UNIT 4: VOLUNTEER WORK AND LITERACY PROGRAMS I. GRAMMAR: * DIRECT SPEECH & INDIRECT SPEECH (Lời nói trực tiếp và lời nói gián tiếp) 1. Lời nói trực tiếp: được dùng khi chúng ta tường thuật lại lời của người nói bằng cách lập lại một cách chính xác lời nói ban đầu. Lời nói trực tiếp được đặt trong dấu ngoặc kép. EX: He asked, “ Where do you come from? ” She cried: “ What an accident! ” “ My cousin is a famous doctor”, he said. 2. Lời nói gián tiếp: Thay vì lặp lại chính xác lời nói, chúng ta có thể diễn tả lời hoặc ý nghó của người nói bằng lời lẽ riêng của chúng ta bằng cách sử dụng liên từ, thay đổi từ hoặc thì của động từ . Loại cấu trúc này được gọi là lời nói gián tiếp. Eg: Fiona said, “ It’s getting late.” → Fiona said(that) it was getting late. * Chúng ta thường bỏ “that” sau các động từ tường thuật thông thường như: say, tell, think. Ex: Tom said (that) his feet hurt a little. She told me (that) she enjoyed your party very much. * Danh sách các động từ tường thuật thường gặp: accept, add, admit, advise, agree, answer, apologise, argue, ask, beg, command, comment, complain, conclude (kết luận) , confess (thú nhận), continue, cry, decide, declare (tuyên bố), demand, feel, forbid, forecast (dự báo, dự đoán trước ) , guarantee (cam đoan, bảo đảm) , hear, imagine, inform, inquire, insit, invite, object, offer, order, point out, predict, promise, propose(đề nghò), recommend, refuse, say, shout, suggest, tell, thank, think, threaten, warn, whisper, wonder . 3. Cách đổi lời nói trực tiếp sang lời nói gián tiếp: a. Đại từ và tính từ sở hữu thường đổi từ ngôi thứ nhất hoặc ngôi thứ hai sang ngôi thứ ba. Trừ khi người nói thuật lại lời của chính mình. Eg: He said, “ I’ve forgotten my uncle’s phone number.” → He said (that) he had forgotten his uncle’s phone number. “ You have watered the flower twice, Mary”, he said. → He told Mary that she had watered the flower twice. b. Một số biến đổi cơ bản khi đổi sang lời nói gián tiếp: + Khi “ this, that, và these” được dùng như tính từ, chúng thường được đổi thành “The”. + Khi “ this, that, và these” được dùng như tính từ, chúng thường được đổi thành “ it, they, them”. + “ Here” có thể được đổi thành “ there”. DIRECT SPEECH INDIRECT SPEECH now then, at that time, immediately today that day yesterday the day before, the previous day tomorrow the next day, the following this year / month / week that year / month / week last year / month / week the year / month / week before; the previous year / month / week. next year / month / week the year / month / week after; the following year / month / week. a year / month / week ago a year / month / week before; a year / month / week earlier 1 c. Tense (Thì) + Khi động từ tường thuật ở các thì hiện tại, chúng ta không đổi thì trong lời nói gián tiếp. Eg: He says, “ The bus is coming.” → He says the bus is coming. + Khi động từ tường thuật ở các thì quá khứ, chúng ta đổi thì trong câu gián tiếp như sau: DIRECT SPEECH INDIRECT SPEECH Present Simple Past Simple Present continuous Past Continuous Present Perfect Past Perfect Present Perfect Continuous Past Perfect Continuous Past Simple Past Perfect Simple Future Conditional Future Continuous Conditional Continuous Eg : “ I never eat vegetables”, he explained. → He explained that he never ate vegetables. d. Modal Verbs: DIRECT SPEECH INDIRECT SPEECH shall should will would can could may might must must(khi diễn tả sự chắc chắn) / had to (khi biểu thò sự cần thiết ) would have to (khi đề cập đến tương lai) Eg: “ I must go now,” Alice said. → Alice said that he must / had to go at that time. e. Lời nói gián tiếp qua câu hỏi: * Wh – question: Eg: He said, “ Where has she been?” → He asked/ wondered where she had been. “ What did your parents send?”, the officer asked. → The officer asked me what my parents had sent. “ Whom did you phone yesterday? ”, the boss asked. → The boss asked whom I had phoned the day before. * Yes / No question: “ Will the train leave on time? ” he said. → He inquired whether / if the train would leave on time. He asked, “ Is there a waiting room?” → He asked if / whether there was a waiting room. II. Lời nói gián tiếp qua câu mệnh lệnh, lời yêu cầu, lời khuyên với động từ nguyên mẫu: 1. Orders (Mệnh lệnh) Eg: a/ “ Open the windows. Turn on the lights”, my mother said. → My mother told me to open the windows and turn on the lights. b/ He said, “ Don’t wait for me”. → He told me not to wait for him. 2. Requests: (Lời yêu cầu) “Would you / Will you/ Could you turn down the radio, please?”, she said. → She asked/ requested me to turn down the radio. 