Activity Book ‫ﻡ‬٢٠١٥¥٢٠١٤ Vocational Stream Commercial Grade 12 Activity Book ‫م‬2015 - 2014 ‫المؤسسة العامة للطباعة‬ Contents Unit Title Page Warehousing and Shipping (1) Income Statement Competition and Pricing Test 12 Warehousing and Shipping (2) 14 Financial Position 17 Retail and Wholesale 20 Test 23 Advertising (1) 25 E-Marketing 28 Workplace Ethics 31 Test 34 10 IT and Telecoms 36 11 Advertising (2) 39 12 Latest Discoveries 42 Test 45 Correspondence Glossary 47 60 Warehousing and Shipping (1) Exercise Matching Match the following warehousing and shipping names (1-7) with their descriptions (i-vii) Online Tracking Inventory Management Kitting & Hand Assembly Pickup Warehousing Packing Shipping i If you are moving home or office or shipping a package, we have a wide range of packing supplies including corrugated boxes, bubble wrap, tape and any other essential packing items you may require ii We will pickup or receive each component, kit and hand assemble the package, store the inventory in our secure warehouse and ship out on demand iii Our secure warehouse hub, with state-of-the-art security and climate control systems, will receive and store any quantity or type of inventory, for any period of time iv We will ensure that your package gets to its destination safely and on time We offer a wide variety of delivery, time and insurance options and advise on the best method based on your package, destination, time frame and budget v You can either drop off your package or we can pick it up from your home or office vi Our online system enables multiple users to monitor your inventory stock levels and submit shipping orders directly to our warehouse hub in real time vii We enable you to keep track of all shipped packages online and in real time Simply, enter your package tracking number and monitor the status and location of your package Exercise Vocabulary Put the words in brackets in the correct form Our mission is to supply our customers with services that meet established (require) (1) We (constant) (2) seek to improve responsiveness, (product) (3) and quality We also develop (partners) (4) with our customers which encourages a well-founded (rely) (5) on our (able) (6) to comply which established customer requirements It is very important for us to develop partnerships with our (supply) (7) that provide us with quality parts and materials in a timely with our employees in providing the manner In addition, we participate (direct) (8) best benefits, working conditions and opportunity for personal and (profession) (9) (grow) (10) that our business will allow Finally, we train our staff to meet the needs of the ever-changing work environment and global marketplace Exercise Grammar Put the verbs in brackets in the correct tense We (enable) your warehouse to be more productive with the workforce it has Yesterday, we (find) new ways to cut costs This strategy (decrease) employee turnover next year These improvements (lead) to faster order fulfilment since 2010 It (work) by storing your database for every key task We (monitor) the actual time for task completion before you got this machine Employees at all levels (receive) immediate feedback on their performance now We (utilise) historical data when this strategy was introduced With accurate forecasts, managers (improve) labour efficiency every year Exercise Reading Read the text and answer the questions Here are some of the products and solutions that could help achieve your goal of optimising your warehousing operations We offer mobile computers, cordless barcode scanners, handheld scanners, wireless networking and power over Ethernet products, warehouse shipping software and comprehensive barcode scanning software packages We have a vehicle-mounted computer that will meet all your data processing needs Its rugged enclosure has no ventilation holes, ensuring that the front and back panels can withstand dust, water penetration and other environmental hazards We supply parcel and shipping scales to fit the needs of a wide variety of mail and package shippers We also design and supply a comprehensive line of wireless switches for all your mobility needs We provide you with a low-profile floor scale that features a durable platform design that can handle all kinds of warehousing traffic from forklifts to trucks It comes with a 300% overload capacity and a 150% end-load capacity Unit Questions What is the meaning of optimising, handheld, comprehensive, rugged and mobility? What is the main idea of the text? Are the products presented in the text important at a warehouse? Explain Which one is the most important? Why? Write a conclusion for the text Exercise Roleplay Work in pairs Imagine you are applying for the following job Prepare a conversation between you and your potential employer Job Summary Industries: Wholesale Trade / Import - Export Job Type: Employee / Material Handler - Warehousing / Shipping Duties: Pick and prepare orders for customers Receive and document products for inventory Receive and document returns from customers Load and / or unload trucks for deliveries / pickups Maintain accurate counts and locations of product Manage other warehouse personnel Follow safety procedures Skills / Qualifications: High school diploma required Minimum years warehouse experience Basic computer skills Good verbal and written communication skills Exercise Writing Invent a warehousing and shipping company and write about it using the following phrases was established in a warehousing company serving serve our customers, requirements now operate out of depots enhance our door-to-door capabilities serving the needs of your suppliers and customers give a personal and cost-effective service Income Statement Exercise Taxonomic Skills The following are six pieces of evidence for the usefulness and limitations of the income statement Put them in the correct column a It assesses the capacity to generate future cash flow by reporting income and expenditure b It predicts future performance c Some numbers depend on ju dgments and estimates (e.g depreciation depends on the estimated useful life and salvage value of the item) d It helps investors and creditors to determine the past financial performance of the enterprise e Some numbers depend on the accounting methods used f Items that might be relevant but cannot be reliably measured are not reported (e.g brand recognition and loyalty) Usefulness Limitations Unit Exercise Vocabulary Put the following phrases in the right place to complete the income statement template advertising gross sales utilities salaries repairs and maintenance cost of goods rent freight charges office supplies insurance gross profit taxes and licenses Company Name Income Statement From: January 1, xxxx To: December 31, xxxx Income Total Income Expenses Total Expenses Net Income Exercise Grammar A Write the verbs in the correct tense If you need help refer to the grammar box in your Students’ Book a When you (have) (1) a plan with fixed goals and action steps, you (guide) (2) your business through turbulent economic conditions b You (help) (3) increase your ability to make ju dgments after you (practise) (4) this strategy over a period of time c Before he (make) (5) a profit on his sales and a return on his investment, Mr Jet (decide) (6) what business he (concentrate) (7) on d As soon as you (decide) (8) what business you are in, you (be) (9) ready to consider another important part of your business plan e You (ask) (10) your banker to recommend people who know most about location in your line of business when you (think) (11) you have finally solved the site location question f When the money you can spend for advertising (be) (12) limited, it (be) (13) vital for your advertising to be on target time to determine what jobs you want to for your store before g You (take) (14) you (think) (15) about how much money you can afford for advertising B Write six sentences about income statement using the future time clause Exercise Reading Read the text and answer the questions Income statements and balance sheets are the most basic elements required by potential lenders, such as banks, investors and vendors They will use them to determine credit limits However, one should not forget the difference between an income statement and a balance sheet The first represents a period of time, while the latter represents a single moment in time It is very important to format an income statement so that it is relevant to the business It can be prepared in one of two methods The ‘s ingle step income statement’ totals revenues and subtracts expenses to find the bottom line The ‘m ulti-step income statement’ takes several steps to find the bottom line, starting with the gross profit It then calculates operating expenses and, when deducted from the gross profit, yields income from operations Adding to income from operations is the difference of other revenues and other expenses When combined with income from operations, this yields income before taxes The final step is to deduct taxes, which produces the net income for the measured period Questions What are the main ideas in the text? Match the words with their meanings a latter second b potential subtract c format give d yield plan e deduct possible Who are, according to the text, potential lenders? How many steps are found in the multi-step income statement? What are they? Write a concluding sentence for the text Glossary A abide by ve rb to accept or act in accordance with a rule, decision or recommendation: I said I would abide by their decision absorb ve rb to take in or soak up energy, a liquid or other substance by chemical or physical action, typically and gradually: B uildings can be designed to absorb and retain