NEUROLOGY - LABORATORY AND CLINICAL RESEARCH DEVELOPMENTS SPINAL CORD STIMULATION PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICE No part of this digital document may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means The publisher has taken reasonable care in the preparation of this digital document, but makes no expressed or implied warranty of any kind and assumes no responsibility for any errors or omissions No liability is assumed for incidental or consequential damages in connection with or arising out of information contained herein This digital document is sold with the clear understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering legal, medical or any other professional services NEUROLOGY - LABORATORY AND CLINICAL RESEARCH DEVELOPMENTS Additional books in this series can be found on Nova‘s website under the Series tab Additional e-books in this series can be found on Nova‘s website under the e-book tab NEUROLOGY - LABORATORY AND CLINICAL RESEARCH DEVELOPMENTS SPINAL CORD STIMULATION PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICE ANTONIOS MAMMIS EDITOR New York Copyright © 2016 by Nova Science Publishers, Inc All rights reserved No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means: electronic, electrostatic, magnetic, tape, mechanical photocopying, recording or otherwise without the written permission of the Publisher We have partnered with Copyright Clearance Center to make it easy for you to obtain permissions to reuse content from this publication Simply navigate to this publication‘s page on Nova‘s website and locate the ―Get Permission‖ button below the title description This button is linked directly to the title‘s permission page on copyright.com Alternatively, you can visit copyright.com and search by title, ISBN, or ISSN For further questions about using the service on copyright.com, please contact: Copyright Clearance Center Phone: +1-(978) 750-8400 Fax: +1-(978) 750-4470 E-mail: info@copyright.com NOTICE TO THE READER The Publisher has taken reasonable care in the preparation of this book, but makes no expressed or implied warranty of any kind and assumes no responsibility for any errors or omissions No liability is assumed for incidental or consequential damages in connection with or arising out of information contained in this book The Publisher shall not be liable for any special, consequential, or exemplary damages resulting, in whole or in part, from the readers‘ use of, or reliance upon, this material Any parts of this book based on government reports are so indicated and copyright is claimed for those parts to the extent applicable to compilations of such works Independent verification should be sought for any data, advice or recommendations contained in this book In addition, no responsibility is assumed by the publisher for any injury and/or damage to persons or property arising from any methods, products, instructions, ideas or otherwise contained in this publication This publication is designed to provide accurate and authoritative information with regard to the subject matter covered herein It is sold with the clear understanding that the Publisher is not engaged in rendering legal or any other professional services If legal or any other expert assistance is required, the services of a competent person should be sought FROM A DECLARATION OF PARTICIPANTS JOINTLY ADOPTED BY A COMMITTEE OF THE AMERICAN BAR ASSOCIATION AND A COMMITTEE OF PUBLISHERS Additional color graphics may be available in the e-book version of this book Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data ISBN:  (eBook) Library of Congress Control Number: 2015955206 Published by Nova Science Publishers, Inc † New York This book is dedicated to Admiral Edward Codrington, who made the world a better place by choosing action over diplomacy CONTENTS Preface ix About the Editor xi Contributors xiii Chapter History of Spinal Cord Stimulation Kelsey T Vander Werff and Nitin Agarwal Chapter Indications and Patient Selection Andrew Kaufman and Rita Shankar Shah Chapter Failed Back Surgery Syndrome and Spinal Cord Stimulation Ferdinand Iannaccone, Neil Majmundar and Vanny Le 13 Chapter Complex Regional Pain Syndrome and Spinal Cord Stimulation Anant Parikh, Deepa Asokan and Anthony Sifonios 23 Chapter Psychological Evaluation of