HVAC SYSTEMS TESTING, ADJUSTING & BALANCING SHEET METAL AND AIR CONDITIONING CONTRACTORS’ NATIONAL ASSOCIATION, INC HVAC SYSTEMS TESTING, ADJUSTING & BALANCING THIRD EDITION — AUGUST, 2002 SHEET METAL AND AIR CONDITIONING CONTRACTORS’ NATIONAL ASSOCIATION, INC 4201 Lafayette Center Drive Chantilly, VA 20151-1209 HVAC SYSTEMS TESTING, ADJUSTING & BALANCING COPYRIGHTE2002 All Rights Reserved by SHEET METAL AND AIR CONDITIONING CONTRACTORS’ NATIONAL ASSOCIATION, INC 4201 Lafayette Center Drive Chantilly, VA 20151 Printed in the U.S.A FIRST EDITION - 1983 SECOND EDITION - JULY, 1993 THIRD EDITION - AUGUST, 2002 Except as allowed in the Notice to Users and in certain licensing contracts, no part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrievable system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher FOREWORD This handbook has been extensively updated for 2002 from the original 1983 publication and includes all of the many changes that have takes place in the industry since the 1990’s We have added many new sections covering variable frequency drives (VFD), direct digital control (DDC) systems, lab hood exhaust balancing, and the latest changes in the balancing equipment and procedures All of the system testing, adjusting, and balancing fundamentals that make up the original text has been updated, and all helpful reference tables and charts in the Appendix have been extensively updated This handbook will provide any SMACNA contractor already familiar with mechanical system operation basics, with the information necessary to balance most heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems Chapters on both air and water side HVAC system adjusting and balancing are included, and the chapters on system controls have been totally rewritten to reflect the trend away from pneumatic controls and towards programmable micro−processor controls Most of today’s HVAC systems are being designed with many more individually controlled temperature zones to im− prove occupant comfort, and variable speed fans and pumps are now commonplace to provide the exact amount of heating and cooling system capacity necessary to minimize energy usage New occupant air ventilation codes are much more restrictive, at the same time building envelopes are becoming much tighter The combination of constantly changing HVAC flows and increased demand for fresh and filtered ventilation air for all occupants is placing much more emphasis on proper HVAC system operation and balancing Any SMACNA contractor wanting to become part of this rapidly growing field is strongly encouraged to read other related SMACNA publications available, and take part in the many training courses offered to become a certified TAB Contractor The International Training Institute provides a Certified Technician program for journeyman sheet metal workers who already have a basic understanding of system testing and balancing, and many of these courses are avail− able in versions for home study The building construction industry is experiencing a major growth in demand for trained and experienced contractors who can balance today’s much more complex HVAC systems SHEET METAL AND AIR CONDITIONING CONTRACTORS’ NATIONAL ASSOCIATION, INC HVAC SYSTEMS Testing, Adjusting & Balancing • Third Edition iii TASK FORCE Bill Freese, Chairman International Testing & Balancing, Ltd Seaford, New York Ray Coleman Certified Testing & Balancing, Inc Riverton, Utah David Aldag Aldag−Honold Mechanical, Inc Sheboygan, Wisconsin Ben Dutton SMACNA, Inc Chantilly, Virginia John Brue Balancing Precision, Inc Bloomington, Illinois Eli P Howard, III SMACNA, Inc Chantilly, Virginia OTHER CONTRIBUTORS J R Yago & Associates Consulting Engineers Manakin−Sabot, Virginia iv HVAC SYSTEMS Testing Adjusting & Balancing • Third Edition NOTICE TO USERS OF THIS PUBLICATION DISCLAIMER OF WARRANTIES a) The Sheet Metal and Air Conditioning Contractors’ National Association (“SMACNA”) provides its product for informational purposes b) The product contains “Data” which is believed by SMACNA to be accurate and correct but the data, including all information, ideas and expressions therein, is provided strictly “AS IS”, with all faults SMACNA makes no warranty either express or implied regarding the Data and SMACNA EXPRESSLY DISCLAIMS ANY IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR PARTICULAR PURPOSE c) By using the data contained in the product user accepts the Data “AS IS” and assumes all risk of loss, harm or injury that may result from its use User acknowledges that the Data is complex, subject to faults and requires verification by competent professionals, and that modification of parts of the Data by user may impact the results or other parts of the Data d) IN NO EVENT SHALL SMACNA BE LIABLE TO USER, OR ANY OTHER PERSON, FOR ANY INDIRECT, SPECIAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES ARISING, DIRECTLY OR INDIRECTLY, OUT OF OR RELATED TO USER’S USE OF SMACNA’S PRODUCT OR MODIFICATION OF DATA THEREIN This limitation of liability applies even if SMACNA has been advised of the possibility of such damages IN NO EVENT SHALL SMACNA’S LIABILITY EXCEED THE AMOUNT PAID BY USER FOR ACCESS TO SMACNA’S PRODUCT OR $1,000.00, WHICHEVER IS GREATER, REGARDLESS OF LEGAL THEORY e) User by its use of SMACNA’s product acknowledges and accepts the foregoing limitation of liability