heat accentuate ve rb to make something more noticeable: The adve rtisement accentuates the benefits of the merchandise address noun the particulars of the place where someone lives or an organisation is situated: The y ex changed addr esses and agreed to keep in touch adj ust ve rb to alter or slightly move something in order to achieve the desired fit, appearance or result: The interest rate should be adj usted according to the infla tion rate advantageous adjective helpful and likely to make you successful: Thi s step was adv antageous to the firm since it helped increase its capital accountant noun a person whose job is to keep or inspect financial accounts: T ax advi sers can also be q ualified accountants who have undertaken formal training advert noun an advertisement; a notice or announcement in a public medium promoting a product, service or event or publicising a job vacancy: W e receive d only two replies to our adv erts accounts ex ecutive noun advertising firm’s representative who manages services for a particular client (called an account): Wha t does an adve rtising agency accounts ex ecutiv e do? advertising agency noun marketing services firm that assists companies in planning advertisements: The y own the largest adv ertising agenc y in the city accounts pay able noun money owed by a company to its creditors: V endors provi ding accounts pay able software or outsourcing affordable adjective reasonably priced: I am looking for an af f ordable car accounts receivable noun money owed to a company by its debtors: D ifferent consulting firms advi se collectors and others to manage accounts receiv able accurate adjective (of information, measurements, statistics, etc.) correct in all details; exact: It is essential that the doctor give s his patients accurate information about their illness acqu ire ve rb to learn or develop a skill, habit or quality: Y ou must acqui re the rudiments of Gr eek address ve rb to think about and begin to deal with an issue or problem: A fundamental problem has still to be addr essed 60 agricultural adjective relating to farming: T he major agr icultural products can be broadly grouped into foods, fibers, fuels and raw materials airtime noun time during which a broadcast is being transmitted: She keeps a margin from selling airtime which makes up her profit align ve rb to put things into correct or appropriate positions: The fan’s blades are carefully aligned allocating noun the process of distributing resources or duties for a particular purpose: The authorities are responsible for allocating homes to refugees alternative adjective an alternative idea, plan, etc is different from the one you have and can be used instead: D o you have any alternativ e suggestions? amortisation noun the process of reducting or extinguishing a debt by money regularly put aside: In 2001, our ex penses included $ 5 million of restructuring charges and $ million of goodwill amortisation analy st noun an investment expert, typically in a specified field: M y father is a senior market analyst animated cartoon noun a film made by photographing a series of cartoon drawings to give the illusion of movement when project ed in rapid sequence: C lick on “gr aphic” to v iew animated cartoon at the source annual adjective occurring once every year: I always attend the union’s annual conference apparition noun the appearance of something remarkable or unexpected: I love learning about the evo lution of comics, esp super heroes, as they are such a strange appar ition appreciation noun increase in monetary value: Sta tistics showed an appr eciation of 50% in property va lues assessment noun the evaluation or estimation of the nature, quality or ability of someone or something: H e made a rapid assessment of the situation assistant noun a person who helps in a particular work: My mother works as a laboratory assistant associated adjective connected with something else: P ain is the primary symptom associated with shoulder disorders affecting the soft tissue association noun a group of people organised for a join t purpose: Wha t is the vi ew of your national association about these programmes? assortment noun a mixed collection of things or people: The room was filled with an assortment of clothes audience noun the people giving or likely to give attention to something: The re will always be an audi ence for tragic literature authority (often authorities) noun a person or organisation having power or control in a particular, typically political or administrative sphere: W elsh health author ities face a 13 million SY P deficit this year auto bag roll noun a small roll of film used for packaging or protecting goods: T hey are the largest manufacturers and suppliers of auto bag rolls automated adjective using computers and machines to a job , rather than people: The production process is now fully automated aw ful adjective used to emphasise the extent of something, esp something unpleasant or negative: The chairperson gave an aw f ul speech B balance sheet noun a statement of the assets, liabilities and capital of a business or other organisation at a particular point in time, detailing the balance of income and expenditure over the preceding period: I will leave the ideological balance sheet to accountants banner noun a long strip of cloth bearing a slogan or design in a public place or carried in a demonstration or procession: A banner in the front window announced “Gr and Reopening” baronial adjective very large and richly decorated: The reception was held in the hotel’s baronial hall barrier noun a rule, problem or obstable that prevents people from doing something or limits what they can do: The exi sting electrical barrier is rapidly corroding basic adjective at the simplest or least developed level: The ir knowledge is ve ry basic bent adjectiv e something that is bent is no longer flat or straight: H e stepped on a bent nail brow se ve rb to search for information on a computer or on the Internet: Br ow se your hard drive and choose the graphic you want to display bid price noun the price that dealers or other prospective buyers are prepared to pay for securities or other assets: The bid pr ice was high bruised adjective fruit that has a mark on its skin that spoils its appearance and sometimes its taste: Br uised fruits are not appetising billboard noun a large outdoor board for displaying advertisements: I saw a billboard by the side of the road budget noun an estimate of income and expenditure for a set period of time: K eep within the household budget bill of lading noun a detailed list of a shipment of goods in the form of a receipt given by the carrier to the person consigning the goods: H e wouldn’t know an invo ice from a bill of ladi ng form boost noun an increase or improvement: The community will get a boost from a new library and recreation centre branch noun a division or office of a large business or organisation, operating locally or having a particular function: H e went to work at our A leppo branch brand noun type of product manufactured by a particular company under a particular name: Whi ch brand of soap you use? branding noun the promotion of a particular product or company by means of advertising and distinctive design: I think that personal brandi ng is a ve ry important topic broad adjectiv e covering a large number and wide scope of subject s or areas: H e has a broad range of exp erience in accounting broaden ve rb to increase something such as your knowledge, experience, or range of activities: Thi s course helps high school students broaden their general knowledge basics noun the essential facts or principles of a subje ct or skill: It is important to learn the basics of the business brochure noun a small book or magazine containing pictures and information about a product or service: The purpose of the brochur e is to introduce your business to the public basis noun the system or principles according to which an activity or process is carried on: She needed coaching on a regular basis brok en adjectiv e in small pieces because it has been hit, dropped, etc.: Wr ap it well so it doesn’t get broken in the mail benefit ve rb to receive an advantage; profit; gain: The deal benefited them both brok er noun a person who buys and sells goods or assets for others: The customs broker usually makes all necessary foreign trade customs arrangements benefit noun an advantage or profit gained from something: W e offer an ex cellent benefits packages bulk adjective cargo that is an unpackaged mass such as grain, oil or milk: The y imported bulk cargoes of timber and grain C campaign noun an organised course of action to achieve a particular goal: The y carried out a successful adve rtising campai gn candidate noun a person or thing regarded as suitable for or likely to receive a particular fate, treatment or position: She was the perfect candi dat e for a biography caption noun a heading or title, as of an article: Ea ch painting is accompanied by a capt ion capture ve rb to record or express accurately in words or pictures: S he did a series of sketches, trying to capt ure all his moods cargo noun goods carried on a ship, aircraft or motor vehicle: A ship carrying a carg o of oil has sunk cash fl ow noun the total amount of money being transferred into and out of a business: C ould you charter them in sixty days to give you a cash fl ow to sustain a reasonable repayment schedule? catalogue noun a publication containing details and often photographs of items for sale, esp one produced by a mailorder company: C atalogues for art exhi bitions may range in scale from a single printed sheet to a hardcov er book chain noun a group of establishments, such as hotels, stores or