Candidates for Spinal Neurostimulation: An Overview of Current Clinical Practice Donald S Ciccone 35 Chapter Trialing of Spinal Cord Stimulation Kiran V Patel 51 Chapter Percutaneous Permanent Placement of Spinal Cord Stimulators Konstantin V Slavin and Dali Yin 63 Chapter Thoracic Laminectomy for Spinal Cord Stimulator Placement John C Quinn and Antonios Mammis 79 Chapter Electrophysiologic Assessment during Paddle Lead Placement Alon Y Mogilner and Antonios Mammis 87 Chapter 10 Complication Avoidance and Revision Surgery Sameah A Haider, Meghan E Wilock and Julie G Pilitsis 95 Chapter 11 Spinal Cord Stimulation Programming Strategies Christina Sarris 115 viii Chapter 12 Index Contents Emerging Spinal Cord Stimulation Technology James C Barrese and Jaimie M Henderson 123 147 PREFACE Spinal cord stimulation is a neuromodulation therapy for the treatment of chronic, intractable, neuropathic pain It involves the implantation of electrodes over the dorsal columns of the spinal cord, in order to activate the dorsal column-medial lemniscal sensory system, thus closing the gate on pain transmission This therapy is used in patients with neuropathic pain conditions such as post-laminectomy syndrome, spinal arachnoiditis, lumbar radiculitis, and complex regional pain syndrome Spinal Cord Stimulation: Principles and Practice is written by experts in the field, with a multidisciplinary approach to the chronic pain patient in mind There are chapters describing the history of this therapy, and the fundamentals of indications and patient selection The psychological considerations of spinal cord stimulation are described, and there are chapters describing various trialing/implanting techniques, with an emphasis on patient outcomes and complication avoidance Finally, chapters on spinal cord stimulator programming and emerging indications round out the volume Spinal Cord Stimulation: Principles and Practice is a valuable resource for clinicians, to help direct decision making when treating patients with chronic pain Patients and their caretakers will also find value in this book, as a guide through the spinal cord stimulation candidacy and implantation process I hope this book serves to improve the care of chronic pain patients while providing a beacon of hope to patients, their caretakers, and medical providers Emerging Spinal Cord Stimulation Technology 143 [81] Washburn, S., Catlin, R., Bethel, K & Canlas, B (2014) Patient-perceived differences between constant current and constant voltage spinal cord stimulation systems Neuromodulation, 17, 28–35–discussion35–6 [82] Schade, C M., Sasaki, J., Schultz, D M., Tamayo, N., King, G & Johanek, L M (2010) Assessment of Patient Preference for Constant Voltage and Constant Current Spinal Cord Stimulation, Neuromodulation: Technology at the Neural Interface, 13, 210–7 [83] Haddadan, K & Krames, E S (2007) The Effect of Spinal Cord Stimulation, Overall, and the Effect of Differing Spinal Cord Stimulation Technologies on Pain, Reduction in Pain Medication, Sleep, and Function, Neuromodulation: Technology at the Neural Interface, 10, 156–63 [84] Slavin, K V (2014) Spinal stimulation for pain: future applications Neurotherapeutics, 11, 535–42 [85] Alo, K M., Yland, M J., Kramer, D L., Charnov, J H & Redko, V (1998) Computer Assisted and Patient Interactive Programming of Dual Octrode Spinal Cord Stimulation in the Treatment of Chronic Pain, Neuromodulation: Technology at the Neural Interface, 1, 30–45 [86] Rigoard, P., Delmotte, A., D'Houtaud, S., Misbert, L., Diallo, B., Roy-Moreau, A., Durand, S., Royoux, S., Giot, J P & Bataille, 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Sdrulla, A., Carteret, A F., Wacnik, P W., Dong, X., Meyer, R A., Raja, S N & Guan, Y (2013) Conventional and kilohertz-frequency spinal cord stimulation produces intensity- and frequencydependent inhibition of mechanical hypersensitivity in a rat model of neuropathic pain Anesthesiology, 119, 422–32 [93] Tiede, J., Brown, L., Gekht, G., Vallejo, R., Yearwood, T & Morgan, D (2013) Novel Spinal Cord Stimulation Parameters in Patients with Predominant Back Pain, Neuromodulation: Technology at the Neural Interface, 16, 370–5 [94] Van Buyten, J P., Al-Kaisy, A., Smet, I., Palmisani, S & Smith, T (2013) High‐Frequency Spinal Cord Stimulation for the Treatment of Chronic