and disclaimer of warranty and agrees to indemnify and hold harmless SMACNA from and against all injuries, claims, loss or damage arising, directly or indirectly, out of user’s access to or use of SMACNA’s product or the Data contained therein ACCEPTANCE This document or publication is prepared for voluntary acceptance and use within the limitations of application defined herein, and otherwise as those adopting it or applying it deem appropriate It is not a safety standard Its application for a specific project is contingent on a designer or other authority defining a specific use SMACNA has no power or authority to police or enforce compliance with the contents of this document or publication and it has no role in any representations by other parties that specific components are, in fact, in compliance with it AMENDMENTS The Association may, from time to time, issue formal interpretations or interim amendments, which can be of significance between successive editions PROPRIETARY PRODUCTS SMACNA encourages technological development in the interest of improving the industry for the public benefit SMACNA does not, however, endorse individual manufacturers or products FORMAL INTERPRETATION a) A formal interpretation of the literal text herein or the intent of the technical committee or task force associated with the document or publication is obtainable only on the basis of written petition, addressed to the Technical Resources Department and sent to the Association’s national office in Chantilly, Virginia In the event that the petitioner has a substantive disagreement with the interpretation, an appeal may be filed with the Technical Resources Committee, which has technical oversight responsibility The request must pertain to a specifically identified portion of the document that does not involve published text which provides the requested information In considering such requests, the Association will not review or judge products or components as being in compliance with the document or publication Oral and written interpretations otherwise obtained from anyone affiliated with the Association are unofficial This procedure does not prevent any committee or task force chairman, member of the committee or task force, or staff liaison from expressing an opinion on a provision within the document, provided that such person clearly states that the opinion is personal and does not represent an official act of the Association in any way, and it should not be relied on as such The Board of Directors of SMACNA shall have final authority for interpretation of this standard with such rules or procedures as they may adopt for processing same b) SMACNA disclaims any liability for any personal injury, property damage, or other damage of any nature whatsoever, whether special, indirect, consequential or compensatory, direct or indirectly resulting from the publication, use of, or reliance upon this document SMACNA makes no guaranty or warranty as to the accuracy or completeness of any information published herein APPLICATION a) Any standards contained in this publication were developed using reliable engineering principles and research plus consultation with, and information obtained from, manufacturers, users, testing laboratories, and others having specialized experience They are HVAC SYSTEMS Testing, Adjusting & Balancing • Third Edition v subject to revision as further experience and investigation may show is necessary or desirable Construction and products which comply with these Standards will not necessarily be acceptable if, when examined and tested, they are found to have other features which impair the result contemplated by these requirements The Sheet Metal and Air Conditioning Contractors’ National Association and other contributors assume no responsibility and accept no liability for the application of the principles or techniques contained in this publication Authorities considering adoption of any standards contained herein should review all federal, state, local, and contract regulations applicable to specific installations b) In issuing and making this document available, SMACNA is not undertaking to render professional or other services for or on behalf of any person or entity SMACNA is not undertaking to perform any duty owed to any person or entity to someone else Any person or organization using this document should rely on his, her or its own judgement or, as appropriate, seek the advice of a competent professional in determining the exercise of reasonable care in any given circumstance REPRINT PERMISSION Non-exclusive, royalty-free permission is granted to government and private sector specifying authorities to reproduce only any construction details found herein in their specifications and contract drawings prepared for receipt of bids on new construction and renovation work within the United States and its territories, provided that the material copied is unaltered in substance and that the reproducer assumes all liability for the specific application, including errors in reproduction THE SMACNA LOGO The SMACNA logo is registered as a membership identification mark The Association prescribes acceptable use of the logo and expressly forbids the use of it to represent anything other than possession of membership Possession of membership and use of the logo in no way constitutes or