restaurants, owned by the same company: The y own the nation’s largest hotel ch ain 61 chair noun chairperson of an organisation, meeting or public event: The chai r of the committee did a press conference charge noun a price asked for goods or services: Fue l cha rges will rise in D ecember circulation noun the movement, exchange or availability of money in a country: The new coins will go into circulation today classify ve rb to arrange a group of people or things in classes or categories according to shared qualities or characteristics: Mo untain peaks are classified according to their shape clientele noun a group of clients of a shop: The restaurant attracts a young clientele coating noun a thin layer or covering of something: A coating of paint will make the room much brighter CO G S (Costs O f G oods S old) noun the cost of purchasing raw material and manufacturing finished products: O ne of the most commonly recognised figures in accounting is cost of goods sold collaboration noun the action of working with someone to produce or create something: H e wrote on art and architecture in collaboration with Jo hn collapse ve rb (of an institution or undertaking) to fail suddenly and completely: In the face of such resolve his opposition finally collaps ed colleague noun a person with whom one works, esp in a profession or business: She discussed the idea with some of her colleagues column noun a section of a newspaper or magazine regularly devoted to a particular subject or written by a particular person: I read nothing ex cept the criminal news and the agony column combine ve rb to unite or merge: The band combines a va riety of musical influ ences compensate ve rb to pay a sum of money to make up for a loss or injur y: P ayments were made to farmers to compens ate them for cuts in subsidies competitive adjective having a strong desire to be more successful than others: So me U S industries are not as compet itiv e as they have been in the past 62 competitive edge noun a factor that gives a special advantage to a nation, company, group or individual when it is competing with others: It encourages us to bring clarity and compet itiv e edge to our offering competitor noun an organisation or country that is engaged in commercial or economic competition with others: La st year they sold twice as many computers as their compet itors computer graphics noun visual images produced by computer processing: Ea rly comput er gr aphi effects in movi es where not ve ry realistic c concrete adjective real; definite: I have n’t got any concrete proof confirm ve rb to tell someone that a possible arrangement, date or situation is now definite or official: C ould you confirm the dates we discussed? conference noun a formal meeting for discussion: H e gathered all the men around the table for a conf erence conglomerate noun a large corporation formed by the merging of separate and diverse firms: The larger companies are mostly part of multi- national conglom erates consignee noun the person that something is delivered to: Se lect the consignee to whom the documentation needs to be sent prior to shipment consignment noun agreement to pay a supplier of goods after the goods are sold: H e sells new and used children’s clothing on consignm ent convert ve rb to change in form, character or function: The y conv erted the spare bedroom into an office coordinate ve rb to negotiate with others in order to work together effectively: Y ou will coordi nate with consultants and other departments on a va riety of projects copy w riter noun a person who writes the text of advertisements or publicity material: The key to being a successful cop yw riter is to write effective ly rather than correctly correspondence noun letters sent or received: H is wife dealt with his priva te correspondence corrugated adjective in the shape of waves or folds or made like this in order to give something strength: I’ m searching for some kind of corruga ted metal roofing material cost noun an amount that has to be paid to buy or obtain something: W e are able to cove r the cost of the ev ent cost ve rb to have a particular price: A full day’s activi ties will cost you 45 SY P cost-effici ent adjective effective or productive in relation to its cost: The most cost-ef ficient way to inve st in the stock market counter service noun a form of service in restaurants where food or refreshments are ordered at the counter: C ustomers who receive counter servi ce will either pay for the order before or at the time that the order is receive d consistent adjective always behaving in the same way or having the same attitudes, standards: The robot behave s according to certain consistent patterns cover ve rb to include or deal with a particular subject , group of things or a period of time: The course cov ers business law to be enough to pay a bill or cost: The award should be enough to cov er her tuition fees consulting noun the business of giving specialist advice to other professionals, typically in financial and business matters: Y ou should have a wide background in consulting in order to get this job cover story noun the main story that appears with a picture on the front cover of a newspaper or magazine: V isit our website to read the full cov er story container noun very large metal box in which goods are placed to make it easy to lift or move them onto a ship or vehicle: Shi pping containers are usually made of aluminium contaminant noun a polluting or poisonous substance: A major fraction of chemistry is invo lve d with identifying, isolating and studying contaminants crack ed adjective damaged and showing lines on the surface from having split without coming apart: The old pipes were cracked and leaking crate noun a large box made of wood or plastic that is used for carrying fruit, bottles, etc.: H e bought a crate of pears credit noun a payment received: C an worthy people and companies obtain credi t on decent terms? critical adjective (of a situation or problem) having the potential to become disastrous; at a point of crisis: The flo od waters had not receded, and the situation was still critical crucial adjective of great importance: The game is crucial to our survi va l crushed adjective something pressed so hard that it is broken or damaged: The crushed car was taken to the scrap yard cultivating noun the process of acquiring or developing a quality, sentiment or skill: O ur company has succeeded in cultiv ating skills and methods to solve these problems current noun happening or existing now: In its current state, the car is worth £1, customer service noun the part of a company or business that deals with questions, problems, etc that customers have: Y ou should call customer servi ce and complain customise ve rb to change something to make it more suitable for you, or to make it special or different from things of a similar type: O nly registered editors can customise the articles on our website D damage noun physical harm that is done to something or to part of someone’s body, so that it is broken or injur ed: The other ship sustained only minor dam age damaged adjective object s that are physically harmed: Damaged cars are usually kept in scrap yards decline ve rb to fall in value or price: Sp ending on information technology has decli ned decompose ve rb to break down into component elements or simpler constituents: Ma ny chemicals decom pos e rapidly under high temperature defect noun a fault or lack: A ll the cars are tested for d ef ects before they leave the factory delay noun a period of time by which something is late or postponed: The y must restore normal servi ces without delay delegated adjective authorised to something as a representative: H e is the delegat ed staff member disseminate information ve rb to spread or disperse information widely: H ealth authorities should foster good practice by di sseminating inf ormation deliver ve rb to take goods, letters, packages, etc to a particular place or person: The morning mail has just been deli v ered demand noun the desire of purchasers, consumers, clients, employers, etc., for a particular commodity, service or other item: a recent slump in dem and pressing requirements: H e’s got enough dem ands on his schedule distinction noun a difference or contrast between two similar things or people: I was completely unaware of class di stinctions distribution noun the action or process of supplying goods to stores and other businesses that sell to consumers: A manager has the choice of four types of di stribution dented adjective having a slight hollow in a hard, even surface made by a blow or by the exertion of pressure: H e fix ed the dent ed passenger door diversification noun a corporate strategy in which a company acquires or establishes a business other than that of its current product: B ut this kind of di v ersification took the company’s focus off its core asset depot noun a place where goods are stored until they are needed: W e got to the store depot , loaded up and started to return dividend noun a sum of money paid regularly by a company to its shareholders out of its profits: W e should eliminate tax es on di vi de nd and interest income depreciation noun a reduction in the value of an asset with the passage of time: Tha t’s only 1% and that’s not eve n counting depr eciation derive ve rb to originate or come from: C heese and butter are der iv ed from milk documentary noun a movie or a television or radio programme that provides a factual record or report: The docum entary is scheduled to be shown again destination noun the place to which someone or something is going or being sent: Thi s is a popular des tination for golfers device noun a mechanical or electronic tool that is made or