừi ca Tuy nhiờn tm vúc quỏ ln, ngi ta cha Vo th k 19, kin trỳc C in c nhỡn nhn t gúc tỡm thy c mt s ng thun ca cỏc nh vit s, hỡnh thc, nht mnh xung c im hỡnh thỏi ca thm quan im ca cỏ nhõn ụi cng khụng hỡnh thc, k thut v vt liu i kỡ ny cng chng thng nht, bin i theo thi gian Nhng cú th núi kin s xut hin cỏc kin trỳc s riờng l, s pha trn rng, lch s kin trỳc phn ỏnh s phỏt trin chung 11 12 CHNG LCH S KIN TRC ca lch s nhõn loi 6.1 Thi kỡ ỏ Xem bi chớnh:Kin trỳc thi kỡ ỏ n Luxor Ai Cp Nh nc Ai Cp c i l mt nhng nh nc i sm nht lu vc sụng Nil vựng ụng bc chõu Phi Nn minh Ai Cp c i l mt nhng nn minh c xa nht v rc r nht ca nhõn loi Nhng ngi Ai Cp c i ó li cho hu th mt di sn kin trỳc s, s ú nh tng Nhõn s Spinx v cỏc Kim t thỏp l nhng cụng trỡnh kin trỳc s ni ting trờn ton th gii M ỏ (dolmen) Ireland Kin trỳc Ai Cp c i ch yu l cỏc n i tụn giỏo vi cỏc cu trỳc khng l v s thn ca khụng gian, c xỏc nh bi cỏc b tng dy v dc vi ớt l m õy cú th l nh hng t phng phỏp xõy dng c to n nh ca tng bng bựn Tng t nh vy, cỏc vt khc chm trờn b mt v cỏc chi tit trang trớ b mt tng cụng trỡnh bng ỏ cú th xut phỏt t cỏch trang trớ cho tng bựn t Mc dự, kt cu vũm c phỏt trin triu i th t, tt c cỏc cụng trỡnh khng l u s dng kt cu lanhtụ v ct tr, vi mỏi bng xõy dng t cỏc tng ỏ khng l bng tng ngoi v cỏc ct xp gn sỏt Tõy Nam , thi kỡ ỏ lch s kin trỳc bt u t khong 10000 nm trc Cụng nguyờn vựng Cn ụng (levant), t thi kỡ Tin s ỏ mi A v Tin s ỏ mi B (Pre-Poery Neolithic A/PrePoery Neolithic B) v m rng hng ụng v hng tõy i kỡ minh ỏ mi ụng nam Anatolia, Syria v Iraq vo khong 8000 nm trc Cụng nguyờn Hỡnh thỏi xó hi hỏi lm bt u t 7000 nm trc Cụng nguyờn ụng Nam chõu u, v Trung u vo khong 5500 nm trc Cụng nguyờn chõu M v chõu i dng, ngi th dõn bn a cũn 6.2.2 Kin trỳc Lng H thi kỡ ỏ cho n ngi chõu u khỏm phỏ h Xem bi chớnh:Kin trỳc Lng H Cỏc c dõn thi ỏ Cn ụng, Anatolia, Syria, phớa nam bỡnh nguyờn Lng H v Trung l nhng nh xõy dng v i H ó bit s dng gch-bựn xõy nh v cỏc ngụi lng ầatalhửyỹk, ngi ta ó bit trang trớ nh ca vi nhng tranh v to hỡnh ngi v thỳ vt Trung u, cỏc cn nh di bng phờn lip ó c xõy dng Cỏc khu m t m cng c cng xõy dng c bit, ngy cũn hng ngn ngụi m nh vy Ireland Ngi thi ỏ mi qun o Anh cng xõy dng nhng nm m v phũng m cho mỡnh v cỏc tri tng t p (causewayed camps), cỏc vũng trũn ỏ (henges int mines) v cỏc i ỏ ln hỡnh trũn (cursus monuments) 6.2 Kin trỳc C i 6.2.1 Kin trỳc Ai Cp c i Xem bi chớnh:Kin trỳc Ai Cp c i 6.2.3 Kin trỳc Hy Lp c i Xem bi chớnh:Kin trỳc Hy Lp c i Kin trỳc Hy Lp c i i v hỡnh thnh trờn mt vựng t rng ln, bao gm Nam bỏn o Balkans, cỏc o nh vựng bin Aegaeum (, Aigaion), khu vc Tiu , vựng ven Hc Hi, í, Sicilia, Phỏp, Tõy Ban Nha v Ai Cp 6.2.4 Kin trỳc La