reflects SMACNA approval of any product, method, or component Furthermore, compliance of any such item with standards published or recognized by SMACNA is not indicated by presence of the logo vi HVAC SYSTEMS Testing, Adjusting & Balancing • Third Edition TABLE OF CONTENTS Temperature Difference, Mean − Mean of difference between temperatures of a fluid receiving and a fluid yielding heat Temperature Velocity − The maximum airstream ve− locity at the end of the throw Therm − Measurement used by gas utilities for billing purposes Therm = 100 cubic feet of gas = 100,000 Btu Thermal Capacity − The ability of a medium to hold heat Thermal Expansion Valve − The metering device or flow control which regulates the amount of liquid re− frigerant which is allowed to enter the evaporator Thermistor − Semiconductor material that responds to temperature changes by changing its resistance Thermocouple − Device for measuring temperature utilizing the fact that an electromotive force is gener− ated whenever two junctions of two dissimilar metals in an electric circuit are at different temperature levels Thermodynamics, Laws of − Two laws upon which rest the classical theory of thermodynamics These laws have been stated in many different, but equivalent ways Thermodynamic Wet Bulb Temperature − The tem− perature at which water, by evaporating into air, can bring the air to saturation adiabatically at the same temperature The wet bulb temperature measured with an appropriate psychrometer can approach the ther− modynamic wet bulb temperature (also called the Adiabatic Saturation Temperature) Thermostat − An instrument which responds to changes in temperature and which directly or indirect− ly controls temperature Thermosyphon − Circulation of a fluid by making use of the change in density of a material when it is heated and cooled Also called Natural Circulation Throttling Range − The amount of change in the vari− able being controlled to make the controlled device more through the full length of its stroke Throw − The horizontal or vertical axial distance an airstream travels after leaving an air outlet before the maximum stream velocity is reduced to a specified ter− minal level; e.g., 200, 150, 100 or 50 fpm (1.0, 0.75, 0.5 or 0.25 m/s) Tic Mark − Hatch mark on drawing raceway symbol, showing numbers of wires Ton (of Refrigeration) − A useful refrigerating effect equal to 12,000 Btuh; 200 Btu/min The First Law − (1) When work is expended in gener− ating heat, the quantity of heat produced is proportion− al to the work expended; and, conversely, when heat is employed in the performance of work, the quantity of heat which disappears is proportional to the work done (Joule); (2) If a system is caused to change from an ini− tial state to a final state by adiabatic means only, the work done is the same for all adiabatic paths connect− ing the two states (Zemansky); (3) In any power cycle or refrigeration cycle, the net heat absorbed by the working substance is exactly equal to the net work done Total Dynamic Head − Dynamic discharge head (stat− ic discharge head, plus friction head, plus velocity head) plus dynamic suction lift, or dynamic discharge head minus dynamic suction head The Second Law − (1) It is impossible for a self−acting machine, unaided by any external agency, to convey heat from a body of lower temperature to one of higher temperature (Clausius); (2) It is impossible to derive mechanical work from heat taken from a body unless there is available a body of lower temperature into which the residue not so used may be discharged (Kel− vin); (3) It is impossible to construct an engine that, op− erating in a cycle, will produce no effect other than the extraction of heat from a reservoir and the perfor− mance of an equivalent amount of work (Zemansky) Total Pressure Method − A method of duct sizing which allows the designer to determine all friction and dynamic losses in each section of a duct system (in− cluding the total system) Total Heat (Enthalpy) − Total heat is the sum of the sensible heat and latent heat in an exchange process In many cases, the addition or subtraction of latent and sensible heat at terminal coils appears simultaneously Total heat also is called enthalpy, both of which can be defined as the quantity of heat energy contained in that substance Total Suspended Particulate Matter − The mass of particles suspended in a unit of volume of air when col− lected by a high volume air sampler Toxic Fluids − Gases or liquids which are poisonous, irritating and/or suffocating HVAC SYSTEMS Testing, Adjusting & Balancing • Third Edition G.31 Tracking Collector − A solar energy collector that constantly positions itself perpendicular to the sun as the earth rotates Transducer − The means by which the controller con− verts the signal from the sensing device into the means necessary to have the appropriate effect on the con− trolled device For example, a change in air pressure in the pneumatic transmission piping Transformer − The system power supplyĊa trans− former is an inductive stationary device which trans− fers electrical energy from one circuit to another The transformer has two windings, primary and secondary A changing voltage applied to one of these, usually the primary, indicates a current to flow in the other wind− ing A coupling transformer transfers energy at the same voltage; a step−down