adapted to a particular purpose: The tape measure is one ex ample of a measuring de vi ce diesel adjectiv e having an internal combustion engine in which heat produced by the compression of air in the cylinder is used to ignite the fuel: A re di esel engines more efficient than petrol engines? dilemma noun a situation in which a difficult choice has to be made between two or more alternatives, especially equally undesirable ones: The people often face the di lemma of feeding themselv es or their cattle discolouration noun a place on the surface of something that has become discoloured: The di scolouration from the bruising lasted ov er months discuss ve rb to talk about something with another person or group of people: I di scussed the problem with a friend disfigure ve rb to spoil the appearance that something naturally has: H e had been di sfigur ed in an accident duty noun a payment due and enforced by law or custom on the import, export, manufacture or sale of goods: The gove rnment has levi ed a percent dut y on imports E E BIT DA (E arning Before In terest, T ax es, Depreciation and Amortisation) noun an approximate measure of a company’s operating cash flow based on data from the company’s income statement: E B I T DA does not measure cash earnings because it omits all tax exp enses editorial noun a newspaper article that gives an opinion on a topical issue: Ea ch edition of the newspaper contains an edi torial, a number of main articles, a section on innov ativ e practice and book revi ews efficient adjective if someone or something is efficient, they work well without wasting time, money or energy: She is an ef ficient secretary elicit ve rb to evoke or draw out a response, answer or fact from someone in reaction to one’s own actions or questions: The y inva riably elicit ex clamations of approva l from guests 63 eliminate ve rb to completely remove or get rid of something: W e need to deve lop a new policy that would eliminate infla tion ex cessive adjective much more than is reasonable or necessary: H er family complained that she had spent an ex cessiv e amount of money e-ma rk eting noun marketing of products or services over the Internet: D id the new e-m arketing campaign succeed? exp edite ve rb to make a process or action happen more quickly: Thi s new search engine will greatly expedi te students’ research empow er ve rb to give a person or organisation the legal right to something: W e should encourage our children to try their best at school and empo w er them to take charge of their future exp enses noun the costs incurred in the performance of one’s job or a specific task, esp one undertaken for another person: H e calculated his hotel and trave l expens es enhance ve rb to improve something: The y enhanced their company’s customer servi ce office exp osed ve rb make something visible, typically by uncovering it: A t low tide, the sands are expos ed exter nal adjective coming from or relating to a foreign country or an outside institution: W e collected the data from ext ernal sources ensure ve rb to make certain that something shall occur: The client must ensure that accurate records be kept extr act ve rb to remove or take out, esp by effort or force: The decayed tooth will hav e to be ext racted entitled to phrasal ve rb to give someone a legal right or a jus t claim to receive or something: The landlord is entitled to req uire references entrepreneur noun someone who starts a new business or arranges business deals in order to make money, often in a way that involves financial risks: A n entrepr eneur should be a positive thinker, an improvi ser and a hard worker episode noun each of the separate instalments into which a serialised story or radio or television programme is divided: If you want to see it yourself the epi sode is ava ilable here equ ipment noun the tools, machines, clothes, etc that you need to a particular job , or activity: H e sells brand new computer equi pm ent essential adjective extremely important: It is essential to keep upto- date reports establishment noun a business organisation, public institution or household: The se general req uirements apply to all hotels and catering establishm ents E uropean U nion (E U ) noun an economic and political association of European countries as a unit with internal free trade and common external tariffs: O ur website provi des an access to information published by the E urop ean Uni on ex ceptional adjective unusual; not typical: Thi s is an ex cept ional case; I’ve neve r seen anything like it before 64 E tx r action-A ssist Ro bot noun a humanoid robot designed as a method for transporting wounded soldiers on the battlefield to safety: The B attlefield E xt raction-A ssist R obot has the size and shape of an adult male human F facility noun a building or place that provides a particular service for a particular industry fairness noun the quality of being reasonable: I trust the f airness of the judicial system fallacy noun a mistaken belief, esp one based on unsound argument: A f allacy is an argument based on a false premise fascinated ve rb draw irresistibly the attention and interest of (someone): I’ve been always f ascinated by the sunset scene feasibility adjective a plan, idea or method that is feasible is possible and is likely to work: W e’re doing a f easibility study to make a decision about whether we should launch operations sometime nex t year feature article noun a special or prominent article in a newspaper or magazine: The y ran a f eature article on retirement planning feedback noun information about reactions to a product, a person’s performance of a task, etc used as a basis for improvement: W e are working on a new system for blog adv ertising and the f eedback is always useful fidelity programme noun a programme designed to lower the turnover among users of a product or service by rewarding customers with incentives or other benefits for remaining customers: The y launched a new local fideli ty pr ogr amme financial adjective relating to money or currency: Fi nancial analysts use spreadsheet and statistical software packages to analyse financial data financial condition noun the financial status of a company at a specific point in time often described in a financial statement: The company’s financial condi tion is unstable firm noun a business, esp one involving a partnership of two or more people: H e opened his own law firm firmly adve rb tightly; strongly: Ti e the rope firmly to the post fiscal adjective relating to taxes: I want to talk about the company’s new fiscal policy fl eet noun a number of ships, vehicles or aircraft operating together or under the same ownership: The agency fl eet is replaced each year with new cars fl ip-top bag noun a bag having a lid or cover that can be easily opened by pulling, pushing or flicking it with the finger: Fli p-t op bags are great for packing clothing follow -u p noun an activity carried out as part of a study in order to monitor or further develop earlier work: A f ollow -up intervi ew was set for tommorrow F ood and Agricultural Fu nd (F AO ) noun an agency of the U nited N ations whose responsibility is to secure improvements in the production and distribution of food and agricultural products and to raise levels of nutrition: The F ood and A gr icultural Fund was established in 1945 footnote noun a piece of additional information that is not very important but is interesting or helps you understand something: A ccording to a f ootnote, the techniq ue was not used forw arder noun a person or organisation that supervises the dispatch and delivery of goods, esp by making banking and insurance arrangements and completing required documents: A t least this thread begins to address the malicious party as the f orw arder H fragility noun the quality of being easily broken or damaged: Gla ss is known for its fragility hamper ve rb to hinder or impede the movement or progress of: The ir work is ham per ed by lack of funds franchise noun an authorisation granted by a government or company to an individual or group enabling them to carry out specified commercial activities, such as providing a broadcasting service or acting as an agent for a company’s products: The future for this f ranchi se is anything but clear handheld adjective small and light enough to be operated while you hold it in your hands: So me memory cards are used in handheld computers or digital cameras freight noun goods transported by truck, train, ship or aircraft: W e’ll send your personal belongings by air f reight fundamental adjective forming a necessary base or core; of central importance: The U nited Na tions protects f undam ental human rights G G eneral and Administrative (G & A) E xp enses noun the expenses of operating a business that is not directly linked to the company’s products or services: The re are many possible gener al and adm inistrativ e ex pens es invo lve d in starting and running a business generate ve rb to produce or cause something; to create: The programme would gener ate a lot of new jobs good handle exp ression to start to understand a situation or subject : It’ s difficult to get a goo d handle on how widespread this problem is grant ve rb to give something formally or legally: Fund s are gr anted to q ualified researchers gross income noun the total amount of money people have before taxes: G ross income is used in seve ral important calculations gross loss noun total losing trades including commission: O perations produced a gr oss loss of 1 million SY P during the first q uarter last year guarantee ve rb to promise to something or to promise that something will happen: I guar antee you’ll love this film H air-W ashing machine noun subject matter having