Evaluation of water quality Status of wetlands and the implication for Ecological health in case of Wonchi district , Oromia Region, Ethiopia Balew Yibel Zeleke Advisors: Dr BikilaWarkineh Dr Seyeum Leta A Thesis submitted to The Department of Environmental Science Presented in partial fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science (Environmental Science) Addis Ababa University ADDIS ABABA, ETHIOPIA JUNE, 2017 ADDIS ABABA UNIVERISTY GRADUATE PROGRAMMES This is to certify that the Thesis prepared by Balew Yibel Zeleke, entitled: Evaluation of water quality Status of wetlands and the implication for Ecological health in case of Wonchi district , Oromia Region, Ethiopia and Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science (Environmental Science) complies with the regulations of the University and meets the accepted standards with respect to originality and quality Signed by Examining Board: Name Signature Date _ (Examiner) _ _ (Examiner) _ _ (Advisor) _ (Advisor ) _ (Chairman) _ i ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS AWD APHA BWR BOD BCWQI CAPSNAC Acute Watery Diarrhea American Public Health Association Basic water requirement Biochemical Oxygen Demand British Columbia Water Quality Index Capacity Building for Sustainable Natural Resource Management and Agricultural Productivity under Changing Climate CCME Chl-a COD E.C DO FDRE FAO FWQI GWP ICWE IJAC IRC MEA NSFQI OWQI PCA RDA Sal SD SRP TSS TDS TP TN Turb WHO WQ WQI WWAO Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment Chlorophyll-a Chemical Oxygen Demand Electro conductivity Dissolved oxygen Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia Food for Agricultural Organization Florida Stream Water Quality Index Global Water Partnership International Conference on Water and the Environment International Journal of Advances in Chemistry International Water and Sanitation Centre Millennium Ecosystem Assessment National Sanitation Foundation of quality Index Oregon Water Quality Index Principal Component Analysis Redundancy Analysis Salinity Standard deviation Soluble reactive phosphorus Total suspended solid Total dissolved solid Total phosphorus Total Nitrogen Turbidity World Health organization Water Quality Water Quality Index Wonchi Woreda Agriculture Office ii ABSTRACT Evaluation of water quality Status of wetlands and the implication for Ecological health in case of Wonchi district , Oromia Region, Ethiopia Balew Yibel Zeleke, MSc Thesis Addis Ababa University, 2017 In Wonchi district, there are eight wetlands, which include lake, marshes and swamps These Wetlands play great role in providing holistic ecological services for the district, conserving and protecting plants and animal life Recently, these wetlands are highly threaten with anthropogenic activities like overgrazing, cultivation, rim disturbance through infrastructure construction, deforestation, settlements in and near wetlands However, there is no sufficient information that shows water quality status of wetlands Hence, this study aimed to assess the water quality of the wetlands and their ecological implications A total of 126 water samples were collected from eight wetlands from October2016 to May 2017 Water samples for physicochemical, microbial, biological and heavy metals analysis were collected using polyethylene bottles The samples were analysed in the laboratory according to standard methods for water and wastewater analysis Data Analysis was performed by descriptive statistics, one-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), and Multivariate analysis using SPSS IBM 20 and CANOCO for windows 4.5 version soft ware The overall water quality parameters analysis results have been as