transformer transfers ener− gy at the lower voltage, and a step−up transformer transfers energy at a higher voltage Transmission − The means by which a signal is moved from one point of origin to the point of action Transmission, Coefficient of Heat − Any one of a number of coefficients used in the calculation of heat transmission by conduction, convection, and radi− ation, through various materials and structures Transmittance, Thermal (U Factor) − The time rate of heat flow per unit under steady conditions from the fluid on the warm side of a barrier to the fluid on the cold side, per unit temperature difference between the two fluids Turbulent Airflow Cleanroom − A cleanroom in which the filtered air enters the room in a non−uniform velocity or turbulent flow Such rooms exhibit non− uniform or random airflow patterns throughout the en− closure −U− Utility Service − The utility company Also, the amount and configuration of voltage supplied by a utility company There are four main types of commer− cial utility services − 208V AC wye, 480V AC wye, 240V AC delta, and 480V AC delta Utility Transformer − Primary and secondary coils of wire which reduce (step down) the utility supply volt− age for use within a facility Uniform Airflow − Unidirectional airflow pattern in which the point−to−point readings are within " 20 per− G.32 cent of the average airflow velocity for the total area of the laminar flow work zone Unitary System − A room unit which performs part or all of the air conditioning functions It may or may not be used with a central fan system Unloader − A device on or in a compressor for equaliz− ing the high and low side of pressures for a brief period during start, in order to decrease the starting load on the motor; also a device for controlling compressor ca− pacity by rendering one or more cylinders ineffective −V− Vacuum − Any pressure less than that exerted by the atmosphere Vacuum Breaker − A device to prevent a suction in a water pipe Validation − Establishing documented evidence that a system does what it purports to Valve, Modulating − A valve which can be positioned any where between fully on and fully off to proportion the rate of flow in response to a modulating controller (see modulating control) Valve, Two Position − A valve is either fully on or fully off with no positions between Also called an on−off valve Vane Ratio − In air distributing devices, the ratio of depth of vane to shortest opening width between two adjacent grille bars Vapor − A gas, particularly one near to equilibrium within the liquid phase of the substance and which does not follow the gas laws Usually used instead of gas for a refrigerant, and, in general, for any gas below the critical temperature Vapor, Saturated − Vapor in equilibrium with its liq− uid; i.e., when the numbers per unit time of molecules passing in two directions through the surface dividing the two phases are equal Vapor, Superheated − Vapor at a temperature which is higher than the saturation temperature (i.e., boiling point) at the existing pressure Vapor, Water − Used commonly in air conditioning parlance to refer to steam in the atmosphere Vapor Barrier − A moisture impervious layer applied to the surfaces enclosing a humid space to prevent HVAC SYSTEMS Testing, Adjusting & Balancing • Third Edition moisture travel to a point where it may condense due to lower temperature Vapor Pressure − Vapor pressure denotes the lowest absolute pressure that a given liquid at a given temper− ature will remain liquid before evaporating into its gaseous form or state Velocity − A vector quantity which denotes, at once, the time rate and the direction of a linear motion Velocity Head − The pressure needed to accelerate the fluid being pumped Velocity Reduction Method − A method of duct sizing where arbitrary reductions are made in velocity after each branch or outlet Velocity, Outlet − The average velocity of primary air emerging from an opening fan or outlet, normally measured in the plane of the opening Velocity, Room − The average, sustained, residuary air velocity level in the occupied zone of the conditioned space; e.g., 65, 50, 35 fpm (0.33, 0.25, 0.17 m/s) Velocity, Terminal − The highest sustained airstream velocity existing in the mixed air path at the end of the throw Vena Contracta − At an orifice, the fluid flow will converge from the cross−sectional area of the duct or conduit to the smaller opening area of the orifice After leaving the orifice, the fluid flow will continue to con− verge somewhat before diverging to the downstream cross−sectional area of the duct or conduit The point of the smallest cross−sectional area of the fluid flow is called vena contracta This point also has the highest fluid flow velocity Ventilation − The process of supplying or removing air, by natural or mechanical means, to or from any space Such air may or may not have been conditioned Vernal Equinox − The position of the sun midway be− tween its lowest and highest altitude; during the spring it occurs March 21 The sunlit period is approximately the same length as the autumnal equinox See also Au− tumnal Equinox) Viscosity − That property of semifluids, fluids and gases by virtue of which they resist an instantaneous change of shape or arrangement of parts It is the cause of fluid friction whenever adjacent layers of fluid move with relation to