means esp designed for washing a person’s hair or means to assist in the washing of the hair: I bought an automatic Hai r-W ashi ng Machi ne hub noun the central and most important part of an area, system, activity, etc which all the other parts are connected to: D oes anyone know where the local commercial hub is located? handle ve rb to the things that are necessary to complete a job : I handled most of the paperwork to deal with a situation or problem by behaving in a particular way and making particular decisions: The headmaster handled the situation ve ry well handle noun the part of an object that you use for holding it: I bought a knife with a carve d wooden handle header bag noun bag that has one to two headers with seal beneath it to allow for separation between bag and hanging area and a hole to allow hanging on a display hook: Header bags are used in retail stores for hanging displays headline noun a heading at the top of an article or page in a newspaper or magazine: Headli nes are generally written by copy editors hectic adjectiv e very busy or full of activity: I have a ve ry hect ic schedule next week hi-fi adjective used for or relating to the reproduction of music or other sound with high quality: In the 1950s , the term high fidelity or hi -fi began to be used by audio manufacturers as a marketing term high-r esolution adjective relating to an image that has fine detail: Hi ghresolution photos are req uired for sharp reproduction in our publications highly adjective extremely; greatly: A cids are hi ghly dangerous chemicals household noun all the people who live together in one house: The best strategy for each hous ehold is to pay off all debts and save as much as possible I IMF (In ternational Mon etary F und) noun a U nited N ations agency to promote trade by increasing the exchange stability of the maj or currencies: The world owes its prosperity to the inter- related missions of the I nternational Monet ary F und and the W orld B ank impact noun the effect or influence of one person, thing or action on another: O ur regional measures have had a significant impact on unemployment impede ve rb to make it difficult for someone or something to move forward or make progress: Sp ecialised tariffs impede the flo w of trade implementing noun putting a decision, plan, agreement, etc into effect or action: I think he will succeed in implem enting his health care ideas imply ve rb to strongly suggest the truth or existence of something not expressly stated: The report impl ies that two million jobs might be lost import noun a tax you pay on commodities, articles or service brought in from abroad for sale: In D ecember last year, the gov ernment had reduced impor t dut y on natural rubber impulse noun a sudden, strong and unreflective urge or desire to act: Ma rge’s first impuls e was to run income statement noun summary of revenues, costs and expenses for a business over a period of time: The counter- party thus would be able to avo id charges to its income statement resulting from declines in the va lue of its assets infl ate ve rb to increase something by a large or excessive amount: O bjectiv es should be clearly set out so as not to duplicate work and infl ate costs install ve rb to place or fix equipment, software or machinery in position ready for use: W e’re planning to install a new shower integrate ve rb to form or unite two or more things into a whole: Th e gove rnment has integr ated the public transportation system 65 interaction noun a process by which two or more things affect each other: Pr ice is determined through the interaction of demand and supply the activity of talking to other people, working together with them, etc.: The recreational games facilitated social interactions with other children interest noun money paid regularly at a particular rate for the use of money lent, or for delaying the repayment of a debt: The interest on the loan is 16 % per year a feeling of wanting to know or learn about something: H e deve loped an interest in art the advantage or benefit of a person or group: W e are acting in the best interests of our customers internal adjective existing or occurring within an organisation: The y installed an internal telephone system interrogate ve rb to ask someone a lot of questions for a long time in order to get information: The police interrogat ed the suspect for seve ral hours interview ee noun a person who answers questions in an interview: Inte rvi ewers can be q uite surprised when the intervi ew ee is genuinely interested in something inventory noun a list of all the things in a place: W e made an inv entory of eve rything in stock investor noun someone who gives money to a company, business or bank in order to get a profit: A major inv estor threatened to stop funding the project irrational adjective not logical or reasonable: H is behavi our is ve ry irrational issue noun an important topic or problem for debate or discussion: The y wanted to adress the issue concerning pollution 66 leisure adjective use of free time for enjoy ment: B usy working people don’t have time for leisure activi ties J libel noun a published false statement that is damaging to a person’s reputation: The company’s lawyer sued two national newspapers for libel j argon noun special words or expressions that are used by a particular profession or a group of experts and are difficult for others to understand: K eep the report simple and avo id the use of j argon lorry noun a large vehicle for carrying heavy goods: The lorry is said to hav e been on the wrong side of the road when the accident happened j ump line noun a line telling on, or from, what page a newspaper story is continued: T o which page does the j ump line refer us? loss noun the fact or process of losing something or someone: The company made a loss of $250, last year K k eep an ey e on ve rb keep under careful observation: D ealers are keepi ng an eye on the currency markets intermediary noun a person who acts as a link between people in order to try to bring about an agreement or reconciliation: The deal was concluded through an intermedi ary intermediate adjective having more than a basic knowledge or level of skill but not yet advanced: Thi s book is suitable for intermedi ate learners of Engli sh leading qu estion noun a question that deliberately tricks someone into giving the answer you want: D on’t ask leadi ng ques tions issue ve rb if an organisation or someone in an official position issues something such as documents or equipment, they give these things to people who need them: The U S Sta te department issues millions of passports each year integrity noun the quality of being honest and having strong moral principles; moral uprightness: H e is known to be a man of integr ity ki ck er noun a surprising or unexpected end to an event: The kicker came when the reporter asked the 2- mile runner whether she was tired or not L label noun a piece of paper or another material that is attached to something and gives information about it: It says “d ry clean” on the label M mark eting portfolio noun an accumulation of the student’s work or research assignments: C reating a job marketing por tf olio can set you apart from the rest of the candidates mass mark et noun the market for goods that are produced in large quantities: A mass market may consist of a whole population or just a segment of that population mast noun a tall metal tower that sends out radio and television signals: No body wants a mobile phone mast put up anywhere near where they liv e laminated adjective covered with a thin layer of plastic for protection: Si x sheets of plastic laminated card material are provi ded at the end of the book measure noun a plan or course of action taken to achieve a particular purpose: C hildren were eva cuated as a precautionary measure lapse noun a temporary failure of concentration, memory or j udgement: D espite the occasional laps e, this was a fine performance by the young pianist mechanism noun a natural or established process by which something takes place or is brought about: W e have no mechani sm for assessing the success of forwarded inq uiries launch ve rb to introduce a new product or publication to the public for the first time: The company has launched a software package specifically for the legal sector law suit noun a claim or dispute brought to a court of law: H is lawyer filed a law suit against Lo s A ngeles city lay out noun the way in which writing and pictures are arranged on a page: The most common layout of a business letter is known as block format leading adjective best, most important or most successful: The y played a leadi ng role in organising the annual summer camp media noun the main means of mass communication, esp television, radio, newspapers and the Internet regarded collectively: The medi a is a ve ry good means of spreading news media outlet noun a publication or broadcast programme that transmits feature stories and news to the public through various distribution channels: O ur website is a worldwide news media guide with more than 30 medi a outlets mellow adjective relaxed and goodhumoured: H e was less of a fighter and more of a mellow guy merchandise noun goods meant to be bought and sold: Thi s store has an astonishing range of merchandi se merchandising noun the activity of promoting the sale of goods, esp by their presentation in retail outlets: Pr oblems rooted in ove r exp ansion and poor merch andi sing merger noun the joinin g together of two or more companies or organisations to form one larger one: The re has been a lot of talk about a merger between two leading banks money -b ack guarantee exp ression a simple promise that, if a buyer is not satisfied with