Back Pain Patients: Results of a Prospective Multicenter European Clinical Study, Neuromodulation, 16, 59–66 144 James C Barrese and Jaimie M Henderson [95] Al-Kaisy, A., Van Buyten, J P., Smet, I., Palmisani, S., Pang, D & Smith, T (2014) Sustained effectiveness of 10 kHz high-frequency spinal cord stimulation for patients 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K., Morgan, D M., Brown, L L., Yearwood, T L., Bundschu, R., Burton, A W., Yang, T., Benyamin, R & Burgher, A H (2015) Novel 10-kHz Highfrequency Therapy (HF10 Therapy) Is Superior to Traditional Low-frequency Spinal Cord Stimulation for the Treatment of Chronic Back and Leg Pain, Anesthesiology, [100] Ackermann, D M., Bhadra, N., Gerges, M & Thomas, P J (2011) Dynamics and sensitivity analysis of high-frequency conduction block J Neural Eng, 8, 065007 [101] De Ridder, D., Vanneste, S., Plazier, M., van der Loo, E & Menovsky, T (2010) Burst spinal cord stimulation: toward paresthesia-free pain suppression Neurosurgery, 66, 986–90 [102] Swadlow, H A & Gusev, A G (2001) The impact of ―bursting‖ thalamic impulses at a neocortical synapse Nat Neurosci, 4, 402–8 [103] Plazier, M., van der Loo, E., Rooker, S., Menovsky, T., Vancamp, T & De Ridder, D (2009) Burst stimulation: a new form of paresthesia free spinal cord stimulation Surgical Neurology, 71, 137–8 [104] De Ridder, D., Plazier, M., Kamerling, N., Menovsky, T & Vanneste, S (2013) Burst spinal cord stimulation for limb and back pain WNEU, 80, 642–649.e1 [105] De Ridder, D., Lenders, M., De Vos, C., Dijkstra-Scholten, C., Wolters, R., Vancamp, T., Van Looy, P., Van Havenbergh, T & Vanneste, S (2015) A 2-center Comparative Study on Tonic Versus Burst Spinal Cord Stimulation: Amount of Responders and Amount of Pain Suppression Clin J Pain, 31, 433–7 [106] Nam, Y., Brown, E A., Ross, J D., Blum, R A., Wheeler, B C & DeWeerth, S P (2009) A retrofitted neural recording system with a novel stimulation IC to monitor early neural responses from a stimulating electrode Journal of Neuroscience Methods, 178, 99–102 [107] Guenot, M., Bullier, J., Rospars, J P., Lansky, P., Mertens, P & Sindou, M (2003) Single-unit analysis of the spinal dorsal horn in patients with neuropathic pain J Clin Neurophysiol, 20, 143–50 [108] Zuo, C., Yang, X., Wang, Y., Hagains, C E., Li, A L., Peng, Y B & Chiao, J C (2012) A digital wireless system 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[117] Bottomley, P A., Kumar, A., Edelstein, W A., Allen, J M & Karmarkar, P V (2010) Designing passive MRI-safe implantable conducting leads with electrodes Med Phys., 37, 3828–43 [118] Gray, R W., Bibens, W T & Shellock, F G (2005) Simple design changes to wires to substantially reduce MRI-induced heating at 1.5 T: implications for implanted leads Magnetic Resonance Imaging, 23, 887–91 [119] Atalar, E & Susil, R (2007) Mri compatible medical leads with band stop filters [120] Halperin, H R & Stevenson, R A (2008) Greatbatch Ltd Band stop filter employing a capacitor and an inductor tank circuit to enhance MRI compatibility of active implantable medical devices [121] Bottomley, P A., Karmarkar, P V., Allen, J M., Edelstein, W A A B P., Parag, K V M A J & A E W (2008) Mri and rf compatible leads and related methods of operating and fabricating leads [122] Marshall, M & Seifert, K (2006) Medical electrical lead having improved inductance [123] Atalar, E., Susil, R., Lardo, A & Halperin, H R (2015) MRI Interventions, Inc Greatbatch Ltd Mri compatible medical leads 146 James C Barrese and Jaimie M Henderson [124] Zeijlemaker, V (2002) Method and apparatus for shielding wire for MRI resistant electrode systems [125] Medtronic, Inc Risk Management Report for SureScan (MRI compatible) Implantable Neurostimulation System and 1x8 Vectris Percutaneous Leads [126] Medtronic, Inc 2011 MRI Standard Letter [127] Shellock, F G & Valencerina, S (2010) In vitro evaluation of MR imaging issues at 3T for aneurysm clips made from MP35N: Findings and information applied to 155 additional aneurysm clips AJNR Am J Neuroradiol, 31, 615–9 INDEX # 20th century, 2, A abstraction, 38 abuse, 40, 48 accelerometers, 107 access, 30, 38, 54, 60, 73, 82, 140 acetaminophen, 103, 104 acid, 16 action potential, 145 activity level, 10, 46 acute schizophrenia, 46 adhesions, 80, 82, 88, 106 adjustment, 62, 117, 118, 120, 