each other Volatility − Volatility, surface tension and capillary ac− tion of a fluid are incidental to environmental systems Volatility is the rapidity with which liquids evaporates extremely rapidly and therefore is highly volatile Voltage (E) − The electromotive force in an electrical circuit The difference in potential between two unlike charges in an electrical circuit is its voltage measured in volts" (V) Voltage Drop − The voltage drop around a circuit in− cluding wiring and loads must equal the supply volt− age Volume − Cubic feet per pound (m3/kg) of dry air in the air−water vapor mixture as used in psychrometrics Volume, Specific − The reciprocal of density and is used to determine the cubic feet (m3) of volume, if the pounds (kg) of weight are known Both density and specific volume are affected by temperature and pres− sure The specific volume of air under standard condi− tions is 13.33 cubic feet per pound (0.8305 m3/kg) and the specific volume of water at standard conditions is 0.016 cubic feet per pound (0.001 m3/kg) −W− Water Hammer − Banging of pipes caused by the shock of closing valves (faucets) Watt (W) − A measure of electric power equal to a cur− rent flow of one ampere under one volt of pressure; or one joule per second of heat flow in metric units Watt Transducer − A device which converts a current signal into a proportional millivolt signal Used to in− terface between current transformers and a load man− agement panel Wavelength − The distance between two similar and successive points on an alternating wave The wave− length is equal to the velocity of the propagation divid− ed by the frequency of the alternations Weight − The amount of force a substance exerts under pull by the earth’s gravitation field and that force is measured in pounds (kilograms) Wet Bulb Temperature (WB) − The temperature reg− istered by a thermometer whose bulb is covered by a saturated wick and exposed to a current of rapidly moving air The wet bulb temperature also represents the dew point temperature of the air, where the mois− ture of the air condenses on a cold surface Wet Bulb Depression − Difference between dry bulb and wet bulb temperatures HVAC SYSTEMS Testing, Adjusting & Balancing • Third Edition G.33 White Room − A room designed to be free of dust and other contaminants, but not controlled to the same lev− el as a cleanroom Will − Where will or shall is used as a provision speci− fied, that provision is mandatory if in compliance with the standard claimed Winter Solstice − The shortest sunlit day of the year at which the sun is the lowest altitude; it occurs Decem− ber 21 Work Station − An open or enclosed work surface with direct filtered air supply G.34 Work Zone − That volume within the cleanroom which is designated for clean work The volume shall be identified by an entrance and exit plane normal to the airflow (where there is laminar airflow) Wye Service − An arrangement of the utility trans− formers −Z− Zoning − The practice of dividing a building into small sections for heating and cooling control Each section is selected so that one thermostat can be used to deter− mine its requirements HVAC SYSTEMS Testing, Adjusting & Balancing • Third Edition INDEX INDEX A Absolute Pressure, 2.19 Temperature, 2.1 Zero, 2.1 Actuator, 4.5 Agenda, 12.4 Air, 2.6, 2.26 Blending, 6.1 Control, 9.5 Density, 2.8 Distributing Ceiling, 6.13 Distribution, 6.6 Distribution Devices, 12.2 Entrainment, 6.6 Filtration Devices, 12.4 System Advantages, 7.1 System Basics, 2.21 System Design, 7.9 System Disadvantages, 7.2 System(s), 7.1 Valves, 6.3 Velocity, 6.6 Velocity Meter, 13.11 Volume, 5.10 Air Terminal Boxes, 6.1 Dual Duct, 6.2 Reheat, 6.1 Types, 6.1 Air−Vapor Relationship, 2.7 Airflow Adjustment, 14.8 Measurements, 13.7 Measuring Instruments, 11.1, 11.9 Rate, 6.1 Terminals, 13.6 Totals, 13.6 Airfoil Fans, 5.2 Airstream Mixtures, 2.17 Ak Factors, 13.5 Alarm Printers, 4.9 Alternative Mode, 15.12 Amperage Readings, 3.5 Analog Input, 4.8 Analog Output, 4.9 Analysis of Measurements, 13.3 Anemometer, 11.5 Deflection Vane, 11.6, 11.9 Electric Rotating Vane, 11.6, 11.9 Thermal, 11.7, 11.9 Annual Flow Indicator, 11.25 ATC, 4.1 Dampers, 4.4 System Adjustment, 4.6 Valves, 4.3 Automatic Control Dampers, 4.3 Control Valves, 4.3 Temperature Control Systems, 4.1 Automatic Temperature Control (ATC), 12.2 Axial Fans, 5.2 Balance Fittings, 9.6 Balance Rings, 8.4 Balancing, 14.13 Criteria, 13.8 Dampers, 6.5 Devices, 12.5 Procedures, 13.3 Proportional Method, 13.3 Specific Systems, 15.5 Baseboard , 8.14 Basic Electricity, 3.1 Bearings, 8.3 Belt Tension, 5.10 Blade Grilles, Adjustable, 6.12 Blades, 6.9 Body Heat Loss, 6.10 Boiler Conditions , 15.8 Boiler Piping , 9.7 Boilers, 8.13, 12.2, 15.8 Brake Power, 3.7 British Thermal Units (Btu), 2.1 Building Static Control, 14.2 Bypass (Dumping) Boxes, 6.3 Bypass Valves, 15.4 Bypass VAV Boxes, 14.11 Bypass−Type Box, 6.3 C Calibrated Balancing Valves, 11.25, 15.1 Capillary Tube, 10.3 Categories, 6.1 Ceiling diffusers, 6.8 Ceiling Induction Boxes, 6.2 Celsius Scale , 2.1 Centralized Control, 4.9 Centralized Control Systems, 4.7 Centrifugal Fans, 5.1 Centrifugal Pump(s), 8.1, 8.2, 8.3 Check List, 12.6 Chilled Water System (CW), 9.1 Chronometric , 11.12 Circular Equivalent, 2.23 Closed Loop Control, 14.2 Closed Loop Systems, 9.8 Closed System Curve, 8.7 Closed Systems, 2.27 Coanda