ranged pH(6.7-8.6), E.C(123-1978) ,Temperature(7.9-29.3 ), Turbidity(0.51124 NTU), DO(2.7-12mg/l) BOD(0.1-5.04), COD (2.5-142),No3-N (0.02-11.9), No2-N (0.002-0.3), SRP(0.01-3.5mg/l), TN(2-54), F-(0.16-3.2), TP(0.05-3.9),TH(22-238), Chloride(14-84.3), TSS(0-4.5mg/l), Fe(0.01-4.6)T.F(0-1165), F.C(0-930) The water quality indices of the wetlands were computed and values ranged from 164 to 640 These results revealed the wetlands water quality status were not good for public health and drinking purpose Nutrient loads and over utilization of the resources in the district were the most significant factors that may have led to the reduction of water quality problem The result of this research can be used for different purposes including assessment of water quality in aquatic ecosystems for the ambient water quality targets in SDGs Keywords : Wonchi district Wetlands, Physicochemical & Biological parameters, multivariate analysis, WQI iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I am heartily thank my Almighty God for his willingness to start and end this work with power It is my in depth pleasure to provide deepest appreciation to my advisor Dr.Bikila Warkineh for his wholehearted consistent guidance, finical support, enthusiastic advice, fast and urgent communication, important document and reference sharing, valuable correction and commenting the thesis throughout the study period, while provided me all the required inputs to accomplish this paper without his help this was not finalized I also thank my co-advisor Dr Seyeum Leta for his help and intensive advise the paper got compiled I am deeply grateful to Ministry of Water, Irrigation and Electricity laboratory staff members, Addis Ababa University (the center of Environmental Sciences and Limnology lab ) for their limitless support during laboratory work I also greatly appreciate my friends Eskezi Alemayehu, Getu, Kasahun, Mesifin, Tarekegn, Temesigan, and Mingizam for their kind support in the water quality testing and analysis I thank CAPSNAC project that provided the financial support for this work Finally, I would like to express my lovely feeling to my wife, my kids, Father, Mother Brothers, and Sisters for their unreserved collaboration, patience and every day thought about my movement and work effectiveness to end this first challenge line for my future carriers iv CONTENTS ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS ii Abstract iii Acknowledgement iv List of Tables vii List of Figures viii List of Appendices ix Introduction 1.1 Background 1.2 Statement of the Problem 1.3 Objectives 1.3.1 General Objectives 1.3.2 Specific Objectives Literature Review 2.1 Distribution, Status and Importance of wetlands in ethiopia 2.1.1.Defintion of Wetlands 2.1.2 Wetlands in Ethiopia 10 2.1.3 Types of Wetland in Ethiopia 11 2.2 Importance of Water Quality 14 2.3 Estimation of Water Quality Index (WQI) 20 3.Significance of the study 24 Scope and limitation of the study 24 Materials and Methods 25 5.1 Study area Discripttion 25 v 5.2 Climate 27 5.2 Study design and Sampling Sites 29 5.3 Water Sample Collection and Preservation 29 5.4 Analysis of Physicochemical and Biological parameters 30 5.4.1 Physicochemical parameters 30 5.4.2 Biological parameters 31 5.5 Development of Water Quality Index (WQI) 34 5.5 Data Analysis 36 Results 38 4.1 Physicochemical parameters of District wetlands 38 4.2 Biological Parameters 48 4.3 Selection of important parameters 51 4.5 Multivariate Water Quality Parameters Analysis 53 4.5.1 Correlation Between Parameters 53 4.5.2.Correlation between Phytoplankton Diversity and Environmental Parameters 55 4.5.3.Relationship between District Wetlands 56 4.6.Water Quality Index 57 5.Discussion 