Mó c i Xem bi chớnh:Kin trỳc La Mó c i 6.2.5 Kin trỳc Byzantine Xem bi chớnh:Kin trỳc Byzantine 6.4 CH THCH 13 L mt phong cỏch kin trỳc xut phỏt t 6.3.10 Constantinopolis, th ụ ca ch La mó phng ụng (330-1453) 6.2.6 Kin trỳc Ba T Kin trỳc Biu hin 6.3.11 Kin trỳc Quc t xem bi:Kin trỳc Iran 6.3 Lch s kin trỳc chõu u 6.3.1 6.3.12 Kin trỳc Hu Hin i Kin trỳc thi Trung c 6.3.13 Phi kin trỳc Cỏc kin trỳc th tc cũn tn ti ch yu l liờn quan n quc phũng, ch yu l cỏc lõu i 6.4 Chỳ thớch 6.3.2 Kin trỳc tin La Mó 6.5 Tham kho 6.3.3 Kin trỳc La Mó Braun, Hugh, An Introduction to English Mediaeval Architecture, London: Faber and Faber, 1951 Francis Ching, Mark Jarzombek, Vikram Prakash, A Global History of Architecture, Wiley, 2006 Kin trỳc La Mó l thi k kin trỳc ph bin ti chõu u vo th k 11 v 12 Copplestone, Trewin (ed) (1963) World architecture - An illustrated history Hamlyn, London 6.3.4 Kin trỳc Gothic Hitchcock, Henry-Russell, e Pelican History of Art: Architecture: Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries, Penguin Books, 1958 6.3.5 Kin trỳc thi Phc Hng Nugens, Patrick (1983), e Story of Architecture, Prentice Hall, ISBN Watkin, David (Sep 2005), A History of Western Architecture, Hali Publications, ISBN 6.3.6 Kin trỳc Baroque Modernism Banham, Reyner, (1 Dec 1980) eory and Design in the First Machine Age Architectural Press 6.3.7 Kin trỳc Rococo Curl, James Stevens (2006) A Dictionary of Architecture and Landscape Architecture (Paperback) Oxford University Press tr 880 ISBN 6.3.8 Kin trỳc Tõn c in Curtis, William J R (1987), Modern Architecture Since 1900, Phaidon Press 6.3.9 Kin trỳc Hin i Frampton, Kenneth (1992) Modern Architecture, a critical history ames & Hudson- ird Edition Jencks, Charles, (1993) Modern Movements in Architecture Penguin Books Ltd - second edition 14 Pevsner, Nikolaus, (28 Mar 1991) Pioneers of Modern Design: From William Morris to Walter Gropius, Penguin Books Ltd Sir Banister Fletchers a History of Architecture Fletcher, Banister; Cruickshank, Dan, Architectural Press, 20th edition, 1996 ISBN 0-7506-2267-9 6.6 Liờn kt ngoi Lch s kin trỳc ti DMOZ e Society of Architectural Historians web site e Society of Architectural Historians of Great Britain web site e Society of Architectural Historians, Australia and New Zealand web site European Architectural History Network web site Western Architecture Timeline CHNG LCH S KIN TRC Chng Mu thit k Mu thit k (ting Anh l design paern) cú nhiu ngha tựy vo ng cnh khỏc nhau: Mu thit k (kin trỳc), mt cỏch nm bt v truyn t cỏc ý tng thit k kin trỳc Mu thit k (khoa hc mỏy tớnh), mt gii phỏp chun cho cỏc chung thit k phn mm Design Paerns, tờn mt cun sỏch bt u cho vic nghiờn cu thit k mu khoa hc mỏy tớnh Cỏc mu s phm (Pedagogical paerns), nhng phng phỏp tt nht dy hc 15 Chng Thit k it k l vic to mt k hoch hoc quy c cho vic xõy dng mt i tng hoc mt h thng (nh bn thit k kin trỳc, bn v k thut, quy trỡnh kinh doanh, s mch v cỏc mu may).