130, 141 adolescents, 39 adulthood, 42, 48 adults, 53, 63 advancement(s), 2, 68, 115 adverse effects, 63, 96 adverse event, 60, 95, 96, 107 afferent nerve, 28 afferent nerve fiber, 28 age, 24, 89 alertness, 38 algorithm, 9, 19, 29, 130 allergens, 105 allergic reaction, 105 allergy, 59, 96, 105 American Psychiatric Association, 39, 47 amplitude, 31, 57, 58, 76, 96, 115, 116, 117, 118, 119, 136 analgesic, 1, 7, 18, 47, 51, 52, 53 anchoring, 58, 62, 71, 82, 87, 98, 99 aneurysm, 146 anger, 40, 42 angina, 3, 5, 8, 9, 11, 16, 96, 112 angioma, 108 anode, 57, 62, 116, 118 antagonism, 28 anterior, 2, 54, 55, 56, 73, 80, 90, 97 antibiotic(s), 59, 72, 74, 84, 101, 102 anticoagulant, 10 anticoagulation, 60, 62 anxiety, 9, 37, 42, 109 apex, 55 apnea, 88 appetite, 39 appointments, xi, 116 arachnoiditis, ix, 1, 9, 15 arousal, 40, 43 aseptic, aspiration, 103 assault, 40 assessment, 4, 7, 9, 17, 38, 89, 90, 109 assessment tools, 109 asymmetry, 26, 89 autoantibodies, 25 autonomic nervous system, 96 avoidance, ix, 40, 43, 45, 47, 49, 82, 85, 95, 110 avoidance behavior, 44 awareness, 38, 60 B back pain, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 22, 47, 49, 63, 76, 109, 120, 121, 124, 126, 134, 135, 136, 144 base, 46, 55, 125 batteries, 129, 130, 134, 140 Beck Depression Inventory, 109 behavior therapy, 49, 50 behavioral theory, 43 behaviors, 41, 44 148 Index Belgium, 142 bending, 59, 98, 131 benefits, 9, 10, 17, 43, 45, 133 benign, 12, 21, 31 benzodiazepine, 42, 47 betadine, 59 bilateral, 26, 56, 89, 91, 97, 127 biocompatibility, 105, 124, 139 biomedical applications, 129 biopsy, 105 blame, 40 bleeding, 10, 15, 82, 104 blends, 138 blood, 3, 5, 8, 24, 29, 60, 62, 101, 103, 104 blood clot, 60 blood cultures, 101 blood flow, 3, 5, 8, 29 blood thinners, 104 blood vessels, 24 body weight, 39 bone, 25, 27, 32, 82, 83, 104 bone marrow, 27 bone resorption, 27 borderline personality disorder, 42, 48 BOS, 125 bounds, 44 bowel, 15 brain, 1, 2, 3, 4, 25, 82, 136 breakdown, 81, 84 C cables, 64, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74 caffeine, 60, 103, 104 caliber, 126 cancer, 48 candidates, 8, 17, 35, 36, 38, 40, 42, 46, 109, 117 carbon, 125, 129 cardiac activity, 136 cardiac pacemaker, 8, 124, 129 case studies, 126 catheter, 60, 88, 117 cathode, 57, 62, 116, 118, 129, 140 causalgia, 1, 23 CDC, 41, 48 cefazolin, 59 central nervous system (CNS), 4, 28, 112 cephalosporin, 59 cerebellum, cerebral cortex, 90 cerebrospinal fluid, 15, 116 cerebrum, cervical, 54, 62 cervical laminectomy, 88 challenges, 21, 37, 58 charge density, 125 Chicago, xv, 63 childhood, 38, 40, 42, 48 children, 39 chromium, 137 classes, 38 classification, 41 climate, 131 clinical depression, 40 clinical judgment, 46 clinical presentation, 102, 105 clinical symptoms, 101 clinical syndrome, 85 clinical trials, 17, 30, 32, 132 closure, 72, 84 coatings, 138 cobalt, 137 cochlear implant, 2, cognition, 40 cognitive function, 38 cognitive impairment, 38 cognitive theory, 43 cognitive therapy, 49 collaboration, 128 collateral, color, 26 commercial, 125 communication, 117 community, 39, 48, 109 comorbidity, 36, 40, 42, 46, 47 compatibility, 145 compensation, 14, 35, 46 complete blood count, 10, 101 complex regional pain syndrome, ix, 1, 3, 4, 11, 16, 23, 31, 32, 33, 58, 89, 95, 96, 111, 113 complexity, 116 compliance, 3, 41, 46, 130 complications, 15, 17, 20, 58, 86, 93, 95, 96, 101, 108, 110, 111, 136 composition, 124 compression, 7, 16, 80, 103, 104, 106, 108 computational modeling, 32 computed tomography, 101 computer, 61, 116, 118 conductance, 60 conduction, 144 conductivity, 125 conductor, 136, 137, 143 configuration, 62, 80, 116, 126, 137 connectivity, 25 conscious awareness, 43, 44 149 Index consensus, 26, 35, 36, 109, 62, 103, 111 constipation, 107 constituents, 102, 105 consumption, 100, 130, 131, 134, 142 contact dermatitis, 105, 106 contamination, 52 control group, 18, 29 controlled trials, 12, 17, 18, 50 controversial, 58 coronary artery bypass graft, 11 correlation, 109, 136 corrosion, 124 cortex, 25 corticosteroids, 27 cost, 4, 10, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 52, 63, 64, 86, 95, 100, 130 cost effectiveness, 21, 86 counseling, 41, 49 covering, 51, 57, 59, 117 criminal acts, 44 CSF, 30, 60, 102, 103, 106 cues, 88 culture, 101 cure, 29 current limit, 132 curved tip needle, 54 cycles, 