2 3. Advice (Lời khuyên) “ You should stop smoking, Peter”, Ann said. → Ann advised Peter to stop smoking. “ If I were you, I wouldn’t stay up late”, she said. → She advised me not to stay up late. 4. Reported speech with Gerund: (Lời nói trực tiếp với danh động từ) “Why not + verb . ? ” S + suggested + ving . “ Why don’t you . ? ”  S + suggested that + O + should + Vo “ Shall we . ? ” “Let’s + verb . ” Ex: “ Shall we take a rest here? ” , Tom said. → Tom suggested taking a rest there. “ Let’s stop now”, he said. → He suggested that we should stop. * EXERCISES: I. PHONETICS * Choose the word whose bold/ underlined part is pronounced differently from that of the other three. 1. A. based B. damaged C. joined D. organized 2. A. foreign B. eight C. reign D. vein 3. A. thanks B. skills C. parks D. groups 4. A. weak B. meal C. least D. pleasure 5. A. raise B. fair C. hair D. stair * Choose the word which has a different stress pattern from that of the other three. 1. A. vacation B. suitable C. countryside D. literacy 2. A. conducting B. rebuilding C. preparing D. evening 3. A. children B. adult C. teenager D. commune 4. A. schoolboy B. report C. schoolgirl D. village 5. A. position B. volunteer C. beginner D. conductor II. VOCABULARY: 1. The period of time (usually about three months ) in which students don’t have to go to school A. remedial courses B. volunteer work C. foreign volunteers D. summer vacation 2. Something we are ready to do without any obligation A. remedial courses B. volunteer work C. foreign volunteers D. summer vacation 3. Volunteers who come from other countries A. remedial courses B. volunteer work C. foreign volunteers D. summer vacation 4. Classes for weak or slow students A. remedial courses B. volunteer work C. foreign volunteers D. summer vacation 5. The condition of knowing well / better about each other A. remedial courses B. volunteer work C. foreign volunteers D. mutual understanding 6. We set all the beginners into groups based on their different ___________ . A. ranks B. levels C. kinds D. types 7. We ________ remedial courses for weak students every morning. A. made B. did C. conducted D. kept 8. Someone wants you to _________ a good hotel. A. introduce B. direct C. recommend D. tell * Complete each sentence with a suitable word or phrase: 3 1. There should be more competitions like this to improve __________________ among all the students of our school. 2. These boys are not good at English at all, so I think they must attend a _______________ held right at their school during the summer vacation. 3. Not only Vietnamese but also a lot of ________ take part in the Green Summer Campaign every year. 4. Those young people are always willing to do some ___________ for the benefits of their community. 5. To most students in Viet Nam, their longest period of the year without going to school is __________. III. GRAMMAR AND STRUCTURE * Choose the best option to complete each sentence below. 1. A car usually becomes _________ without any gas in the tank. A. useful B. usable C. useless D. used 2. You can rely on Nam since he is very _________ person. A. thoughtless B. thinking C. thinkable D. thoughtful 3. There’s nothing ___________ in that terrible apartment. A. valueless B. invaluable C. valued D. valuable 4. It’s very __________ of you to cross that busy street without paying attention to the traffic. A. careful B. cared C. careless D. caring 5. Having spent nearly all his life in the countryside, Mr Long finds this ______ to living in any big cities. A. preferable B. preferred C. preferential D. preferring 6. Nothing can be cultivated on that ___________ piece of land. A. treeful B. treetop C. treeless D. tree house 7. That inexperienced teacher doesn’t seem ____________ enough to cope with the exellent students of this gilfted class. A. competent B. competitive C. competing D. competitional 8. My mother is a very well _______ woman. She can always find what she needs almost immediately. A. organizable B. organizational C. organic D. organized 9. Faster is the only ___________ form of the adjective fast. A. comparable B. comparative C. comparing D. compared 10. Those two talkative girls have had their ________ chatter for nearly two hours without any intervals now. A. continual B. continue C. continueable D. continuing * Choose the best reported form of each sentence given below. 1. “ Don’t call me after 9 p.m, please”, the manager said. A. The manager said that we didn’t call him after 9p.m. B. The manager advised me to not call him after 9p.m. C. The manager told his secretary not to call him after 9p.m. D. The manager aked his men not to call him after 9 p.m, please. 