a product or service, a refund will be made: W e are so certain that you will be completely satisfied with our products, that we offer a year unconditional money-back guar antee morality noun principles concerning the distinction between right and wrong or good and bad behaviour: The past few years have seen a sharp decline in morality motivation noun the general desire or willingness of someone to something: Y ou ought to keep your staff up- to- date and maintain their interest and motiv ation optimal adjective best or most favourable: The conditions for sailing are opt imal today non-p rofit organisation adjective an organised body of people whose purpose is not to make any profit: The y are building a new non-pr ofit educational institution optimise ve rb to improve the way that something is done or used so that it is as effective as possible: The circumstances need to be opt imised so that we attract inve stors non-r ecurring adjective not occurring periodically or repeatedly: Thi s year’s earnings, ex cluding non-r ecurring items, decreased by 4% mobility noun the ability to move or be moved freely and easily: I think that labour mobility is a really good thing modify ve rb to make small changes to something in order to improve it and make it more suitable or effective: The feedback will be used to modi f y the course for next year opportunity noun a set of suitable circumstances for a certain course of action: W e may see increased oppor tunity for exp orts net sale noun dollar sales amount remaining when reduced by sales tax and any returns or allowances: H alf the net sale will be donated to a children’s fund organisation norms noun generally accepted standards of social behaviour: Nor ms are meant to keep people in check order noun a request by a customer for a company to supply goods: Go ods will be sent within 24 hours of receivi ng your order outstanding adjective a debt remaining to be paid or dealt with: The re was a small charge outstand ing extremely good: Thi s is an outstand ing painting novelty adjective something unusual, small or cheap that is often given as a present: T his shop has a wide selection of nov elties and t- shirts overhead noun money spent regularly on rent, insurance, electricity and other things that are needed to keep a business operating: The ir offices are in Lo ndon so the ov erheads are v ery high O obj ective noun a thing aimed at: The system helped us achieve our obj ectiv es oligopoly noun the control of all or most of a business activity by very few companies, so that other organisations cannot easily compete with them: Regarding oil, it is an oligopoly with a guaranteed fix ed high demand omission noun someone or something that has been left out or excluded: The omission of recent publications from his bibliography caused him to be accused of plagiarism N on demand exp ression as soon as or whenever required: H e promised us endless coffee on dem and net income noun income after all expenses and taxes have been deducted: A ll these lands were rented, but the net income was not large one-o ff exp enses noun an expense that is paid once and not repeated: The se charges include one-o f f exp enses and restructuring charges net income from continuing operations noun an income statement figure indicating the net income that a firm brings in from ongoing business activities: A fter all of these exp enses are deducted, the inve stor is left with a figure called net income f rom continuing oper ations operate ve rb function or work: W e have as yet no conclusive evi dence on how these cells oper ate net profit noun the actual profit after working expenses not included in the calculation of gross profit have been paid: Y ou did all the trading and all I did was figure your net pr ofit or loss operating income noun income generated from regular business operations: The oper ating income is the sum of the operating reve nue and the operating exp enses operating exp enses noun the cost of operating a business: O PEX is the abbrevi ated form of oper ating expens e opponent noun someone who you try to defeat in a competition, game, fight or argument: H e is admired eve n by his opp onents overpow er ve rb to defeat or overcome with superior strength: O v erpo w er your wicked self with your will P pack aging noun a process of wrapping something for sale: A lways check the date on the pack agi ng packi ng noun when you put things into cases or boxes so that you can send or take them somewhere: D o you need help pack ing your clothes padded adjective filled or covered with a soft material to make it thicker or more comfortable: A fter a long day at work, I put my bag on the table and settled on the paded chair page setup noun the way in which a page is organised, planned or arranged: If you want to create professional q uality documents, then learning to use the page setup tools is a must pallet w rap noun a stretch film commonly used to protect and secure loads of packaged goods: Ma ss- market retailers use shrink wrap for multipack items and pallet w rap for product warehousing P aper-B ased Li thium-Ion Batteries noun ultra-thin batteries that could be used to power electronic newspapers: P aper -Bas ed Li thi um- I on Bat teries were deve loped by St anford researchers 67 pay ment in advance exp ression trading method in which the buyer pays for the goods before they are sent out: P ayment in adv ance is a must at this institution prestige adjective something of high quality that people respect you for: he has always been interested in upkeeping the pr estige of his family prevent v erb to keep something from happening or arising: A ction must be taken to p rev ent accidents pay rise noun an increase in the money you earn: H e gave his employees a 4% pay rise percentage noun an amount expressed as if it is a part of a total which is 100: T ax is paid as a per centage of total income prestige adjective denoting something that arouses such respect or admiration: H e played tiny roles in prestige films process noun a series of actions or steps taken in order to achieve a particular end: The y deve loped a new canning p rocess perception noun a way of regarding, understanding or interpreting something: W e need to change many popular per cept ions of old age performance noun the extent to which an investment is profitable, esp in relation to other investments: B oth the first and second chart appear to have improve d in per f ormance production noun the process of making or growing things to be sold, esp in large quantities: B y Se ptember, the new engine was in pr oduct ion P erpetual Moti on Device noun any device or system that produces more energy than it consumes, resulting in a net output of energy for indefinite time: The laws of physics have to be broken for the P erpet ual Mot ion Devi ce to work properly profit margin noun the difference between the cost of producing something and the price at which you sell it: The company’s pr ofit margi n was going down perspective noun way of regarding something; a point of view: Mo st history guidebooks are written from the editor’s per spect iv e promotion noun the activity intended to help sell a product, or the product that is being promoted: The winter sales pr omotion will start next week policy noun a course or principle of action adopted or proposed by a government, party, business or individual: It is not company poli cy to dispense with our older workers provision noun an amount or thing supplied or provided: O ur company offers childcare pr ovi sion to staff with children up to the age of fiv e years old poly thene noun a strong light plastic used to make bags or sheets for covering food, small containers, etc.: The ir roots are in a little poly thene bag with some soil and they look pretty dormant public relations noun the state of the relationship between the public and a company or other organisations: Eve ry company should have a publi c relations office purchase ve rb to buy something: Y ou can p urchas e an insurance policy online portray ve rb to describe or represent something or someone in a work of art or literature: The author wanted to por tray a new type of hero purchase noun something you buy, or the act of buying it: She paid for her pur chas es and left potential adjective having or showing the capacity to become or develop into something in the future: It would seem that there are two ends in pot ential confli ct potential impact noun possible influence: H e talked about the pot ential impact of climate change on world food supply preference noun a greater liking for one alternative over another: a pr ef erence for long walks and tennis ove r jogging 68 pursuit noun search for something in a determined way: The journalist is writing many articles in pur suit of va rious social objective s Q qu estionnaire noun a set of printed or written questions with a choice of answers, devised for the purposes of a survey or statistical study: The study will consist of a large scale ques tionnaire qu ota noun an official limit on the number or amount of something that is allowed in a particular period: The gove rnment has imposed quot as on the exp ort of timber R radio w aves noun a form of electric energy that can move through air or space: The re is a treatment which uses radi o w av es to heat up the cancer cells until they are killed off rapidly adve rb happening in a short period of time or at a fast pace: The country’s economy is declining rap id ly ratio noun a relationship between two amounts, represented by a pair of numbers showing how much bigger one amount is than the other: The ratio of nursing staff to doctors is to rationally adve rb logically or reasonably: Thi nk rationally Ra y theon’ s X O S