effect, 6.8 Coils, 15.6 Combination Boxes, 6.3 Combination Changes, 2.12 Combination Piping Systems, 9.3 Combination Systems, 14.12 Comfort Zone , 6.6 Communication Devices, 11.23 Technology, 11.23 Terminals, 11.24 Compressibility, 2.19 Compressor, 9.12, 10.3 Compressor Short Cycling, 10.3, 10.6 Computer Terminals, 11.24 Computers, 11.24 B Backward Inclined (BI) Fans, 5.1 HVAC SYSTEMS Testing, Adjusting & Balancing • Third Edition I.1 Condensation, 2.9 Condenser, 10.3 Condenser water system, 9.12 Condensers, 15.7 Condition Changes, 2.11 Conductance (C), 2.4 Conductivity (k), 2.4 Constant Mass Flow, 5.16 Volume, 5.14 Constant Airflow, 6.1 Constant Fan VAV Box, 14.12 Constant Volume Systems, 14.14 Contract Documents, 12.1 Control, 4.1 Categories, 4.2 Devices, 4.3 Diagrams, 4.5 Loops, 4.2 Relationships, 4.5 Control Verification, 13.3 Controlled Variable, 4.3 Controls, 4.6 Convectors, 8.14 Cooling, 2.12 Counterflow Airstreams, 2.3 Tower Systems, 9.12 Cooling Mode, 15.11 Cooling Systems, 15.9 Cooling, Tower(s), 8.8 Correction Factor Table, 2.8 Cross−Flow Airstreams, 2.4 D Damper, Operator, 4.5 Damper Adjustments, 13.7 Damper Check, 13.1 Damper Setting, 13.1 Dampers, 12.6 Data, Recording, 13.3 Data Label, 13.8 Degree of Saturation , 2.9 Dehumidification, 2.12 Density, 5.14 Change, 5.16, 5.18 Measuring, 13.12 Dependent−Independent Boxes , 6.3 Design Airflow Volume, 5.19 Design Range, 9.9 Dew Point, 2.8 Dew Point Temperature, 2.11 Dial Thermometers, 11.17 Diffusers Air−Light, 6.13 Ceiling, 6.14 Multi−passage ceiling, 6.13 Perforated Face Ceiling, 6.13 Slot, 6.13 Variable Area Ceiling, 6.13 Digital Controllers, 11.23 Digital Input, 4.8 Digital Output, 4.8 Direct Acting, 4.2 Digital Control (DDC), 4.1, 4.10 I.2 Return System, 9.3 Direct , Acting, 4.3 Direct−Return, 15.5 Discharge Stop Valve, 10.3 District Heating Systems, 9.14 Diversified Pressure Dependent Systems, 14.6 Diversity Factor, 14.1 Diversity Systems , 14.5 Diverting Valves, 4.3 Doppler, 15.1 Downstream, Velocity Pressure, 2.22 Downstream System , 14.6 Drains , 9.5 Drive Arrangements, 5.8 Design, 5.10 Installations, 5.10 Dry Air , 2.6 Dry Bulb, 2.8 Dry Bulb Temperature , 2.8 Dual, Duct System, 14.14 Dual , Duct Terminal Boxes , 6.2 Dual Duct Systems, 7.5 Dual Function Tachometer , 11.16 Dual Temperature Water System (DTW), 9.1 Dual−Path Systems, 7.1 Dual−Temperature, 15.9 Duct Sizing Examples, 7.11 System, 5.13, 5.14 Duct Fitting Loss Coefficients, 2.23 Pressure Changes, 2.21 Duct System Checks, 12.7 Duct Traverses, 13.7 Ducts, 2.22, 14.17 Ductwork, 12.7, 14.8 Dust Collection, 13.8 Dynamic Losses, 2.22 Dynamic Suction Head, 8.5 E Economizer Cycle, 4.6 Effect of Blades, 6.9 Effective Draft Temperature, 6.6 Duct Length, 5.19 Efficiency Curve, 3.6 Elbow Equivalents, 9.10 Electric, Motors, 3.1 Electric Controls, 4.1 Electric Operators, 4.5 Electrical, 12.6 Circuits, 3.1 Data, 12.2 Diagram, 3.1 Resistances, 3.1 Services, 3.1 Systems, 3.1 Electro−Hydraulic, 4.2 HVAC SYSTEMS Testing, Adjusting & Balancing • Third Edition Electro−Pneumatic, 4.2 Electronic Manometer, 11.2 Tachometer, 11.14 Thermometer, 11.19 Electronic Controls, 4.1 EMCS Communications, 4.9 Points List, 4.9 Signals, 4.8 Energy Management System (EMS) Diagrams, 12.2 Energy Management Systems (EMCS) , 4.7 Energy Savings Ideas, 7.6 Enthalpy (Total Heat), 2.8, 2.11 Entrainment, 6.8 Equal Friction, 7.9 Equal Friction Design Method, 7.9 Equipment Heat Flow, 2.5 Equipment Pressure Loss, 15.1 Equipment Pressures Differences, 15.6 Equivalent Length, 2.22 Equivalent Pipe Length, 9.10 Evaporation, 9.15 Evaporator, 10.2 Exhaust Air Dampers, 4.6 Air Inlet, 6.14 Air Procedures, 14.18 Air Systems, 14.16 Hoods, 14.18 Exhaust Fans, 13.6 Existing Buildings, 1.1 Existing Installations , 13.10 F Face Velocities, 14.17 Fahrenheit Scale , 2.1 Fan Adjustment(s), 13.2, 13.6 Air Volume, 5.10 Airflow, 13.7 Amperage, 13.2 belts, 5.8 Brake Power, 5.12 Capacity Ratings, 5.17 Characteristics, 5.1 Check, 13.1 Classes, 5.4 Coil, 8.14 Construction, 5.4 curves, 2.25 Drive Adjustment, 13.6 Drive Changes, 13.2 Drives, 5.9 Inlets, 5.19 Law Relationships, 5.14 Laws, 2.1 Motors, 5.9 Nomenclature, 5.8 Outlet Velocity, 5.12 Outlets, 5.19 Performance, 5.19 Performance Curve, 5.14 Rating Table, 5.4 Selection, 5.19 Static Pressure (SP), 5.12 Static Pressures, 13.2 System Curve Relationship, 5.13 Testing, 5.17 Testing Procedures, 13.1 Total Pressure (TP), 5.12 Velocity Pressure (Vp), 5.12 Volume, 13.1 Fan Assisted Box, 6.2 System, 6.3 Fan Airflow and Pressure, 5.10 Fan Laws, 2.25 Fan Powered Boxes, 6.2 Fan Powered VAV Boxes, 14.9 Field Procedures, 12.6 Readiness, 12.6 Review, 12.7 Field Measurements, 5.20 Filter−Drier, 10.3 Filters, 12.7, 14.17 Fin Tube Radiation, 8.14 Fire and Smoke Dampers, 12.7 Fixed Blade Grilles, 6.12 Flexible Connections, 9.6 Floor Plenums, 6.13 Flow Coefficient, 4.3 Measurement(s), 15.1, 15.3 Flow Measuring Hood, 11.8, 11.9 Flow Meters, 15.1 Flow Variation, 15.9 Flow/Pressure Check, 13.1 Fluid Dynamics, 2.20 Mechanics, 2.19 Properties, 2.19 Statics, 2.19 Fluid Viscosity, 8.12 Forced Convection Units, 8.14 Four−Pipe Systems, 9.4 Four−Pipe Systems , 15.5 Friction, 2.21 Friction , Losses, 2.23, 2.27 Friction Head , 8.4 Friction Losses, 2.21 Full Load Amps, 3.5 Fume Hoods, 14.17 Fundamentals, 2.1 G Gage Location, 8.12 Gages, 9.6 General Air System TAB Procedures, 14.1 General Contractor, 12.4 General procedures, 