99, 129, 130, 132 cytokines, 24 D daily living, 8, 41, 46 data set, 104 database, 104 deaths, 41, 48 deep brain stimulation, 3, 145 Deer, 12, 110, 111, 127, 139, 140 defects, deficit, 15, 38, 90, 104, 105 degenerative conditions, 13, 20 dehiscence, 105 deltoid, 90 deposition, 138 depression, 9, 14, 36, 37, 39, 41, 45, 46, 47, 49, 109 depressive symptoms, 36, 46 dermatitis, 105 designers, 123, 136 detection, 129 devaluation, 42 developed countries, 63 diabetes, 103 diabetic neuropathy, 9, 119, 120 Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 39, 47 diagnostic criteria, 23, 26, 32, 40, 46 diarrhea, 107 dieting, 39 differential diagnosis, 105 diplopia, 102 directionality, 98 disability, 31, 36, 38, 40, 44, 45, 47, 49, 63, 76, 109 discharges, 130 disclosure, 38 discomfort, 30, 53, 57, 59, 102, 117 disease progression, 108 diseases, 4, 76 disorder, 23, 24, 25, 27, 31, 38, 41, 42, 45, 49 dispersion, 100 displacement, 64, 99 dissatisfaction, 46, 107, 118 distress, 36, 37, 39, 41 distribution, 57, 69, 108, 116 divergence, 83 diversity, 117 domestic chores, 44, 45 domestic violence, 40 dopants, 125 dorsal horn, 144 dosage, 30, 37 drawing, 132 dressings, 59, 71, 72, 74, 76 drug addiction, drug delivery, 17 drug therapy, 18 DSM, 39, 40, 41 Dural Puncture, 60, 102, 103 dural tears, 56, 60 dysphoria, 42 dystonia, 24, 25, 26, 32, 145 E economics, 61 edema, 24, 26, 27 editors, 77 education, 98, 109, 117 Egypt, electives, xi electric field, 29, 30, 62, 132 electrical properties, 124, 138 electricity, 1, 2, 3, 7, 131 electrocautery, 82 electrodes, ix, 10, 16, 19, 21, 30, 53, 57, 61, 63, 64, 65, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 79, 80, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 93, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100, 102, 150 Index 103, 104, 116, 118, 119, 124, 125, 126, 127, 128, 131, 133, 136, 137, 138, 139, 145 electrolyte, 124 electromagnetic, 136 electromyography, 90 emergency, 43, 59 emergency response, 43 EMG, 80, 83, 89, 90, 91, 92 emotion, 43, 48 emotional distress, 38 empathy, 102 employment, 46 endurance, 49 energy, 39, 100, 117, 119, 128, 129, 130, 131, 132, 133, 136, 137, 141 energy density, 129, 131 energy efficiency, 130, 133 engineering, enrollment, 42 environment(s), 10, 43, 45 EPA, 110 epidemic, 41, 48 epidemiology, 23, 47, 76 epidural abscess, 59, 101, 106 epidural hematoma, 10, 104, 105 epilepsy, epinephrine, 82 equipment, 92 erosion, 106 erythrocyte sedimentation rate, 101 essential tremor, xi etiology, 14, 16, 22, 24, 41 Europe, 18 evidence, 8, 11, 16, 17, 36, 37, 44, 45, 46, 47, 59, 103, 105, 132, 133 evoked potential, 80, 89, 90, 93 evolution, 123, 133 excision, 14, 105 exclusion, 109 exercise, expenditures, 76 expertise, xi exposure, 3, 40, 49, 56, 57, 82 extraction, 132 exudate, 59 F Failed Back Surgery Syndrome (FBSS), 5, 8, 9, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 29, 95, 96, 107, 112, 113 fascia, 52, 64, 65, 69, 70, 71, 73, 76, 82, 98, 99 FDA approval, 134 fear, 39, 43, 44, 49 feelings, 39, 40, 41, 42 ferromagnetic, 137 fever, 59, 105 fibers, 2, 96, 116, 128, 133, 134, 135 fibromyalgia, 48 fibrosis, 9, 15, 16, 96, 108 fibrous tissue, 132 fights, 42 films, 139 filters, 137, 145 financial, 44, 45, 111, 128, 129 fish, 1, 104 fish oil, 104 flashbacks, 40 flexibility, 80, 97, 98, 126 flooding, 60 fluid, 103 Food and Drug Administration (FDA), 1, 3, 96, 100, 104, 134 foot stimulation, 54 foramen, 126 force, 56 formation, 10, 84, 100, 103, 106, 112 fractures, 7, 24, 99 France, 47 fraud, 44 frequencies, 58, 116, 118, 133, 134 functional improvement, 51, 52, 53, 59 fusion, 13, 15, 20, 22 G gait, 131 ganglion, 25, 28, 33, 126, 127, 140 general anesthesia, 3, 64, 73, 83, 86, 88, 89, 92, 93 Generalized Anxiety Disorder, 109 genetic traits, 24 geometry, 63 gestures, 42 glue, 83 gluteus maximus, 80 Google, 96 gout, Greece, growth, 124 guidance, 30, 53, 66, 87, 88 guidelines, 10, 32, 35, 72 guidewires, 56 guilt, 39 guilty, 44 Index H hair, 26 hallucinations, 38 harbors, 37 harmful effects, 136, 137 harvesting, 131 head injury, 38 headache, 4, 60, 62, 104, 111 health, 8, 18, 22, 29, 39, 41, 44, 63, 76, 107 health care, 22, 44, 76 health status, 29 hearing loss, 102 heat shield, 137 helplessness, 40 hematoma(s), 84, 103, 104, 105 hemostasis, 84, 103, 104 herniated, 14, 16 herniated nucleus pulposus, 