E x osk eleton noun a robotic suit that allows the user to lift 200 pounds hundreds of times without exhaustion: R aytheon’ s X O S E x oskeleton has been named one of the best inve ntions of 201 readership noun the readers of a newspaper, magazine or book regarded collectively: It has a reader shi p of 10 million realistic adjective having or showing a sensible and practical idea of what can be achieved or expected: Jo bs are scarce at the moment, so you’ve got to be realistic recent adjective having happened or begun not long ago: The situation has improve d in recent years recurring adjective occurring periodically or repeatedly: Na ture is a recurring theme in the poetry of the Romantics reduce ve rb make smaller or less in amount, degree or size: The helmet law should reduce injuries in motorcycle accidents rej ect ve rb to refuse to agree to a request: The proposal was rej ected by the comittee relational mark eting noun promotional and selling activities aimed at developing and managing trusting and long-term relationships with larger customers: C ompanies are turning to relational marketing in order to deve lop more creative and cost- effective strategies reliable adjective can be trusted or depended on: H e is a reliable man report noun a spoken or written description of an event or situation: H e gave a repor t on his sales trip to K orea route noun a way or course taken in getting from a starting point to a destination: O ur route was vi a Eur ope representative noun someone who speaks officially on behalf of a company, organisationor group of people: Eve ry one of our elected repr esentativ es had to make their choice requ est ve rb to politely ask someone to something: The items I reque sted aren’t av ailable at the moment routine noun a sequence of actions regularly followed; a fixed programme: I settled down into a routine of work and sleep resource noun something such as useful land or minerals that exist in a country and can be used to increase its wealth: O ur country is rich in natural resources a stock or supply of money, materials, staff and other assets that can be drawn on by a person or organisation in order to function effectively: Lo cal authorities complained that they lacked resources something such as a book, film or picture used by teachers or students to provide information: Thi s book is a good resource about commerce restock ve rb to stock again: Sto ck up on Sa turday, restock on the next Sa turday and hope eve rything keeps well through the week restriction noun a rule or law that limits or controls what people can do: The law imposed new financial restrictions on priva te companies retail noun the sale of goods in shops to customers for their own use and not for selling to anyone else: H e is a manager with twenty years of exp erience in the retail business retain ve rb to continue to have: Y ou have the right to retain possession of the goods return noun the amount of profit that you get from something: Ma rkets are showing extr emely poor returns revenue noun money that a business or organisation receives over a period of time, esp from selling goods or services: Thi s new project will increase rev enues for website publishers revolutionary adjective completely new and different, esp in a way that leads to great improvements: The new cancer medicine is a rev olutionary breakthrough rival noun person or thing competing with another for the same objec tive or for superiority in the same field of activity: H e has no serious riv al for the job roll ve rb to move over a surface smoothly without stopping: T ears rolled down her cheeks rugged adjective strongly built and not likely to break easily: It is rolled up and shipped in a rugged mailing tube run ve rb to be in charge of or to manage something: She runs her own business rural adjective happening in or relating to the countryside, not the city: She live s in a remote rural area S safeguard ve rb to protect something from harm or damage: The industry has a duty to saf eguar d the interest of consumers sales analy sis noun the determination of the extent to which a sales force has met its sales obj ectives within the specified timeframe: The sales analysis shows a significant increase in reve nue sales & mark eting exp enses noun wages, salaries and commissions for a company’s sales and marketing personnel: W e should monitor our sales and marketing expens es sales costs noun expenses directly related to creating the goods or services being sold: Gr oss profits will be as much as 90% of the sales cost sales revenue noun the amount of money from customers for the sale of goods and services during a period of time: Ge nerate new sales rev enue by exte nding one of the most secure, wellmanaged and cost- effective platforms in the industry sales target noun the amount of sales a sales representative is expected to achieve: T he mov ie was a potential sales targ et at the festiva l, where it won the award for best screenplay scheduled adjective included in or planned according to a schedule: The bus makes one scheduled thirty- minute stop scoot ve rb to move quickly and suddenly: The bugs that scoot along the water surface are not spiders scratched adjective having small cuts or marks on something by pulling something sharp across it: D id you photograph the scratched car before leavi ng the accident scene? sealed adjective closed so that they can only be read by a certian person or a certain time: H e folded the sealed enve lope and walked to the mailbox seasonal adjective happening, expected or needed during a particular season: A lthough it was hot, the city was drenched in seasonal rains sector noun an area or portion that is distinct from others: I believ e they should share some of the economic strife that the priva te sector is liv ing seek ve rb to try to achieve or get something: The painter tries to seek perfection in his paintings segment noun each of the parts into which something is or may be divided: The hotel industry’s lux ury segm ent is rebounding faster than the ov erall hotel market service noun a particular type of help or work that is provided by a business to customers, but not one that involves producing goods: A wide range of financial servi ces are provi ded setup noun the way in which an organisation or equipment is organised, planned or arranged: W ould you feel comfortable in a teamteaching setup ? shipment noun a load of goods sent by sea, road or air; or the act of sending them: The goods are ready for shi pm ent shrink-w rap noun clinging transparent plastic film used to enclose an article as packaging: The most commonly used shr ink-w rap is polyolefin simultaneously adve rb occurring, operating or being done at the same time: T wo letters arrive d simultaneously from the library siren noun a device that makes a loud prolonged sound as a signal or warning: A police siren chimed as the car sped past below my window situate ve rb to fix or build something in a certain place or position: The pilot light is usually situated on the right of the front of the boiler ski d noun a set of wooden rollers used for moving a log or other heavy object : The earliest skid was patened in 1924 69 steam engine noun an engine that uses the expansion or rapid condensation of steam to generate power: Steam engi nes were first inve nted in 1705 slight adjective small in degree; inconsiderable: The chance of success is ve ry slight slip noun a minor or careless mistake: The judge made a slip in his summing up slogan noun a short and striking or memorable phrase used in advertising: The y designed a slogan for their new product stimulate ve rb to encourage development of or increased activity in a state or process: We need innovative mechanisms to stimulate the economy strategy noun a plan of action or policy designed to achieve a maj or or overall aim: It’ s time to dev elop a coherent economic strategy soft goods noun textiles or clothing and related merchandise: The new shop sells original sof t goods sole adjective one and only: My sole aim was to contribute to the national team solid adjective dependable: Y ou can rely on Sa mer for good solid advi ce storage room noun room where goods are stored: H e’d found it in an old toolbox in the rear storage room of his TV repair shop species noun group of living organisms consisting of similar individuals capable of exchanging genes or interbreeding: In a small space, a particular speci es of jellyfish goes to the bottom of the tank and just sits sufficient adjective enough or adequate: The y had suf ficient resources to survi ve suit noun a set of clothes to be worn on a particular occasion or for a particular activity: My mum bought me a new jogging suit summary lead noun the traditional jour nalism tool used to start off most hard news stories: Thi s lecture ex amines the deve lopment of summary lead in traditional news specific adjective precise and clear in making statements or issuing instructions: Whe n ordering goods, be speci fic spoil ve rb to diminish or destroy the value or quality of: I wouldn’t want to spoi l your fun staff noun all the people employed by a particular organisation: The entire staf f has done an outstanding job this year supplier noun a resource from which a person or place can be provided with the necessary amount of that resource: H is company is the largest suppli er of office eq uipment stained adjective carrying a mark on something, esp one that cannot be removed, or to be marked in this way: Mi x one cup of white vi negar with two cups of water and apply it to the stained carpet area survey noun a set of questions that you ask a large number of people in order to find out about their opinions or record their behaviour: The surv ey showed that B ritain’s trees are in good health stain-r epellent adjective an agent that is applied to an object ’s surface which primarily acts as a water repellent: U se stain-r epe llent spray to protect your fabrics stak eholder noun a person with an interest or concern in something, esp a business: W e bring key stakeholder s together in a workshop eve nt statement noun a document setting out items of debit and credit between a bank or other organisation and a customer: Thi s statement is an interesting one for seve ral reasons status noun a situation at a particular time, esp in an argument, discussion, etc.: Wha t is the status of the commercial treaty? 