61 5.1 Physicochemical Parametersof district Wetlands 61 5.2 Biological Parameters of district wetlands 70 5.3 Water Quality Index (WQI) Implication 72 5.4 Ecologicalhealth Implication 73 Conclusion and Recommendation 76 References 79 vi LIST OF TABLES Table 1: Classification and ranges of variation of the WQI based on overall index score 34 Table 2:Physicochemical and Bacteriological parameters of wetlands ( Mean±SD) 40 Table 3: Identified phytoplankton Taxa in Wonchi district wetlands and their abundanc 50 Table : Eigen-values with the nine principal parameters considered for selection 51 Table : Comparison of selected water quality parameters' mean in the wetlands 52 Table 6: Values of Pearson Correlation Coefficient(r) for Various Parameters 54 Table : Weight assigned to each parameters 57 Table : WQI results of Wetlands and their Water pollution Classes 58 Table : WQI results of Sampling sites of Wetlands and their Water pollution Classes 58 Table 10 :Comparison of the physicochemical parameters of Wonchi Wetland 68 Table 11 : Comparison of the physicochemical and biological parameters of Wetlands 69 vii LIST OF FIGURES Figure : A map of Study Area 27 Figure : Monthly Distribution Pattern of Rain fall and Temperature Variation 28 Figure : Spatial Variations of physical parameters on Wetlands 39 Figure 4: Physicochemical parameters (pH, E.C and TDS) variations among Wetlands 39 Figure 5:a) Monthly trends of Fluoride on Wetlands B) Spatial variations on Wetlands 41 Figure : Nutrients load variations on Wonchi Wetland Sampling Sites 42 Figure : Nutrient load (Nitrogen Species) variations for Wetlands 42 Figure : Monthly trends of TN in the Wetlands 43 Figure 9: Temporal variations of TN on Wonchi Wetlands 43 Figure 10: Temporal variations of NO3-N on Wonchi Wetlands 44 Figure 11: Phosphorus Species variations on Wetlands 45 Figure 12 : Variations of Iron concentration in the Wetlands 45 Figure 13 : DO, BOD and COD Concentration in respective Sampling Sites 47 Figure 14 : A)Monthly trends of COD in the District Wetlands 47 Figure 15 : Microbial load variations in the Wetlands 48 Figure 16 : Fecal Contamination level in the Wetlands 49 Figure 17: Phytoplankton Abundances in all over the Wetlands 49 Figure 18 : Ordination diagram of Redundancy analysis ( RDA) 55 Figure 19; Clustering of all over district wetlands using Ward's methods 56 Figure 20 : Changes of WQI on all over district Wetlands 59 Figure 21 : Changes of WQI on Wetlands Sampling sites 59 viii LIST OF APPENDICES Appendix 1: Sampling Sites of Wonchi District Wetlands 85 Appendix : Mean Values for measured Physicochemical and Bacteriologicalparameters of wetlands 86 Appendix : Mean Values for measured Physicochemical and Bacteriologicalparameters of Wonchi Wetland Sampling Sites 87 Appendix : Mean, Maximum, Minimumand Standard deviationValues for measured Physicochemical and Bacteriologicalparameters of wetlands 88 Appendix 5: Wonchi Wetland WQI Calculation result 89 Appendix 6: Haro Wetland WQI Calculation result 89 Appendix : Harogaliye WQI Calculation and result 90 Appendix 8: Borifitu WQI Calculation result 90 Appendix : Gagure Wetland WQI Calculation result 91 Appendix 10 : Godawebe WQI Calculation and result 91 Appendix 11 : Meti-Waliga WQI Calculation and result 92 Appendix 12 : Waliga Wetland WQI Calculation and result 92 Appendix 13 ; Images of some identified Phytoplankton taxon in the study area 93 Appendix 14 : Field Observation and Practices in the study area 95 Appendix 15: Physicochemical and Biological Mean Values of sampling sites 96 ix Hailu, A (2003).Wetlands 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Limnol., 40, 325-345 Wetzel R G and Likens G E.,(2001).