16 high risk patients, 109 history, ix, 1, 4, 15, 16, 17, 37, 38, 40, 42, 98, 108, 124, 129 HLA, 24 hopelessness, 40 hospitalization, 10 House, hub, 56 human, 3, 4, 24, 32, 43, 131, 141 human body, 131, 141 human brain, 32 human leukocyte antigen, 24 Hunter, 111, 141 hybrid, 129, 131 hybrid cell, 129 hydrogels, 125 hyperactivity, 38 hyperesthesia, 26, 29 hypersensitivity, 32, 105, 133, 143 hypersomnia, 39 hypertonic saline, 16 hypertrophy, 15 hypochondriasis, 14, 41 hypothesis, 48, 49, 132 hypothyroidism, 40 hysteria, 14 I IASP, 8, 26 iatrogenic, 102 ideal, 54 idealization, 42 151 identification, 7, 109 iliac crest, 73, 74 image(s), 30, 56, 57, 58, 64, 67, 69, 81, 83, 84, 91, 127, 145 imbalances, 107 immobilization, 32 immune response, 32 impact energy, 100 implants, 2, 8, 9, 10, 92, 105, 126 improvements, 3, 8, 16, 29, 52, 59, 96, 97, 100, 109, 123, 131 impulses, 2, 3, 144 in vitro, 139 incidence, 10, 22, 24, 31, 55, 79, 92, 95, 96, 97, 99, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 106, 107, 108 income, 42 indecisiveness, 39 indication, 8, 16 indications, ix, 4, 7, 13, 16, 20, 76, 95, 96, 100, 110, 112 individual differences, 44 individuals, 41, 44, 63, 76 indolent, 101 inductor, 145 industry, 132 infancy, 128 infection, 10, 15, 51, 52, 53, 59, 64, 71, 84, 89, 99, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106 Infection, 59, 100, 101 inflammasome, 32 inflammation, 24, 25, 27, 105 inflammatory mediators, 32 inguinal, 102 inhibition, 4, 25, 27, 108, 119, 137, 143, 144 injections, 15, 16 injure, 124 injur(ies), 15, 23, 24, 25, 27, 32, 37, 40, 43, 44, 47, 49, 76, 105, 108, 133 inner ear, 141 insertion, 31, 52, 53, 55, 64, 66, 67, 87, 126 insulation, 80, 137 integrity, 73, 90 interface, 98, 131 interference, 8, 41, 100, 131 internalization, 64, 70, 72, 73 interpersonal relationships, 42 intervention, 27, 36, 37, 45, 46, 49 intravenously, 59 investments, 128 iodine, 129 ipsilateral, 53, 55, 58 iridium, 105, 138, 139, 145 irritability, 40, 42 152 Index ischemia, 3, 8, 96, 105 issues, 26, 36, 59, 96, 101, 109, 146 J joints, 25, 82 K keratinocyte, 32 knees, L laminar edge, 54, 55 laminectomy, ix, 3, 8, 13, 19, 64, 79, 82, 83, 85, 86, 88, 89, 93, 105, 119, 126, 130 lateral fluoroscopy, 54 laterality, 69, 89, 90, 91 latissimus dorsi, 82 laws, 131 layered closure, 103, 104, 106 layering, 55 lead blanks, 56 lead migration, 58, 96, 126 lead steering, 56 learning, 38 legs, 53 level of education, 38 lifetime, 42, 48, 63, 130, 132 ligament, 55, 82, 83, 98, 102 light, 26, 30, 60, 117 lithium, 128, 129, 140, 141 litigation, 45 local anesthesia, 19, 64, 88, 92, 93 local anesthetic, 33, 53, 65, 70, 73, 81, 85 localization, 81, 87 longevity, 129, 130 lordosis, 53 loss of appetite, 40 loss of resistance (LOR), 30, 53, 54, 55, 56, 60, 66 low back stimulation, 54 low risk, 95 lower extremity stimulation, 54 lumbar, 53, 76, 111, 113 lumbar spine, 20, 53, 55, 65, 96 lumen, 60 Luo, 76 lying, 73, 136 lysis, 106 M macrophages, 106 magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), 7, 15, 16, 17, 25, 100, 123, 136, 137, 145, 146 major depression, 39 majority, 24, 29, 46, 58, 60, 96, 103, 117 malaise, 59 malingering, 44 management, 8, 11, 16, 17, 19, 21, 29, 60, 61, 85, 95, 99, 102, 103, 105, 108, 109, 111, 120, 141, 142, 144 manganese, 129 manipulation, 15, 16, 103 manufacturing, 99 mapping, 30, 58 marketplace, 117 mast cells, 24 mastoid, 90 materials, 125, 128, 131, 137 matter, 25, 41, 44, 63, 132 median, 89, 93 Medicaid, 42, 48 medical, ix, xi, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 16, 17, 19, 21, 29, 31, 36, 37, 38, 40, 41, 44, 45, 61, 63, 83, 85, 95, 105, 108, 111, 124, 131, 140, 141, 142, 144, 145 medical care, 45 medical history, 37 Medicare, 35 medication, 10, 27, 37, 40, 42, 46, 132, 136 medicine, 11, 117, 120 medulla, 2, medulla oblongata, memory, 38 MEMS, 127, 140 mental health, 38, 39, 41, 45, 46, 96, 109 mental illness, 38, 39, 42, 46 mercury, 128 meta-analysis, 8, 12, 48, 49, 100, 102, 104 metals, 124 mice, 25 migraines, migration, 3, 19, 58, 59, 62, 64, 69, 80, 84, 89, 96, 97, 98, 99, 111, 126 military, 131 miniature, 141 Minneapolis, 117 misuse, 41 modelling, 61 models, 9, 24, 47, 48, 123, 129 modifications, 53 molecular weight, 60 molecules, 124 153 Index molybdenum, 137 Moon, 32 morbidity, 9, 101, 104, 110 morphology, 105, 106 mortality, 