13.12 General Requirements, 1.2 General TAB Procedures , 14.3 Grilles Adjustable Blade, 6.14 HVAC SYSTEMS Testing, Adjusting & Balancing • Third Edition I.3 Fixed, 6.14 Light Proof, 6.14 V−Blade, 6.14 Ground Wire, 3.3 Instruments, Selection of, 13.12 Instruments for Air Balancing, 11.17 International Training Institute (ITI), 1.2 J H Jet Expansion, 6.11 Head, 8.1 Heads, 2.27, 8.4 Heat, Flow, 2.1, 2.5 Heat Exchangers, 15.8 Transfer Method, 15.2 Heat Exchangers, 8.13 Heat Flow, 2.5 Heat Pumps, 8.13 Heat Transfer, 2.1, 2.2, 2.4, 15.1, 15.9, 15.10 Heat Transfer Rates, 15.10 Heater Coils, 3.9 Heating, 2.11 Heating and Humidification, 2.12 Heating Mode, 15.12 Heating Tolerance , 15.9 High Temperature Water Systems (HTW), 9.1 High Velocity System, 7.7 Hood, Balancing, 13.7 Hot Gas Bypass, 10.4 Hot Gas Piping, 10.3 Hot Water Procedures , 15.8 Household Circuit, 3.3 Humidification, 2.12 Humidistat , 4.6 Humidity Ratio, 2.8 HVAC fundamentals, 2.1 Systems, 2.1 HVAC Equipment, 12.1 HVAC System, 12.2 HVAC Units, 12.6 Hydronic, 2.26 Design Procedures, 9.13 Pressure Losses, 2.26 System Basics, 2.26 System Design, 9.8 System Procedures, 15.3 System(s), 2.27, 9.1 Hydronic , Trouble Analysis Guide, 9.8 Hydronic Balancing, 11.11 Hydronic Piping Devices, 9.5 Hydronic Systems Ready, 15.3 Hydrostatic Head, 2.20 I Induction Reheat Systems, 7.4, 7.6 Induction Unit Systems, 14.14 Induction Units, 8.14 Induction VAV Boxes, 14.12 industrial ventilation, 13.12 Infared, 11.21 Initial Planning, 12.1 Initial Procedures , 14.3 Initial System Adjustments , 15.4 Inlet Pressures, 14.6 Installation Criteria, 8.11, 8.12 instrumentation, 13.12 I.4 K Kitchen Exhaust Systems, 14.17 L Large Systems, 9.2 Latent heat, 2.12 Laws of Thermodynamics, 2.5 Limit Controls , 4.2 Linkages, 6.6 Liquid Sight Glass, 10.3 Liquid Solenoid Valve, 10.3 Location, Devices, 12.4 Location of Flow Devices, 11.25 Loss Coefficient Tables, 2.24 Coefficients, 2.23 Magnitude, 2.22 Low Temperature Water Systems (LTW), 9.1 Low Velocity Systems, 7.5 M Magnetic Starter , 3.8 Main Duct, 2.25 Mandatory TAB Work, 15.10 Manometer, 11.1, 11.9 Electrical, 11.2, 11.9 Inclined/Vertical, 11.1, 11.9 U−Tube, 11.1 Manufacturer’s Catalogs, 12.1 Master, 4.6 Material Handling Procedures , 14.18 Measured Voltage, 3.1 Mechanical Seals, 8.2 Medium Temperature Water Systems (MTW), 9.1 Methods Basic Balancing, 15.1 Equipment Pressure Loss, 15.2 Hydronic, 15.1 Metric Measurements , 11.24 Mixed Air Temperature, 4.6 Mixtures, 2.17 Modified Design Method, 7.10 Modulating, 4.6 Control, 4.4 Moist Air, 2.6 Moisture, 13.12 Motor(s), 3.5 Brake power, 3.6 Controls, 3.8 Locations, 5.10 HVAC SYSTEMS Testing, Adjusting & Balancing • Third Edition Performance, 3.6 Starters, 3.8 Multi−Zone Systems, 7.6, 14.13 Multi−zone Systems, 14.13 Multiblade Dampers, 4.4, 6.5 Multiple Pumps, 8.11 Multiple−Zone, 9.7 N Nameplate Data, 3.5 Natural Airflow, 6.9 Natural Convection, 8.14 Net positive suction head, 8.6 Net Positive Suction Head (NPSH), 8.5 Neutral, 3.1 New Buildings, 1.1 New Installation, 13.8 No Load Amps, 3.5 Noise, 9.9 Non−Diversity Systems, 14.4 Non−Sparking Construction, 5.8 Normal Operating Range, 4.6 Position, 4.3 Normal Operations, 14.13 Normally Closed (N.C.), 4.3 Normally Open (N.O., 4.3 NPSH Curve, 8.6 O Ohm’s law:, 3.1 Once−Through Systems, 9.12 One Pipe System, 9.3 One−Pipe , 15.5 Open Loop Control, 14.2 Open System Curve, 8.8 Open Systems, 8.9, 9.12 Open systems, 2.27 Operating Controls, 10.4 Operating Manuals, 12.2 Operating Speeds, 8.4 Opposed Blade Damper, 6.5 Opposed Blade Dampers, 4.4 Optical Tachometer, 11.14 Orifice Plate , 11.24 Outlet Balancing Procedures, 13.5 Outlet Throw, 6.10 Outside Air, 4.6 Outside Air Settings, 13.2 Overload Protection Devices, 3.9 P Packing Glands, 8.2 Parallel, 4.6 Blade, 6.5 Blade Dampers, 4.4 Circuits, 3.1 Flow Airstreams, 2.3 parallel flow airstreams, 2.3 Parallel Type, 14.10 Perfect Gas, 2.7 Performance Data, 12.1 Phantom System Curve, 5.19 Pipe Sizing, 9.13 Piping circuit, 3.1 Systems, 2.26 Piping Classifications, 9.1 Piping Connections, 9.17 Piping Designations, 9.15 Piping System, 15.1 Piping System Balancing, 15.4 Pitch, 9.6 Pitot Tube, 5.18, 11.4, 11.9 Pitot tube, 12.7 Pitot Tube Traverse, 13.5 Pitot tubes, 13.11 Plotting Conditions, 2.10 Pneumatic Controls, 4.1, 4.9 Power, 12.6 Power Roof Ventilators , 5.4 Pressure, 2.21, 6.1 Independent Boxes, 6.3 Reducing Valves, 6.3 Pressure Drop, 9.9, 9.14 Pressure drop, 9.9 Pressure Gage, 11.9 Calibrated, 11.9 Differential, 11.10 Magnehelic, 11.5 Pressure Gage Location, 8.11 Pressure Gages, 13.11 Pressure Relationships, 8.5 Primary Loop, 15.11 Primary−Secondary Systems, 15.11 Process Exhaust Air Systems, 14.17 Project Drawings, 12.5 Propeller Fans, 5.2 Psychrometer, 11.20 Psychrometric Chart, 2.8 Psychrometrics, 2.6 Pump Construction Features, 8.2 Curves, 8.7 Drives, 8.4 Head, 8.4 Laws, 8.1 Location, 9.8 Pressure, 8.4 Rotation, 8.4 Types, 8.1 Pump Amperage , 15.3 Pump Check, 15.4 Pump Curve Verification, 15.3 Pump Curves, 15.1, 15.2 Pump Curves , 15.10 Pump Laws, 2.27 Pump Measurements , 15.4 Pump Selection, 9.14 Pumping Problems, 8.5 Q Quadrants , 6.6 HVAC SYSTEMS Testing, Adjusting & Balancing • Third Edition I.5 R Radiation, 2.2, 8.14 Radiation units, 8.14 Receiver, 10.3 Rectangular Duct, 2.23 Refrigerant, 9.12 Refrigerants, 10.4 Refrigeration, 10.2 Refrigeration Cycle, 10.1, 10.2 Refrigeration Systems, 