“Limnological Analysis,” 3rd Edition, Springer, New Delhi, 2001 Whigham, Dennis F (1999) Ecological issues related to wetland preservation, restoration, recreation, and assessment The Total Science of the Environment 240:31-40 WHO (1983) Guidelines for Drinking water quality, Vol World Health Organization, Geneva WHO (1984) Guidelines for Drinking water quality, Vol World Health Organization, Geneva WHO (1993) Guidelines for Drinking water quality, First Edition Vol World Health Organization, Geneva WHO (2004) Guidelines for Drinking water quality, Third Edition Vol World Health Organization, Geneva WHO (2012) Guidelines for Drinking Water Quality, Fourth Edition, World Health Organization ISBN 978941548151.2012 WHO (2003) Emerging Issues in Water and Infectious Disease, World Health Organization ,Geneva, Switzerland 84 Appendix 1: Sampling Sites of Wonchi District Wetlands Sampling Code H1 H2 H3 Name of Sites Haro inlet Haro middle Haro Outlet X Coordinate 378040 377829 378160 Y Coordinate 970145 970197 969907 Z Coordinate 2816 2813 2810 w1 Arabersare 377087 972160 2839 w2 Hydrlog Stations 378148 972890 2879 w3 Landing 377508 972933 2883 w4 Dilidile 378066 973034 2886 w5 Gomamizan 379556 973368 2875 w6 Goma spring 378575 973439 2879 w7 Open Water 378860 972471 2876 w8 Hg1 Hg2 Hg3 Ga1 Go1 B1 M1 Out let Harogaliye inlet Harogali middle Harogaioutlet Gagure Godawebe Borifitu Metiwaliga Inlet Metiwaliga middle Metiwaliga middle Waliga composite 379407 377823 378040 378160 380482 382959 382731 383467 971546 970189 970145 969907 950237 948913 949790 948471 2879 2840 2816 2810 2085 2082 2090 2078 383378 948178 2073 383365 948401 2084 383606 947243 2044 M2 M3 Wa1 85 Appendix : Mean Values for measured Physicochemical and Bacteriological parameters of wetlands Sites PH EC TDS Sali Temp Turb DO Satu BOD COD No3-N No2-N SRP TN F B 7.1 446 217 0.22 19.6 58.9 6.56 69.5 2.85 38.2 1.57 0.02 1.05 24.8 0.3 Ga 6.76 376.3 190.3 0.196 21.21 7.5 6.96 77.88 3.36 88 3.19333 0.0105 0.585 23.5 0.32517 Go 6.645 149.83 86.333 0.2487 20.533 13.438 6.62 76.97 3.025 122.5 2.95 0.0197 0.8533 13.833 0.2882 H1 7.88167 864.667 307.167 0.36683 22.745 9.047 6.49917 76.8517 1.715 46.1667 2.52667 0.0635 2.12667 30.3333 1.436 H2 7.755 514.833 215.167 0.40183 20.625 9.40867 6.37167 72.0233 1.75833 46.8333 2.16667 0.07433 1.175 31.3333 1.625 H3 8.17333 503.5 259.833 0.4935 15.7833 21.9667 6.95667 85.0133 1.25667 39.3333 3.26667 0.08733 1.13333 24.6667 1.64333 Hg1 7.155 255.667 143.833 0.17833 21.4683 14.625 5.20333 69.6 1.09333 2.20667 0.01667 1.69333 31.1667 0.70133 Hg2 6.97833 1964 892.333 0.38567 28.6583 32.8333 3.085 31.6667 0.22 31.8333 5.85667 0.0175 1.41833 35.8333 0.687 Hg3 7.54833 354.667 200.5 0.26733 22.435 29.4667 6.17617 63.7 0.955 25.6667 4.125 0.015 1.48833 37.1667 0.64 M1 7.10833 322.333 202 0.1645 20.1783 219.722 5.72033 66.45 1.83333 19.3333 1.07833 0.01283 1.21167 11.5 0.67342 M2 7.63833 337.167 146.167 0.165 20.91 62.5 6.115 68.5 2.87833 24.8333 0.685 0.0225 1.465 13.6667 0.92167 M3 7.83333 455.5 191.333 0.26333 18.8833 10.0683 6.12667 70.1 2.45333 17.1667 0.58 0.02517 0.29833 18.8333 0.7525 Wa 8.7175 723.167 342.333 0.438 20.1483 21.145 6.93167 72 2.91333 25.3333 3.33833 0.0225 0.44 28 2.35167 Cd Pb Cr ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND Cd Pb Cr ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND TP So4 2Hard Ca Mg Alk ClTSS Fe TC FC E.coli Phyt WQI 2.16 28 0.92 6.26 28.7 24.5 1.47 1.01 920 663 569 #### 640 2.135 79.2024 4.31 15.3216 31.2167 25.2967 0.94867 1.22833 227.5 155.667 131 10100 252.069 2.3328 28.185 0.6048 6.505 16.438 20.55 0.5405 0.6217 226.67 163.5 127 1466.7 279.5 2.44333 39.1783 4.15167 7.02417 64.8125 22.1217 3.45033 2.35167 163.667 94.1667 65 6733.33 202.38 2.41833 1.5 39.5727 