[1] it k cú ý ngha khỏc cỏc lnh vc khỏc (xem thit k ngnh di õy) Trong mt s trng hp, vic xõy dng trc tip ca mt i tng (nh gm, k thut, qun lý, lp trỡnh v thit k ha) cng c coi l thit k Chớnh thc hn thit k ó c nh ngha nh sau (danh t) mt c im k thut ca mt i tng, nhm thc hin mc tiờu, mt mụi trng c bit, s dng mt hp cỏc thnh phn nguyờn thy, ỏp ng c cỏc yờu cu, chu rng buc; (ngoi ng t) to mt thit k, mt mụi trng (ni m cỏc nh thit k hot ng)[2] Mt nh ngha khỏc cho thit k l mt l trỡnh hoc mt cỏch tip cn chin lc cho mt ngi no ú t c mt kt qu nht Nú nh ngha cỏc thụng s k thut, k hoch, thụng s, chi phớ, hot ng, quy trỡnh v cỏch thc v phi lm gỡ nhng rng buc phỏp lý, chớnh tr, xó hi, mụi trng, an ton v kinh t vic t c mc tiờu ú.[3] 8.1 Xem thờm Cụng nghip hoỏ Cụng nghip sỏng to 8.2 Tham kho [1] Dictionary meanings in the Cambridge Dictionary of American English, at Dictionary.com (esp meanings and 78) and at AskOxford (esp verbs) [2] Ralph, P and Wand, Y (2009) A proposal for a formal denition of the design concept In Lyytinen, K., Loucopoulos, P., Mylopoulos, J., and (Robinson, W.,) editors, Design Requirements Workshop (LNBIP 14), pp 103136 Springer-Verlag, p 109 16 [3] Don Kumaragamage, Y (2011) Design Manual Vol Chng Thit k ni tht Gh ngi hi trng Phũng tm mu hng v mu en it k ni tht mụ t mt nhúm cỏc d ỏn khỏc liờn quan n s chuyn i khụng gian ni tht thnh cỏc thit lp hiu qu cho phm vi cỏc hot ng ca ngi c xy ú.[1] it k ni tht cũn l mt ngh kt hp s sỏng to, kin thc k thut v cỏc k nng kinh doanh Nh thit k ni tht lm vic vi khỏch hng v cỏc chuyờn gia thit k khỏc phỏt trin cỏc gii phỏp thit k c an ton, chc nng, hp dn, v ỏp ng nhu cu ca nhng ngi s dng khụng gian.[2] it k ni tht nh it k ni tht phũng it k ni tht ca hng bỏn l it k ni tht chm súc sc khe it k ni tht khỏch sn 9.1 Phõn loi Hoc theo mt cỏch phõn loi tng quỏt hn thỡ thit Hin nay, tựy theo cỏch phõn loi thỡ cú nhiu dng k ni tht bao gm: it k v b trớ khụng gian ni thit k ni tht khỏc ụng thng, thit k ni tht nh, cỏch b trớ sp xp c khoa hc v hp lý nht tht c phõn loi cỏc dng chớnh bao gm:[3] 17 18 CHNG THIT K NI THT 9.2 Nh thit k ni tht a s cỏc nh thit k ni tht chuyờn nghip u cú k nng v trỡnh chuyờn mụn H cú th nghiờn cu v kin trỳc mt thi gian hoc c o to v thit k 3D hoc mt mụn hc liờn quan.