10.1 Reheat Coil, 12.7 Relative Humidity, 2.9 Relief Devices, 10.4 Report Forms, 12.5, 13.3, 15.4, 15.7 Resistances, 2.4 Return Air Settings, 13.2 Return Air, 4.6 Return Air Duct Systems, 7.11 Return air inlet, 6.14 Return Registers , 6.15 Return Systems, 9.16 Reverse Acting, 4.6 Reverse−Return, 15.5 Rise, 3.6 Roof Ventilators, 5.4 Rotating Vane, 11.5 Rotation, 3.5, 5.8 Rotation Measuring Instruments, 11.12 S Safety Controls, 4.2, 10.4 Factor, 3.6 Switches, 3.8 Safety Controls , 15.7 Saturation Line, 2.8 Scheduling, 12.5 Schematic Duct System Layout, 12.3 Schematics, 12.5 Secondary Loop, 15.11 Self−Contained Controls, 4.2 Sensible Cooling, 2.12 Sensible Heating, 2.12 Series, 4.6 Series Circuits, 3.1 Series Loop, 15.5 Series Loop System, 9.2 Series Pumping, 8.12 Series S Type, 14.9 Shaft Sleeves, 8.2 Sheaves, 5.10 Shut−Offs, 9.5 Single Phase Circuit, 3.3 Single Phase Circuit Voltages, 3.1 Single−Path Systems, 7.1 Small Systems, 9.2 Smoke Devices, 11.8 Smoke Test, 14.17 Smudging, 6.9 Sound Attenuation, 6.1 Sound Levels, 6.9 Space Temperature, 2.3 Stamped Grilles, 6.12, 6.14 Start−Up, 12.2 I.6 Starting Load Amps, 3.5 Static, 2.22 Head, 2.19, 2.20, 2.27 Pressure, 2.21, 2.22 Static Head, 15.3 Static Pressure, 5.16 Static Pressure Measurements, 13.5 Static Pressure Sensor, 14.3 Static Suction Lift, 8.4 Steam Piping System, 9.16 Properties of, 9.14 Strainers, 9.17 Systems, 9.14 Traps, 9.17 Steam Distribution, 15.8 Steam Flow, 9.15 Steam Systems−Medium And High Pressure, 9.18 Stepped, 4.6 Strainers, 9.6, 15.8 Stroboscope, 11.14 Study of Systems and Data, 12.4 Stuffing Box , 8.2 Sub−master, 4.6 Suction, 2.22, 2.23 Head, 2.27, 2.28 Lift, 2.27, 2.29 Suction Piping, 10.3 Suction Stop Valve, 10.3 Summer−Winter Systems, 15.11 Superheat, 10.4 Supply Air Duct, 7.9 Supply Outlet Throttling Units, 6.4 Supply Outlets, 6.11 Supply Registers, 6.15 System Analysis, 12.2 Components and Types, 12.2 Curve, 5.13 Curves, 2.25 Operating Point, 5.14 Resistance Curve, 5.13 Review, 12.2 Schematic Drawings, 12.2 System Airflow, 13.5 System Capacity Review, 12.5 System Curve for Open Circuit, 8.9 System Flow, 15.3 System Powered, 14.13 System Start−up, 13.1 Systems Condenser, 9.12 Cooling Tower, 9.13 Coordination, 13.5 Deficiencies, 13.7 T TAB Instrument Selection, 12.5 TAB Procedures, 12.5 HVAC SYSTEMS Testing, Adjusting & Balancing • Third Edition TAB Report Forms 4−02, 16.1, 16.7 7−02, 16.2, 16.10, 16.11 Preparing, 16.1 TAB 1−02, 16.1, 16.4 TAB 10−02, 16.17 TAB 11−02, 16.2, 16.18 TAB 12−02, 16.2, 16.19 TAB 13−02, 16.2, 16.20 TAB 14−02, 16.2, 16.21 TAB 15−02, 16.2, 16.22 TAB 16−02, 16.3, 16.23 TAB 17−02, 16.3, 16.24 TAB 18−02, 16.3, 16.25 TAB 19−02, 16.3, 16.26 TAB 2−02, 16.1, 16.5 TAB 20−02, 16.3, 16.27 TAB 3−02, 16.1, 16.6 TAB 5−02, 16.1, 16.8 TAB 6−02, 16.1, 16.9 TAB 8−02, 16.2, 16.12, 16.13 TAB 9A−02, 16.14 TAB 9A−02, TAB 9B−02 AND TAB 9C−02, 16.2 TAB 9B−02, 16.15 TAB 9C−02, 16.16 TAB Technical/TEAM, 1.1 TAB technician , 2.25 TAB/ATC Relationship, 4.6 Tachometer, 11.12 Temperature, 13.12 Terminal, Units, 8.14 Terminal Balance, 13.5 Terminal box, 6.1 Terminal Devices, 12.7 Terminal Heating and Cooling Units, 8.14 Terminal Reheat Systems, 7.4, 7.5 Terminal Unit Ductwork, 7.11 Terminal Units, 14.1 Terms and Components, 10.2 Test Holes, 12.7 Testing Adjusting and Balancing Bureau (TABB), 1.2 Thermal Bulbs, 10.3, 10.4, 10.5 Thermal Expansion Valve, 10.3 Thermocouple, 4.6 Thermocouple Thermometers , 11.18 Thermodynamics, 2.1 Thermohygrometer, 11.21 Thermometers, 9.6 Glass Tube, 11.16 Three Phase Circuit Voltages, 3.3 Three−Phase Circuits, 3.3 Three−Pipe Systems, 9.3 Three−Way Control Valve, 15.7 Three−Wire Circuit, 3.3 Tip Speed, 5.13 Tower Conditions , 15.6 Tower Water Flow, 15.7 Transformers, 3.5 Transmission heat gains, 2.6 Tranverse Locations, 13.7 Trouble Shooting, 9.8 Tubeaxial Fans, 5.2 Tubular Centrifugal Fans, 5.3 Turbulent Flow, 2.23 Turndown (Shutoff), 14.8 Two Position, 4.6 Two−Pipe Systems, 9.3 Two−Pipe Vacuum Steam System, 9.16 Two−way valves, 4.3 Types of Controls, 4.1 Typical Connections, 9.18 U U Value, 2.4 U−Tube, 11.9 Unit Balancing, 15.4 Unit Heaters, 8.14 Unit Ventilators, 8.14 Units of Measurement, 2.1 V V Belt Drive, 5.9 V−Blade, 6.14 Vacuum Steam System, 9.16 Valve and Damper Linkages, 4.5 Valve Coefficients, 9.11 Valve Constant, 4.3 Valve/Flow Meters, 15.2 Valves Set, 15.3 Vaneaxial Fans, 5.2 Variable Air Volume, 6.1 Variable Air Volume (VAV) Reheat Systems, 7.5 Variable Air Volume Systems , 14.16 Variable Area Grilles, 6.12 Variable Volume Flow, 15.9 Variable Volume Systems , 15.11 VAV Applications, 6.10 System, 6.3 VAV Boxes, 14.8 VAV Systems Categories, 14.1 Characteristics, 14.1 Pressure Independent, 14.4, 14.6 Typical, 14.1 Velocities, 9.9 Velocity, 2.20 Velocity head , 8.4 Velocity Profile, 2.20 Ventilation Air, 4.6 Ventilation Systems , 13.8 Venting, 9.5 Venturi Tube , 11.24 Volt−Ammeter, 11.22 Volume Control, 6.3 Volume Dampers, 6.5 Vortex, 8.6, 12.7 W Water, Vapor, 2.6 Water , Flow−Pressure Drop, 9.10 Water Chillers, 8.13 HVAC SYSTEMS Testing, Adjusting & Balancing • Third Edition I.7 Water Flow, 15.8 Wearing Rings, 8.3 Wet Bulb, 2.8 Wet Bulb Temperature, 2.10 Wet Coil Conditions, 13.6 Working Tests, 14.17 Z Zero Flow Readings, 15.3 Zone Balancing, 13.5 I.8 HVAC SYSTEMS Testing, Adjusting & Balancing • Third Edition SHEET METAL AND AIR CONDITIONING CONTRACTORS’ NATIONAL ASSOCIATION, INC