4.22333 7.07667 70.1458 21.125 3.1465 1.67167 157.5 111.667 85.3333 14900 212.94 2.74167 38.0437 4.06 6.80333 74.625 22.7283 2.63433 1.11167 62.8333 46 41.1667 16733.3 184.98 2.36667 228.737 52.7633 23.6167 63.2292 32.5817 2.62433 1.03667 417 269.667 255 33933.3 294.13 2.32333 227.326 52.4367 23.4717 69.125 35.9267 3.296 0.55333 529.667 339.833 320.667 40666.7 403.3 2.32833 220.655 50.9467 22.7533 73.0625 33.6317 2.6635 0.58167 303 189.5 190.167 19000 285.72 2.975 32.76 4.35833 5.335 29.6158 17.0817 3.80917 1.245 93.1667 63.1667 59.8333 1433.33 505.1 2.80833 32.46 4.33167 5.275 31.2142 16.3733 4.496 1.075 168.333 115.667 104 1400 277.35 2.91833 32.1583 4.295 5.185 27.4 15.7683 4.496 0.96167 238.667 145 144.333 1300 208.6 1.85 28.1276 4.65833 5.3126 46.6217 38.645 3.44633 1.55167 889.667 645 554.167 15300 562.456 86 Appendix : Mean Values for measured Physicochemical and Bacteriologicalparameters of Wonchi Wetland Sampling Sites Sites PH EC TDS Sali Temp Turb DO Satu BOD COD No3-N No2-N SRP TN F- W1 8.32 250 123 0.15 18.1 3.97 6.74 100 1.74 75.3 2.42 0.02 1.01 27.5 1.95 2.171667 2.00167 1.996667 1.62 1.511667 1.753333 0.71 Cd ND ND ND ND Cd ND ND ND Pb ND ND ND ND Pb ND ND ND Cr ND ND ND ND Cr ND ND ND TP So4 2Hard Ca Mg Alk ClTSS Fe TC FC E.coli Phyt WQI 2.57 2.881667 0.90833 2.378333 2.11 0.206667 0.098333 1.208333 56.4 20.3 1.78 22.6 23.8 3.44 0.12 160 69.8 41 3958 191 61.655 19.51667 3.157167 33.47917 36.9775 2.9015 0.116667 144.6667 105.3333 81.33333 35166.67 204.5 2.67 60.4975 15.60667 5.590349 27.16667 20.73667 0.309667 0.049167 188.6667 155.3333 147.5 2458.333 132.3 W2 8.535 253.1667 125 0.148667 17.05167 4.198333 6.8185 91.76667 1.535 57.83333 2.101667 0.065833 0.831667 22.83333 W3 8.65 235.667 107.5 0.17033 18.0333 4.565 6.62233 91.2833 1.65833 55.6667 3.96567 0.1885 0.915 19.5 62.1767 19 3.11216 23.2633 29.9225 3.83767 0.12167 156 102.167 107.333 78875 165.4 W4 8.58 247 112.8333 0.171333 17.86 5.641667 6.473667 91.09167 2.267667 74.66667 2.470167 0.043 1.11 26 3.67 63.785 18.55 4.256524 33.21667 24.10933 4.496 0.103333 188.6667 132.8333 86.83333 143833.3 231.2 87 W5 8.563333 183.3333 86.5 0.145167 19.05 7.06 6.309333 82.51333 2.252667 73.83333 3.0805 0.026 0.835 23.66667 2.33 62.64867 16.7 4.468858 27.93 24.73417 4.496 0.126667 180.8333 124.1667 134.8333 224125 218.9 W6 8.503333 164.8667 75.16 0.149167 15.48333 3.158333 6.9205 93.44167 1.181333 3.583333 0.42 0.016167 0.128333 2.833333 W7 8.6 220.5 154 0.147833 17.09 2.55 7.475 95.02 1.018333 17.33333 0.443 0.025 0.041667 10 64.93883 18.27833 7.328333 25.22917 21.2662 0.870667 0.05 61.33333 51.33333 51.5 26250 78.5 W8 8.923333 280.1667 130.5 0.194 16.30167 2.248333 7.085 85.38 1.254667 32.5 1.652833 0.256333 0.665 15.91667 1.33 82.92567 26.01 6.894 25.9375 20.25333 1.765 0.11 45.83333 26.83333 9.333333 10708.33 94.9 Appendix : Mean, Maximum, Minimum and Standard deviation Values for measured Physicochemical and Bacteriological parameters of wetlands N Minimum Maximum Mean Std Deviation Variance PH 126 6.1600 9.5000 7.904246 8528655 727 EC 126 123.0000 1978.0000 438.700000 416.9421130 173840.726 TDS (mg/l) 126 49.0000 1285.0000 207.404444 204.6982136 41901.359 Salinity 126 0720 9640 241016 1585357 025 Temperature 126 7.9000 29.3300 19.623413 3.7938154 14.393 Turbidity(NTU) 126 4600 1124.0000 25.983413 100.5161849 10103.503 DO(mg/l) 126 2.7000 12.0800 6.370040 1.2880128 1.659 Biological Oxygen Demand 126 0500 5.0460 1.867444 1.0216102 1.044 Chemical Oxygen Demand 126 2.5000 142.0000 43.996032 30.6516881 939.526 No3-N(mg/l) 126 0210 11.9000 2.385738 2.0374190 4.151 No2-N (mg/l) 126 0020 2980 049802 0726350 005 phosphate (mg/l) 126 0100 3.5000 974524 7016217 492 TN (mg/l) 126 2.0000 54.0000 22.519841 10.5558327 