[4] Nh thit k cn bit cỏch xỏc nh khụng gian v trỡnh by khụng gian mt cỏch trc quan Nh thit k cũn phi am hiu v cht liu v sn phm c dựng to khụng gian, vic t hp mu sc, sỏng, cht liu v cỏc nhõn t khỏc, cui cựng l cỏch tng tỏc to khụng gian tng ng Ngoi ra, nh thit k cn bit cỏc yờu cu cu trỳc cỏc d ỏn, sc khe, an ton, tiờu chun xõy dng v cỏc khớa cnh k thut khỏc Mt s cụng vic m nh thit k ni tht thng lm bao gm:[2] Nghiờn cu v phõn tớch yờu cu v mc ớch ca khỏch hng Phỏc tho khụng gian mu 2D, 3D Chn mu sc, cht liu Chn v ch nh c, thit b v g Xỏc nhn cỏc k hoch khụng gian t tiờu chun v an ton sc khe, an ton xõy dng, mụi trng v cú tớnh bn vng Chun b ngõn sỏch v k hoch d ỏn Chun b ti liu thit k bao gm cỏc k hoch, ỏnh giỏ, cỏc c t v cụng vic chi tit Phi hp v cng tỏc vi cỏc chuyờn gia khỏc lnh vc thit k, bao gm kin trỳc s, th in, th c khớ v cỏc nh t chuyờn mụn Mt thit k ni tht Syrie Maugham Elsie de Wolfe Arthur Stannard Vernay 9.5 Xem thờm Giỏm sỏt vic thc hin d ỏn Kin trỳc ni tht 9.3 Giỏo dc Trang trớ ni tht c xem l b mụn thuc nhúm ngnh m thut cụng nghip nhiu trng i hc.[5][6] Vỡ vy yu t thm m, cỏch nhỡn, s sỏng to ca sn phm phự hp cho tng khụng gian l quan trng v rt cn thit 9.4 Mt s nh thit k ni ting 9.6 Tham kho [1] Pile, J, 2003, Interior Design, 3rd edn, Pearson, New Jersey, USA [2] What is Interior Design?, New York School of Interior Design [3] Types of Interior Design Projects, IdCanada.org Sybil Colefax [4] Who does interior design?, DesginCouncil Dorothy Draper [5] it k ni tht, i hc Tụn c ng Pierre Franỗois Lộonard Fontaine [6] Gii thiu ngnh Ni tht, i hc m H Ni 9.7 LIấN KT NGOI 9.7 Liờn kt ngoi Phng tin liờn quan ti Interiors ti Wikimedia Commons 19 Chng 10 Trng phỏi kin trỳc Trng phỏi kin trỳc c hỡnh thnh da trờn s phõn loi v cụng trỡnh kin trỳc bng cỏc c im hỡnh thỏi hc hỡnh thc, k thut xõy dng, vt liu s dng lch s kin trỳc 10.1 Cỏc trng phỏi hoc khuynh hng kin trỳc lch s 10.2 Tham kho 20 10.3 NGUN, NGI ểNG GểP, V GIY PHẫP CHO VN BN V HèNH NH 21 10.3 Ngun, ngi úng gúp, v giy phộp cho bn v hỡnh nh 10.3.1 Vn bn H kinh doanh Ngun: https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%E1%BB%99_kinh_doanh?oldid=29911540 Ngi úng gúp: usinhviet, enhitran, Hugopako v AlphamaBot4 Kin trỳc Ngun: https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ki%E1%BA%BFn_tr%C3%BAc?oldid=26665362 Ngi úng gúp: Mxn, DHN, Mth, Robbot, Mekong Bluesman, Nguyn anh ang, YurikBot, Vinhtantran, Casablanca1911, Khoinguyen, DHN-bot, Namisman, Ctmt, Huule, Escarbot, JAnDbot, CommonsDelinker, Sangtaoco, Doón Hiu, VolkovBot, TXiKiBoT, Synthebot, Ngohongnang, ienminh, Lebach, Byrialbot, AlleborgoBot, SieBot, Huaduynam, DragonBot, Qbot, MelancholieBot, CarsracBot, Lapcoc, Nallimbot, Luckasbot, Amirobot, Eternal Dragon, Ptbotgourou, Tpta.vn, Nguyennghia kts, Betoseha, Giangcui, ArthurBot, Porcupine, ToighetTTMC, egioixaydung, AndyLiang, Rubinbot, Xqbot, GhalyBot, Doanmanhtung.sc, Volga, TobeBot, Trn Nguyn Minh Huy, Prenn, Dinhtuydzao, TjBot, Tnt1984, Namnguyenvn, TuHan-Bot, EmausBot, Jspeed1310, Nguyen T Binh, CNBH, Cheers!, ChuispastonBot, WikitanvirBot, Mjbmrbot, Xuanthu75, Cheers!