2. The dean said, “ Send me a report after you have finished your volunteer work!” A. The dean ordered his students to send him a report after they have finished their volunteer work. B. The dean ordered his students to send him a report after they had finished their volunteer work. C. The dean told his students to send him a report after you have finished your volunteer work. D. The dean begged his students to send him a report after they have finished their volunteer work. 3. “ Sorry because I didn’t reply you soon”, my pen pal said. A. My pen pal said sorry because he didn’t reply to me soon. B. My pen pal replied that he was sorry not to write you soon. 4 C. My pen pal suggested not replying to me soon because he was sorry. D. My pen pal apologized to me for not replying to me soon. 4. Mother said, “ I wouldn’t do that silly thing if I were you.” A. My mother advised me not to do that silly thing. B. My mother said that she wouldn’t do that silly thing if she were you. C. My mother suggested me not doing that silly thing if I were you. D. My mother told me not to do that silly thing if she were me. 5. “ Let’s go to the zoo now”, our friends said. A. Our friends suggested going to the zoo then. B. Our friends invited us to go to the zoo now. C. Our friends insited us to go to the zoo then. D. Our friends obliged us to go to the zoo now. * Complete the following sentences by changing direct speech to indirect speech: 1. Alice said, “ I am living in London now.” → Alice said to me that _____________________________ 2. “ My father isn’t very well”, Tom said. → Tom told me that__________________________________ 3. She said, “My friend Alice has had a baby.” → She told me __________________________________ 4. “ I saw Tom’s sister, who was really nice, at Helen’s party last weekend,” she said. → She told me that ______________________________________________________________________________________ 5. “My car was stolen a few weeks ago,” he complained. → He complained that ____________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ 6. Bob asked, “ Where is Alice?” → Bob wanted to know _____________________________________ 7. “Why is the sky blue?” my three-year -old son often asks. → My three-year -old son often asks me___ ______________________________________________________________________________________ 8. My mother aked, “Why are you so tired?” → My mother wondered ____________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ 9. The worker said, “ When will the final decision be made?” → The worker wanted to know _________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ 10. “Did you enjoy your trip?” asked Tom. → Tom asked me ___________________________________ 11. She asked him, “ Who bought that tie for you?” → She asked him ____________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ 12. Nancy asked, “ Have you seen my new grammar book?” → Nancy wanted to know ______________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ 13. “Have you finished the above sentences? ” asked his friend. → His friend saked him _____________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ 14. John asked, “ Who should I give the message to?” → John saked me __________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ 15. All of the farmers are asking, “When is this drought going to end? ” → ________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ 16. “ I don’t like my job very much,” said her cousin. → Her cousin admitted that ___________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ 17. He said, “ I must be at the airport at 6 a.m tomorrow. ” → He told his daughter ___________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ 18. He said, “ The sun rises in the East.” → He said ___________________________________________ 19. “ My father is a businessman. My mother is an engineer.” → He sai that ________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ 20. The teacher asked all of the students, “ Do you understand what I am explaining? ” → teacher asked all of the students _______________________________________________________________________ 5 Học sinh làm bài tập trang 42,43,44,45 sách bài tập tiếng Anh nâng cao 11. 6 . _______________________________________________________________________ 5 Học sinh làm bài tập trang 42 ,43 ,44 ,45 sách bài tập tiếng Anh nâng cao 11. 6 . _____________________________________ 7. “Why is the sky blue?” my three-year -old son often asks. → My three-year -old son often asks me___ ______________________________________________________________________________________