70 sy stematic adjective organised carefully and done thoroughly: Y ou have to dev elop a systematic way for organising your work T tabloid noun a newspaper having pages half the size of those of a standard newspaper, typically popular in style and dominated by headlines, photographs and sensational stories: I only read the tabloids at weekends tangible adjective clear and definite; real: The emphasis is now on tangi ble results tank er noun a ship, road vehicle or aircraft for carrying liquids, esp petroleum, in bulk: T ankers used for liq uid fuels are classified according to their capacity target noun a person, object or place that constitutes the aim of something: The adve rtisement was designed for a specific target audience something that you are trying to achieve: H igher degrees in Engl ish are a target for foreign students target audience noun a limited group, area etc that a plan, idea etc is aimed at: O ur target audi ence is men aged between 18 and 35 target mark et noun a group of people whose needs and preferences match the product range of a company and to whom those products are marketed: O ur department store has a targ et market consisting of consumers under the age of 30 tariff noun a tax or duty to be paid on a particular class of imports or exports: The gove rnment may impose tarif f s on imports tax noun an amount of money that you have to pay to the government according to your income, property, goods, etc and that is used to pay for public services: H e already pays 40% tax on his income telecom noun abbreviation of telecommunications; communication over distance by cable, telegraph, telephone or broadcasting: O ur v ision is to become the best in the T elecom W orld texti le noun type of clothing or woven fabric: Thi s shop has a fascinating range of text iles titanium dioxi de noun a white non-reactive solid that occurs naturally and is used extensively as a white pigment: Ti tanium di oxi d e is often used to whiten skimmed milk three-d imensional adjective having or appearing to have length, breadth and depth: Thi s new software has a new graphics engine, which will make charts appear more thr ee-di mensional tolerate ve rb to accept or endure someone or something unpleasant or disliked with forbearance: H ow was it that she could tolerate such noise? tonnage noun the size or carrying capacity of a ship measured in tons: If the amount of tonnage doesn’t meet cost obligations, they hav e to make up the difference track ve rb to record or study the behaviour or development of someone or something over time: The progress of each student is tracked by a computer trade noun the action of buying and selling goods and services: The re has been a marked increase in trade between Ea st and W est trader noun a person who buys and sells goods, currency or stocks: H er father is a small trader who sells hats in A leppo tramp noun a cargo vessel that carries goods among many different ports rather than sailing a fixed route: The tramp operates without a schedule transit noun the carrying of people, goods, or materials from one place to another: A painting was damaged in transit unpredictable adj ective not able to be predicted or known: H e is emotional and unpr edi ctable visual adjective related to seeing or sight: A rtists translate their ideas into vi sual images up selling noun a sales strategy where the seller will provide opportunities to purchase related products or services, often for the purpose of making a larger sale: Whe n planning your up selling strategy, think about your customers and what ex actly would make them want to add on to their planned order Vi sually Imp aired Assistant (V IA ) noun a device aiming to help people who can’t see find a simpler way to get around: D esigner No am Klo pper has introduced the V isually I mp aired A ssistant ( V I A ) up-to-da te adjective incorporating the latest developments and trends: The y built a new, modern and up-t o-dat e hospital transport ve rb to take goods from one place to another in a vehicle: The statue was transpor ted to D amascus utilise ve rb to use something for a particular purpose: W e must analyse how best to utilise what resources we have T read-W alk noun kinematic walking new vehicle with active velocity control of treadmill: The walking patterns of a T read-W alk is different from the treadmill’s trend noun a general direction in which something is developing or changing: The current trend is towards more part- time employment turbulent adjective characterised by conflict, disorder or confusion: H e has had a turbulent career turnover noun the amount of money taken by a business in a particular period: The annual turnov er of the previ ous year has increased by 20% U undertak e ve rb to commit oneself to and begin an enterprise or responsibility: A firm of builders und ertook the construction work U nited N ations (U N ) noun an international organisation of countries set up in succession to the League of N ations, to promote international peace, security and cooperation: The Uni ted Nat ions was set up in 1945 V vaccine noun a substance which contains a weak form of the bacteria or virus that causes a disease and is used to protect people from that disease: T he doctors were worried that there would not be enough v accine for eve ryone who needed it variety noun a number or range of things of the same general class that are different or distinct in character or quality: The centre offers a v ariety of leisure activi ties verify ve rb to make sure or demonstrate that something is true, accurate or j ustified: H is conclusions have been v erified by later exp eriments W w arehouse noun a large building for storing large quantities of goods: O ur w arehous e is eight or ten kilometres out of town w holesale noun the business of selling goods in large quantities at low prices to other businesses, rather than to the general public: H e established his own business and began to sell w holes ale to shops w ireless adjective related to computer networking, broadcasting, telephony or telegraphy using radio signals: B e ready for the next platform in w ireless connectivi ty with the integrated q uad- mode Wi - Fi chip W orld T rade O rganisation noun an international body founded in 1995 to promote international trade and economic development by reducing tariffs and other restrictions: T he W orld T rade O rgani sation (WT O ) has the principle of a free market at its heart vessel noun a ship or large boat: A ll v essels should be registered including those in priva te marinas via preposition by means of: I sent you the file vi a electronic mail vibrancy noun full of energy and enthusiasm: Y ou can’t fail to be impressed by the musical vi brancy of contemporary Lo ndon U nited N ations In dustrial Development O rganiza tion (U N ID O ) noun U N specialised agency helping developing countries and countries with economies in transition in their fight against marginalisation: Uni ted Nat ions I ndus trial Dev elopm ent O rgani sation assists public and priva te stakeholders vicious adjectiv e very unkind in a way that is intended to hurt someone’s feelings or make their character seem bad: She can be q uite vi cious at times unload ve rb to remove a certain load from any of the known means of transportation: The drive r unloaded some box es from the back of the truck visibility noun the state of being able to see or be seen: V isibility on the roads is down to 10 metres due to heavy fog video editing noun the process of manipulating and rearranging video shots to create a new work: V ideo edi ting can be done at home 71 : ‫
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ﺍﻟﺰﻋﻴﻢ‬ 322 Old Brompton Road, London SW5 9JH, England Maktabat El Nashr El Tarbawi El Souri (Syrian Educational Publishers) Omar El Mukhtar 2nd Str., Bldg El Mazraa, Damascus-Syria Phone: (011) 44676789 Fax: (011) 44676788 e-mail: info@syrianep.com website: www.syrianep.com Reprinted 2014 © York Press 2011 All rights reserved; no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the Publishers 72 English for Starters, Vocational Stream – Commercial English for Starters, Vocational Stream – Commercial, is an English language course that was specially written for vocational / commercial secondary schools in Syria The course progresses from an intermediate level of English in Grade 10 to an advanced level of English in Grade 12 The book introduces students to concepts in commerce; it assumes no prior knowledge of commercial skills on the part of students and teachers The course aims to review and consolidate the language and skills learnt at previous levels and equip students for their future foreign language needs in the following areas: language skills (reading, listening, speaking and writing), grammar, vocabulary and commercial knowledge It enables students to perform routine tasks at work and to take part in social interaction in a commercial context Components: Students’ Book Activity Book including a glossary Teacher’s Book Audio CD ‫
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