-bot, MerlIwBot, Vagobot, ebigb0y, HiW-Bot, unhapcua, Kientrucso6, AvocatoBot, Kidslife, Kin trỳc 02, AlphamaBot, Addbot, OctraBot, TaiwaneseWaveVN, Kientaoviet, Ktstranhuyhoang, GHA-WDAS, Tuanminh01, AdeeUS, Viethabeer, Tran Trong Nhan, anhminh2000, Trantrongnhan100YHbot, Nhadepso v 31 ngi vụ danh Kin trỳc gii ta kt cu Ngun: https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ki%E1%BA%BFn_tr%C3%BAc_gi%E1%BA%A3i_t%E1%BB%8Fa_k%E1% BA%BFt_c%E1%BA%A5u?oldid=22149947 Ngi úng gúp: DanGong, AlphamaBot v TuanminhBot Kin trỳc Hin i Ngun: https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ki%E1%BA%BFn_tr%C3%BAc_Hi%E1%BB%87n_%C4%91%E1%BA%A1i? oldid=26327029 Ngi úng gúp: Mth, Mekong Bluesman, Trung, Avia, Baodo, Casablanca1911, DHN-bot, Shaqspeare, JAnDbot, A B., TVT-bot, Qbot, Pq, Amirobot, TuHan-Bot, ZộroBot, Cheers!-bot, MerlIwBot, Demon Witch 2, AlphamaBot, Addbot, OctraBot, TuanminhBot v ngi vụ danh Kin trỳc ni tht Ngun: https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ki%E1%BA%BFn_tr%C3%BAc_n%E1%BB%99i_th%E1%BA%A5t?oldid= 25940790 Ngi úng gúp: Mekong Bluesman, Casablanca1911, Doón Hiu, Qbot, Ptbotgourou, ToiyeuTTMC, Prenn, Aptech24h, TuHan-Bot, CNBH, Violetbonmua, Noithatak, ebigb0y, Mrk1988, Kidslife, AlphamaBot, Addbot, itxongkhoiAWB, Tuanminh01, To Manh Cuong, Trantrongnhan100YHbot v ngi vụ danh L s kin trỳc Ngun: https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%E1%BB%8Bch_s%E1%BB%AD_ki%E1%BA%BFn_tr%C3%BAc?oldid=22101607 Ngi úng gúp: Mth, Mekong Bluesman, Casablanca1911, DHN-bot, Bd, anhtam2000, Qbot, Fontanka, Bongdentoiac, TuHan-Bot, EmausBot, Cheers!-bot, TRMC, AlphamaBot, Phamnhatkhanh, AlphamaBot2, Addbot, OctraBot, TuanminhBot v ngi vụ danh Mu thit k Ngun: https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%E1%BA%ABu_thi%E1%BA%BFt_k%E1%BA%BF?oldid=10480038 Ngi úng gúp: Mxn, YurikBot, Minhtuanht, VolkovBot, Cheers!-bot, AlphamaBot v Addbot it k Ngun: https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thi%E1%BA%BFt_k%E1%BA%BF?oldid=20506939 Ngi úng gúp: AlphamaBot, Dephlo, TaiwaneseWaveVN v Tuanminh01 it k ni tht Ngun: https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thi%E1%BA%BFt_k%E1%BA%BF_n%E1%BB%99i_th%E1%BA%A5t?oldid= 26536649 Ngi úng gúp: ỏi Nhi, Lu Ly, Casablanca1911, DHN-bot, Lờ y, Ctmt, Viethavvh, Escarbot, ijs!bot, Doón Hiu, VolkovBot, Htquyen, AlleborgoBot, SieBot, Idioma-bot, Qbot, Paris, Bichuoi, PixelBot, Sholokhov, Ltmetal uras, Luckas-bot, HS cap ba, Eternal Dragon, Newagejsc, Nguyentrongphu, EdBever, Vtkong, Rubinbot, Xqbot, Tranletuhan, Trn Nguyn Minh Huy, Prenn, Trungthuc2809, Xuanhuan217, Bongdentoiac, Phng Huy, Dinhtuydzao, Tnt1984, Lấ TN LC, TuHan-Bot, EmausBot, RedBot, Obama2007, CNBH, V Gia An, Ntvietsky, Mcapdevila, Xuanthu75, Noithatsaovang, Cheers!