111.426 Flouride (mg/l) 126 1570 3.2000 1.240679 7385789 545 TP (mg/l) 126 0500 3.9100 2.102833 8307010 690 Sulphate 126 31 1.60 3.057 9.347 Hardness/TH/ 126 22.3214 238.1800 74.735210 65.4219670 4280.034 Ca (mg/l) 126 0400 54.6000 16.477889 17.0358944 290.222 Mg (mg/l) 126 0020 24.8000 8.405939 7.4204865 55.064 Alkalnity 126 15.2500 77.0000 40.238056 19.5794057 383.353 Cl- 126 14.0000 84.3800 25.150462 11.6418137 135.532 TSS 126 0000 66.4000 5.630325 10.7829651 116.272 Fe 126 0100 4.1600 752103 8398601 705 Total coliform 126 0000 1165.0000 263.023810 284.4727183 80924.727 Fecal coliform 126 0000 930.0000 179.523810 210.5771389 44342.731 E.coli 126 0000 883.0000 157.444444 200.4020980 40161.001 88 Appendix 5: Wonchi Wetland WQI Calculation result Parameters E.C Turb DO BOD COD NO3-N NO2-N TN Flouride TP Hardnes CLAlkal F.C Observed 229.3 4.17 6.8 1.61 48.84 2.07 0.08 18.53 1.71 1.54 64.38 25.23 27.35 95.97 Standards 1000 14 5 50 10 1.5 0.2 300 250 200 10 AW 2.74 2.6 2.4 1.1 1.02 1.6 30.46 RW 0.099 0.085 0.131 0.098 0.033 0.079 0.066 0.098 0.036 0.033 0.033 0.098 0.052 0.066 Σ WR WQI= Σ Sli =164.39 Qi 22.93 83.4 48.571 32.2 976.8 4.14 2.667 185.3 114 770 21.46 10.092 13.675 959.7 3244.9 Σ Qi SIi 2.063 7.119 6.378 3.171 32.068 0.3261 0.175 18.25 4.117 25.279 0.719 0.994 0.718 63.014 164.39 Σ Sli WQI value of Wonchi Wetland was 169.39 that expressed cumulative values of eight sampling sites Appendix 6: Haro Wetland WQI Calculation result Observed Value Parameters E.C Turb DO BOD COD NO3-N NO2-N TN FTP TH CLAlik F.C 627.6 13.47 6.6 1.58 44.11 2.65 0.075 28.78 1.57 2.53 38.93 21.99 69.86 83.94 Standards Value 1000 14 5 50 10 1.5 0.2 300 250 200 10 Assigned Weight RW 2.74 0.099 2.6 0.085 0.131 0.098 0.033 2.4 0.079 0.066 0.098 1.1 0.036 1.02 0.033 1.02 0.033 0.098 1.6 0.052 0.066 30.48 WQI= Σ Sli = 200.093 Rating Scale (Q i) 62.76 269.4 47.14 31.6 882.2 5.3 2.5 287.8 104.67 1265 12.98 8.796 34.93 839.4 Sub indices (SIi) 5.64 22.98 6.19 3.11 28.94 0.42 0.16 28.33 3.78 42.33 0.43 0.87 1.83 55.08 200.093 WQI value of Haro Wetland was 200.09 that expressed cumulative values of three sampling sites 89 Appendix : Harogaliye WQI Calculation and result Observed Value Standards Value Assigned Weight E.C 858.1 1000 2.74 0.099 85.81 7.713891076 Turb 25.64 2.6 0.085 512.8 43.74278215 DO 4.8 14 0.131 34.29 4.49943757 BOD 0.75 0.098 15 1.476377953 COD 21.83 0.033 436.6 14.32414698 NO3-N 4.06 50 2.4 0.079 8.12 0.639370079 NO2-N 0.016 0.066 0.53 0.034995626 TN 34.72 10 0.098 347.2 34.17322835 F- 0.68 1.5 1.1 0.036 45.33 1.636045494 TP 2.34 0.2 1.02 0.033 1170 39.15354331 TH 225.57 300 1.02 0.033 75.19 2.516200787 CL- 34.05 250 0.098 13.62 1.340551181 Alik 68.47 200 1.6 0.052 34.24 1.797112861 F.C 266 10 0.066 2660 174.5406824 Parameters RW Rating Scale (Q i) Sub indices (SIi) 327.588 WQI= Σ Sli = 327.588 WQI value of Harogaliy Wetland was 327.58 that expressed cumulative values of three sampling sites Appendix 8: Borifitu WQI Calculation result Observed Value Standards Value Assigned Weight E.C Turb 445.5 58.925 1000 2.74 2.6 DO BOD COD NO3-N NO2-N TN FTP TH CLAlik F.C 6.6 2.851667 38.16667 1.571667 0.017333 24.83333 0.299 2.156667 27.97667 24.52333 28.64583 663.3333 14 5 50 10 1.5 0.2 300 250 200 10 Parameters RW 0.099 0.085 0.131 0.098 0.033 2.4 0.079 0.066 0.098 1.1 0.036 1.02 0.033 1.02 0.033 0.098 1.6 0.052 0.066 30.48 WQI= Σ Sli = 640.198 90 Rating Scale (Q i) Sub indices (SIi) 44.55 1178.5 4.004822835 100.5282152 47.14285714 57.03334 763.33334 3.143334 0.577766667 248.33333 19.93333333 1078.3335 9.325555667 9.8093332 14.3229165 6633.33333 6.186726659 5.613517717 25.04374475 0.247506614 0.037911199 24.44225689 0.719378828 36.08596358 0.312075682 0.965485551 0.751859134 435.2580925 640.198 