110 motivation, 36, 48 motor fiber, motor system, movement disorders, xi multiple sclerosis, muscle contraction, muscles, 80, 82, 90 musculoskeletal, 16, 47 myelogram, 17 N nanotechnology, 139 National Academy of Sciences, xi nausea, 107 nerve, 2, 15, 16, 23, 24, 25, 28, 29, 30, 32, 47, 58, 89, 93, 126, 133, 143 nerve growth factor, 24 nervous system, Netherlands, 24 neuralgia, 9, 30 neuritis, 89 neurokinin, 24 neurologist, 38 neurons, 25, 126, 132, 135 neuropathic pain, ix, 3, 7, 10, 14, 16, 17, 21, 27, 29, 32, 51, 61, 62, 63, 77, 79, 85, 95, 96, 108, 110, 111, 115, 124, 134, 136, 142, 143, 144 neuropeptides, 25 neurophysiology, 136 neurosurgery, xi, 5, 85, 101, 139 neurotoxicity, 133 neurotransmitters, 96 next generation, 132 nickel, 105, 137 nightmares, 40 novel materials, 125 nuisance, 102 O obesity, 53 obstruction, 83 obstructive sleep apnea, 88 occupational therapy, 27 operations, opioids, 27, 36, 48 oral antibiotic, 10 organs, 2, 25, 131 orthogonal, 53, 55, 57 orthogonal view, 53 oscillators, osteoporosis, 24 outpatient(s), 49, 64 overlap, 119, 133 overlay, 73 oxygen consumption, P pacemaker, pacing, 11 pain, ix, xi, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 51, 52, 57, 59, 61, 62, 63, 64, 69, 71, 72, 73, 76, 79, 85, 87, 89, 91, 93, 95, 96, 99, 100, 102, 103, 105, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111, 113, 115, 116, 117, 118, 119, 120, 121, 123, 126, 132, 133, 134, 135, 136, 137, 138, 139, 140, 142, 143, 144 pain management, xi, 20, 24, 46, 63, 109, 120, 126 pain perception, 96 parallax error, 57 parallel, 4, 68 paralysis, 101, 104 paresthesias, 69, 87, 88, 115, 116, 117, 118, 119 participants, 132 pathology, 44, 96, 108, 124 pathophysiology, 23, 24, 25, 27, 111 pathway(s), 24, 90, 96, 108, 128, 136 patient selection, ix, 5, 7, 9, 10, 14, 20, 35, 61, 109 peptide, 138 Percutaneous SCS Trial, 52, 53, 54 perfusion, peripheral neuropathy, peripheral vascular disease, 8, 9, 16, 96 permit, 126 personality, 14, 36, 48 personality traits, 14 phantom limb pain, 9, 16 pharmaceutical, 48 pharmacotherapy, 17 phenotype, 24 Philadelphia, xiii, 77, 120, 123 physical abuse, 40, 48 physical activity, 107 physical therapy, 8, 16, 17, 27, 29 physicians, 92, 117 physiology, 3, 154 Index pitch, 137 placebo, 27, 49, 120 platinum, 57, 105, 124, 125, 138, 145 pleasure, 39 plexus, polarity, 76 polymer(s), 124, 125, 138, 139 polyurethane, 57, 105 polyvinylidene fluoride, 131 population, 10, 24, 31, 40, 126, 133 positron emission tomography, post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), 40, 41, 47 postoperative outcome, 22 posttraumatic stress, 45, 49 prefrontal cortex, 49 preparation, 55 preservative, 103 prevention, 108, 111 primary cells, 3, 129 principles, 55, 61, 89, 120 prisoners, prognosis, 47 programmability, 123, 133 programming, ix, 19, 22, 57, 58, 59, 62, 73, 81, 84, 98, 99, 112, 115, 116, 117, 118, 119, 121, 126, 130, 133, 134, 143 project, 55 proliferation, 32 prophylactic, 72 protection, 3, 58 proteins, 124 prototype, 131 pruritus, 105 psychiatric diagnosis, 38, 39, 41, 46 psychiatric disorder(s), 9, 36, 38, 41, 46 psychiatric illness, 36, 46 psychologist, 36, 44, 109 psychology, 35, 49 pulse width, 31, 57, 76, 83, 90, 100, 115, 116, 117, 119, 121, 133, 134 Q quadriceps, 90 quality of life, 8, 9, 11, 16, 18, 29, 30, 31, 46, 59, 95, 107, 108, 132 questionnaire, 42, 44, 49 R radiation, 57 radiculopathy, 13, 14, 22, 85, 86, 105 radio, radius, 24 rape, 49 rash, 105 rating scale, 37, 62 reactions, 105, 106, 112, 124 reactivity, 40, 42, 105 reality, 137 receptor(s), 24, 25, 32 recognition, 59, 85, 90, 109, 110 recommendations, 38, 45, 46, 86, 101, 104, 108 recovery, 71, 76, 104 recurrence, 35 reflex sympathetic dystrophy, 11, 23, 61 rehabilitation, reinforcement, 45 reliability, 49, 129 relief, 1, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 16, 17, 18, 29, 30, 59, 61, 64, 69, 71, 72, 84, 98, 99, 106, 107, 108, 115, 117, 124, 126, 132, 134, 139, 140 remission, 27, 36 requirements, 8, 42, 96, 108 researchers, 128 resilience, 41 resistance, 29, 30, 53, 54, 56, 60, 66, 83, 133 resolution, 105, 106, 107, 108, 128 respiration, response, 17, 26, 27, 29, 40, 43, 90, 91, 105, 124, 132, 133 restrictions, 98 retardation, 39 rewards, 44 risk(s), 8, 9, 10, 17, 31, 36, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 47, 48, 51, 52, 