-bot, Violetbonmua, MerlIwBot, Mrthangvt, Maxipr, Noithatak, Vuhp146, ebigb0y, Domino asian, unhapcua, anda~viwiki, Kientrucso6, Kidslife, Seoeditor, TuanUt, JYBot, Alphama, AlphamaBot, Hoangtuonghanam, Binhanbs, Addbot, Gaconnhanhnhen, Luxcenvn, Nghethuatkhonggian, Nguyenhuupro, itxongkhoiAWB, Kientaoviet, Nhadep365vn, Tuanminh01, TuanminhBot, ẫn bc AWB, Tuanninhbot v 33 ngi vụ danh Trng phỏi kin trỳc Ngun: https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng_ph%C3%A1i_ki%E1%BA%BFn_tr%C3%BAc? oldid=21385904 Ngi úng gúp: Mxn, DHN, Mth, Mekong Bluesman, Trung, Casablanca1911, Qbot, TuHan-Bot, Cheers!-bot, AlphamaBot, Addbot v ngi vụ danh 10.3.2 Hỡnh nh Tp_tin:1000_bi_c_bn.svg Ngun: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/95/1000_b%C3%A0i_c%C6%A1_b%E1% BA%A3n.svg Giy phộp: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Ngi úng gúp: File:Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg Ngh s u tiờn: is le: Prenn Tp_tin:Atene_-_Partenone.jpg Ngun: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5d/Atene_-_Partenone.jpg Giy phộp: CC BY 2.5 Ngi úng gúp: ? Ngh s u tiờn: ? Tp_tin:Bauhaus.JPG Ngun: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e1/Bauhaus.JPG Giy phộp: Public domain Ngi úng gúp: Tỏc phm chớnh ngi ti lờn to Ngh s u tiờn: Mewes in de-Wikipedia Tp_tin:Brasilia_National_Congress.JPG Ngun: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f6/Brasilia_National_ Congress.JPG Giy phộp: Public domain Ngi úng gúp: Self-photographed Ngh s u tiờn: Xenia Antunes, Brazil Tp_tin:Colosseum-2003-07-09.jpg Ngun: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a3/Colosseum-2003-07-09.jpg Giy phộp: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Ngi úng gúp: sv:Bild:Colosseum-2003-07-09.jpg Ngh s u tiờn: Andreas Ribbeord Tp_tin:Column_impost.svg Ngun: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/57/Column_impost.svg Giy phộp: CC-BYSA-3.0 Ngi úng gúp: Own work, Image:Komposita1.png Ngh s u tiờn: Ssolbergj Tp_tin:Commons-logo.svg Ngun: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg Giy phộp: Public domain Ngi úng gúp: is version created by Pumbaa, using a proper partial circle and SVG geometry features (Former versions used to be slightly warped.) 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