Appendix : Gagure Wetland WQI Calculation result Parameters E.C Turb DO BOD COD NO3-N NO2-N TN FTP TH CLAlik F.C Observed Standards Assigned Value Value Weight 376.3333 7.539333 6.9 3.3575 88 3.193333 0.0105 23.5 0.325167 2.135 79.20238 25.29667 31.21667 155.6667 1000 14 5 50 10 1.5 0.2 300 250 200 10 2.74 2.6 2.4 1.1 1.02 1.02 1.6 30.48 RW 0.099 0.085 0.13 0.098 0.033 0.079 0.066 0.098 0.036 0.033 0.033 0.098 0.052 0.066 Rating Scale (Q Sub indices i) (SIi) 37.6333333 150.78666 49.28571429 67.15 1760 6.386666 0.35 235 21.6778 1067.5 26.40079367 10.1186668 15.6083335 1556.66667 3.383048991 12.86237913 6.467941507 6.609251969 57.74278215 0.502887087 0.022965879 23.12992126 0.782335302 35.7234252 0.883491127 0.995931772 0.819335092 102.1434823 252.069 WQI value of Gagure Wetland was 252.069 that expressed its magnitude Appendix 10 : Godawebe WQI Calculation and result Parameters E.C Turb DO BOD COD NO3-N NO2-N TN FTP TH CLAlik F.C Observed Value Standards Value Assigned Weight 149.8333 13.43833 6.62 3.025 122.5 2.95 0.019667 13.83333 0.288167 2.332833 28.185 20.55 16.4375 163.5 1000 14 5 50 10 1.5 0.2 300 250 200 10 2.74 2.6 2.4 1.1 1.02 1.02 1.6 RW 0.099 0.085 0.131 0.098 0.033 0.079 0.066 0.098 0.036 0.033 0.033 0.098 0.052 0.066 WQI= Σ Sli =279.502 Rating Scale (Q i) 14.9833333 268.76666 47.28571429 60.5 2450 5.9 0.655566667 138.33333 19.21113333 1166.4165 9.395 8.22 8.21875 1635 WQI value of Godawebe Wetlandwas 279.5 that expressed its magnitude 91 Sub indices (SIi) 1.346926944 22.9262899 6.205474316 5.954724409 80.38057743 0.464566929 0.043016185 13.61548524 0.693315179 39.03362303 0.314399606 0.809055118 0.431430446 107.2834646 279.502 Appendix 11 : Meti-Waliga WQI Calculation and result Parameters E.C Turb DO BOD COD NO3-N NO2-N TN FTP TH CLAlik F.C Observed Value 371.67 97.43 5.98 2.38 20.44 0.78 0.02 14.67 0.78 2.9 32.46 16.4 29.41 107.94 Standards Value 1000 14 5 50 10 1.5 0.2 300 250 200 10 Assigned Weight RW Rating Scale (Q i) 2.74 2.6 2.4 1.1 1.02 1.02 1.6 0.099 0.085 0.131 0.098 0.033 0.079 0.066 0.098 0.036 0.033 0.033 0.098 0.052 0.066 WQI= Σ Sli = 330.875 37.167 1948.6 42.71 47.6 408.8 1.56 0.667 146.7 52 1450 10.82 6.56 14.705 1079.4 5247.292952 Sub indices (SIi) 3.341127953 166.2191601 5.605549306 4.68503937 13.41207349 0.122834646 0.043744532 14.43897638 1.87664042 48.52362205 0.362086614 0.645669291 0.77191601 70.82677165 330.875 WQI value of Metiwaliga Wetland was 330.9 that expressed cumulative sampling sites magnitude Appendix 12 : Waliga Wetland WQI Calculation and result Parameters E.C Turb DO BOD COD NO3-N NO2-N TN FTP TH CLAlik F.C Observed Standards Assigned Value Value Weight 723.1667 21.145 6.93 2.91 25.33 3.34 0.023 28 2.351667 1.85 28.12762 38.645 46.62167 645 1000 14 5 50 10 1.5 0.2 300 250 200 10 Sub indices RW 2.74 0.099 2.6 0.085 0.13 0.098 0.033 2.4 0.079 0.066 0.098 1.1 0.036 1.02 0.033 1.02 0.033 0.098 1.6 0.052 0.066 30.48 WQI= Σ Sli = 562.455 Rating Scale (Q i) 72.32 422.9 49.5 58.2 506.6 6.68 0.77 280 156.78 925 9.38 15.458 23.31 6450 WQI value of Waliga Wetland was 562.5 that expressed its magnitude 92 (SIi) 6.500907702 36.07414698 6.496062992 5.728346457 16.62073491 0.525984252 0.050306212 27.55905512 5.65799147 30.95472441 0.31375953 1.521456693 1.223665801 423.2283465 562.455 Appendix 13 ; Images of some identified Phytoplankton taxon in the study area Figure A) : CYANOBACTERIA Figure B) : Bacillariophyceae/Diatom 93 Figure C) : Desmidiaceae/Cosmarium tenue+ Diatom at the tip Figure D: Chlorophyceae/Ankistrodesmus gracilis 94 Appendix 14 : Field Observation and Practices in the study area 95 Appendix 15: Physicochemical and Biological Mean Values of sampling sites S.S No3-N No2-N TN SRP TP pH EC TDS Turb DO BOD COD F SO4 TH