Slide 12.1 Chapter 12 Analysing quantitative data Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill, Research Methods for Business Students, 5th Edition, © Mark Saunders, Philip Lewis and Adrian Thornhill 2009 Slide 12.2 Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill, Research Methods for Business Students, 5th Edition, © Mark Saunders, Philip Lewis and Adrian Thornhill 2009 Slide 12.3 Quantative data analysis (1) Key points • Data must be analysed to produce information • Computer software analysis is normally used for this process • Data should be carefully prepared for analysis • Researchers need to know how to select and use different charting and statistical techniques Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill, Research Methods for Business Students, 5th Edition, © Mark Saunders, Philip Lewis and Adrian Thornhill 2009 Slide 12.4 Quantative data analysis (2) Main concerns • Preparing, inputting and checking data • Choosing the most appropriate statistics to describe the data • Choosing the most appropriate statistics to examine data relationships and trends Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill, Research Methods for Business Students, 5th Edition, © Mark Saunders, Philip Lewis and Adrian Thornhill 2009 Slide 12.5 Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill, Research Methods for Business Students, 5th Edition, © Mark Saunders, Philip Lewis and Adrian Thornhill 2009 Slide 12.6 Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill, Research Methods for Business Students, 5th Edition, © Mark Saunders, Philip Lewis and Adrian Thornhill 2009 Slide 12.7 Preparing, inputting and checking data (1) Main considerations • Type of data (scale of measurement) • Data format for input to analysis software • Impact of data coding on subsequent analyses • Case weighting • Methods for error checking Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill, Research Methods for Business Students, 5th Edition, © Mark Saunders, Philip Lewis and Adrian Thornhill 2009 Slide 12.8 Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill, Research Methods for Business Students, 5th Edition, © Mark Saunders, Philip Lewis and Adrian Thornhill 2009 Slide 12.9 Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill, Research Methods for Business Students, 5th Edition, © Mark Saunders, Philip Lewis and Adrian Thornhill 2009 Slide 12.10 Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill, Research Methods for Business Students, 5th Edition, © Mark Saunders, Philip Lewis and Adrian Thornhill 2009 Slide 12.20 Preparing, inputting and checking data (6) Final stages of the process • Entering data – rubbish in = rubbish out! • Weighting cases • Always take time to check for errors – including illegitimate codes, illogical relationships and that rules were followed in filter questions Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill, Research Methods for Business Students, 5th Edition, © Mark Saunders, Philip Lewis and Adrian Thornhill 2009 Slide 12.21 Exploring and presenting data (1) Exploratory analysis can include: • Specific values • Highest and lowest values • Trends over time • Proportions • Distributions Sparrow (1989) Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill, Research Methods for Business Students, 5th Edition, © Mark Saunders, Philip Lewis and Adrian Thornhill 2009 Slide 12.22 Exploring and presenting data (2) Checklist Box 12.8 Complete the Checklist in Box 12.8 to help you design diagrams and tables Saunders et al (2009) Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill, Research Methods for Business Students, 5th Edition, © Mark Saunders, Philip Lewis and Adrian Thornhill 2009 Slide 12.23 Exploring and presenting data (3) Showing aspects of individual variables • Specific values • Highest and lowest values • Trends • Proportions • Distribution of values Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill, Research Methods for Business Students, 5th Edition, © Mark Saunders, Philip Lewis and Adrian Thornhill 2009 Slide 12.24 Examples of diagrams (1) Bar Chart Source: adapted from Eurostat (2007) © European Communities, 2007 Reproduced with permission Figure 12.2 Bar chart Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill, Research Methods for Business Students, 5th Edition, © Mark Saunders, Philip Lewis and Adrian Thornhill 2009 Slide 12.25 Examples of diagrams (2) Histogram Saunders et al (2009) Figure 12.4 Histogram Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill, Research Methods for Business Students, 5th Edition, © Mark Saunders, Philip Lewis and Adrian Thornhill 2009 Slide 12.26 Examples of diagrams (5) Pie chart Saunders et al (2009) Figure 12.8 Pie chart Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill, Research Methods for Business Students, 5th Edition, © Mark Saunders, Philip Lewis and Adrian Thornhill 2009 Slide 12.27 Exploring and presenting data (4) Comparing variables to show • Specific values and independence • Highest and lowest values • Proportions • Trends and conjunctions Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill, Research Methods for Business Students, 5th Edition, © Mark Saunders, Philip Lewis and Adrian Thornhill 2009 Slide 12.28 Exploring and presenting data (5) Comparing variables to show • Totals • Proportions and totals • Distribution of values • Relationship between cases for variables Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill, Research Methods for Business Students, 5th Edition, © Mark Saunders, Philip Lewis and Adrian Thornhill 2009 Slide 12.29 Describing data using statistics (1) Statistics to describe a variable focus on two aspects • The central tendency • The dispersion Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill, Research Methods for Business Students, 5th Edition, © Mark Saunders, Philip Lewis and Adrian Thornhill 2009 Slide 12.30 Describing data using statistics (2) Describing the central tendency • To represent the value occurring most frequently • To represent the middle value • To include all data values Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill, Research Methods for Business Students, 5th Edition, © Mark Saunders, Philip Lewis and Adrian Thornhill 2009 Slide 12.31 Describing data using statistics (3) Describing the dispersion • To state the difference between values • To describe and compare the extent by which values differ from the mean Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill, Research Methods for Business Students, 5th Edition, © Mark Saunders, Philip Lewis and Adrian Thornhill 2009 Slide 12.32 Examining relationships, differences and trends Using statistics to • Test for significant relationships and differences • Assess the strength of relationship • Examine trends Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill, Research Methods for Business Students, 5th Edition, © Mark Saunders, Philip Lewis and Adrian Thornhill 2009 Slide 12.33 Summary: Chapter 12 • Data for quantitative analysis can be collected and then coded at different scales of measurement • Data type constrains the presentation, summary and analysis techniques that can be used • Data are entered for computer analysis as a matrix and recorded using numerical codes • Codes should be entered for all data values • Existing coding schemes enable comparisons Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill, Research Methods for Business Students, 5th Edition, © Mark Saunders, Philip Lewis and Adrian Thornhill 2009 Slide 12.34 Summary: Chapter 12 • Data must be checked for errors • Initial analysis should use both tables and diagrams • Subsequent analyses involve describing data and exploring relationships by using statistics • Longitudinal data may necessitate different statistical techniques Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill, Research Methods for Business Students, 5th Edition, © Mark Saunders, Philip Lewis and Adrian Thornhill 2009 ... Thornhill, Research Methods for Business Students, 5th Edition, © Mark Saunders, Philip Lewis and Adrian Thornhill 2009 Slide 12.5 Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill, Research Methods for Business Students,... Thornhill, Research Methods for Business Students, 5th Edition, © Mark Saunders, Philip Lewis and Adrian Thornhill 2009 Slide 12.10 Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill, Research Methods for Business. .. Thornhill, Research Methods for Business Students, 5th Edition, © Mark Saunders, Philip Lewis and Adrian Thornhill 2009 Slide 12.15 Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill, Research Methods for Business