Alk Cl- Fe FC PHYTO WQI TSS TC E.coli Sal Borifitu 1.5717 0.0173 24.83 1.045 2.1567 7.1233 445.5 216.8 58.93 6.562 2.852 38.17 0.3 28 28.6 24.5 663.3 10367 640.4 1.47 920 569 0.218 Gagure 3.1933 0.0105 23.5 0.585 2.135 6.7583 376.3 190.3 7.539 6.96 3.358 88 0.33 79.2 31.2 25.3 1.2 155.7 10100 250.5 0.949 228 131 0.196 Godawebe 2.95 0.0197 13.83 0.85333 2.3328 6.645 149.8 86.33 13.44 6.62 3.025 122.5 0.29 28.2 16.4 20.6 0.6 163.5 1467 279.6 0.541 227 127 0.249 Haro Inlet 2.5267 0.0635 30.33 2.12667 2.4433 7.8817 864.7 307.2 9.047 6.499 1.715 46.17 1.44 39.2 64.8 22.1 2.4 94.17 6733 202.2 3.45 164 65 0.367 Haro middle2.1667 0.0743 31.33 1.175 2.4183 7.755 514.8 215.2 9.409 6.372 1.758 46.83 1.63 1.5 39.6 70.1 21.1 1.7 111.7 14900 210.5 3.147 158 85.33 0.402 Haro Outlet 3.2667 0.0873 24.67 1.13333 2.7417 8.1733 503.5 259.8 21.97 6.957 1.257 39.33 1.64 38 74.6 22.7 1.1 46 16733 184.7 2.634 62.8 41.17 0.494 Horagaliye inlet 2.2067 0.0167 31.17 1.69333 2.3667 7.155 255.7 143.8 14.63 5.203 1.093 0.7 229 63.2 32.6 269.7 33933 294.1 2.624 417 255 0.178 Horagaliye-middle 5.8567 0.0175 35.83 1.41833 2.3233 6.9783 1964 892.3 32.83 3.085 0.22 31.83 0.69 227 69.1 35.9 0.6 339.8 40667 403.2 3.296 530 320.7 0.386 Horagaliye-Out4.125 let 0.015 37.17 1.48833 2.3283 7.5483 354.7 200.5 29.47 6.176 0.955 25.67 0.64 221 73.1 33.6 0.6 189.5 19000 285.5 2.664 303 190.2 0.267 Metiwaliga- 1.0783 Inlet 0.0128 11.5 1.21167 2.975 7.1083 322.3 202 219.7 5.72 1.833 19.33 0.67 32.8 29.6 17.1 1.2 63.17 1433 505.2 3.809 93.2 59.83 0.165 Metiwaliga- Middle 0.685 0.0225 13.67 1.465 2.8083 7.6383 337.2 146.2 62.5 6.115 2.878 24.83 0.92 32.5 31.2 16.4 1.1 115.7 1400 277.1 4.496 168 104 0.165 Metiwaliga-Outlet 0.58 0.0252 18.83 0.29833 2.9183 7.8333 455.5 191.3 10.07 6.127 2.453 17.17 0.75 32.2 27.4 15.8 145 1300 208.4 4.496 239 144.3 0.263 Waliga-Composite 3.3383 0.0225 28 0.44 1.85 8.7175 723.2 342.3 21.15 6.932 2.913 25.33 2.35 28.1 46.6 38.6 1.6 645 15300 562.3 3.446 890 554.2 0.438 Wonchi-1 2.4217 0.0202 27.5 1.005 2.57 8.3183 250 123.2 3.973 6.739 1.738 75.33 1.95 56.4 22.6 23.8 0.1 69.83 3958 190.6 3.444 160 41 0.147 Wonchi-2 2.1017 0.0658 22.83 0.83167 2.8817 8.535 253.2 125 4.198 6.819 1.535 57.83 2.17 61.7 33.5 37 0.1 105.3 35167 204.6 2.902 145 81.33 0.149 Wonchi-3 3.9657 0.1885 19.5 0.915 0.9083 8.65 235.7 107.5 4.565 6.622 1.658 55.67 62.2 23.3 29.9 0.1 102.2 78875 165.2 3.838 156 107.3 0.17 Wonchi-4 2.4702 0.043 26 1.11 2.3783 8.58 247 112.8 5.642 6.474 2.268 74.67 3.7 63.8 33.2 24.1 0.1 132.8 1E+05 231.4 4.496 189 86.83 0.171 Wonchi-5 3.0805 0.026 23.67 0.835 2.11 8.5633 183.3 86.5 7.06 6.309 2.253 73.83 1.62 2.3 62.6 27.9 24.7 0.1 124.2 2E+05 218.3 4.496 181 134.8 0.145 Wonchi-6 0.42 0.0162 2.833 0.12833 0.2067 8.5033 164.9 75.16 3.158 6.921 1.181 3.583 1.51 2.7 60.5 27.2 20.7 155.3 2458 132.5 0.31 189 147.5 0.149 Wonchi-7 0.443 0.025 10 0.04167 0.0983 8.6 220.5 154 2.55 7.475 1.018 17.33 1.75 64.9 25.2 21.3 0.1 51.33 26250 78.33 0.871 61.3 51.5 0.148 Wonchi-8 1.6528 0.2563 15.92 0.665 1.2083 8.9233 280.2 130.5 2.248 7.085 1.255 32.5 0.71 1.3 82.9 25.9 20.3 0.1 26.83 10708 94.28 1.765 45.8 9.333 0.194 96 ... that the Thesis prepared by Balew Yibel Zeleke, entitled: Evaluation of water quality Status of wetlands and the implication for Ecological health in case of Wonchi district , Oromia Region, Ethiopia. .. World Health organization Water Quality Water Quality Index Wonchi Woreda Agriculture Office ii ABSTRACT Evaluation of water quality Status of wetlands and the implication for Ecological health in. .. in case of Wonchi district , Oromia Region, Ethiopia Balew Yibel Zeleke, MSc Thesis Addis Ababa University, 2017 In Wonchi district, there are eight wetlands, which include lake, marshes and