53, 55, 59, 62, 64, 71, 84, 88, 99, 100, 101, 103, 104, 105, 106, 109, 129, 136, 137 risk factors, 41, 109 root(s), 2, 4, 9, 15, 25, 30, 47, 54, 58, 85, 115, 126, 127, 140 S safety, 11, 43, 88, 96, 124, 133, 134, 136, 139 savings, 130 scapula, 53 scar tissue, 68, 88, 112, 126 school, xi science, 131 scoliosis, 55 sedation, 60 selectivity, 128, 133, 143 self-image, 42 self-regulation, 42 Index sensation(s), 1, 3, 16, 26, 37, 43, 51, 69, 99, 100, 107, 115, 116, 118 sensing, 107 sensitivity, 25, 26, 27, 39, 144 sensitization, 24, 26, 31, 32 sensor, 107, 123 sensory system, ix serum, 25 settlements, 44 sex, 42 sham, 134 shape, 124, 137 short-term memory, 38 shoulder or upper extremity, 55 showing, 8, 135 siblings, 24, 31 side effects, 27, 107 signals, 3, 136, 144 signs, 23, 25, 26, 27, 31, 32, 59, 101 silk, 83, 84 silver, 129 Sinai, 20 skin, 10, 24, 25, 26, 27, 29, 31, 52, 53, 55, 58, 59, 64, 65, 66, 70, 73, 74, 81, 82, 84, 101, 103, 106 sleep disturbance, 40 smoking, 103 social obligations, 45 society, 63 solution, 70, 74 somatization, 41, 109 somnolence, 60 spasticity, special education, 38 specialists, 126 speech, 38 spending, 42 sphincter, 108 spinal anesthesia, 88, 93 spinal cord, ix, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 11, 12, 13, 16, 17, 20, 21, 22, 23, 26, 29, 30, 35, 46, 47, 51, 55, 61, 62, 63, 73, 76, 79, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 91, 92, 93, 95, 97, 105, 106, 108, 110, 111, 112, 113, 117, 118, 119, 120, 121, 124, 125, 128, 130, 133, 136, 137, 138, 139, 140, 141, 142, 143, 144, 145 spinal cord injury, 105, 108 spinal cord stimulation, ix, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 10, 11, 12, 13, 18, 20, 21, 22, 23, 29, 35, 46, 47, 51, 61, 62, 63, 73, 76, 79, 85, 86, 87, 89, 93, 95, 110, 111, 112, 113, 115, 117, 118, 119, 120, 121, 123, 125, 130, 132, 133, 137, 138, 139, 140, 141, 142, 143, 144, 145 spinal stenosis, 15, 16, 103, 105 155 spine, 3, 12, 21, 54, 55, 57, 61, 80, 81, 82, 83, 100, 136 sponge, 59 SSI, 100, 102 stability, 9, 15, 53, 55, 56, 125, 129 stable angina, state(s), 4, 8, 36, 47, 99, 131, 141, 142 steel, 124 stenosis, 14, 105 sterile, 10, 53, 55, 59, 65, 71, 73, 74, 81, 83, 85, 90 steroids, 105 stigma, 38 stimulation, ix, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 29, 30, 31, 35, 46, 47, 51, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 61, 62, 63, 64, 69, 71, 73, 76, 79, 80, 85, 86, 87, 89, 90, 91, 93, 95, 96, 97, 100, 101, 104, 105, 106, 107, 108, 110, 111, 112, 113, 115, 116, 117, 118, 119, 120, 121, 123, 124, 125, 126, 128, 129, 130, 131, 132, 133, 134, 135, 136, 137, 138, 139, 140, 141, 142, 143, 144, 145 stimulus, 27, 132, 133, 143 storage, 124, 130 stress, 37, 42 stroke, 38 structure, 30, 49 subcutaneous injection, 53 subcutaneous tissue, 31, 70, 74, 81, 82 substance abuse, 42 substance use, 40 success rate, 9, 12, 13, 16, 21 successful trial, 8, 59, 81, 87, 107 suicidal behavior, 42 suicidal ideation, 9, 39 suicide attempts, 42 Sun, 76, 112, 120 suppression, 121, 135, 144 surface area, 125, 131, 136 surgical intervention, 13 surgical removal, 106 surgical technique(s), 16, 20, 97 surveillance, 100 survival, 8, 11 survival rate, susceptibility, 24 suture, 58, 70, 73, 74, 84, 98, 106 swelling, 103 symmetry, 83, 89, 90 sympathetic fibers, 25 sympathetic nervous system, 25, 29 sympathetic system, 28 sympathy, 45 symptomology, 24 156 Index symptoms, 8, 9, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 27, 28, 31, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 45, 46, 47, 48, 59, 60, 103, 105, 107 synapse, 144 synaptic transmission, syndrome, ix, 1, 2, 4, 5, 7, 8, 11, 13, 14, 16, 20, 21, 22, 23, 29, 31, 32, 33, 46, 48, 58, 61, 62, 85, 86, 89, 95, 96, 111, 113, 119, 120, 142 T tantalum, 137 target, 36, 64, 68, 97, 106, 108, 118, 126, 143 techniques, ix, 10, 30, 85, 89, 92, 95, 98, 99, 103, 104, 126 technological advancement, technolog(ies), 3, 4, 19, 20, 58, 63, 95, 96, 104, 110, 123, 126, 128, 129, 130, 131, 132, 133, 134, 137 TEG, 131 temperature, 26, 29 tendons, 25 testing, 12, 15, 38, 42, 57, 58, 61, 64, 89, 90, 93, 105, 108, 109, 120 textbook, xi therapeutic effect(s), 64, 96 therapeutic use, therapeutics, 140 therapy, ix, 7, 8, 10, 14, 16, 27, 29, 31, 35, 36, 42, 44, 45, 46, 49, 52, 60, 85, 92, 95, 105, 107, 109, 113, 124, 133 thermodynamics, 131 thoughts, 39, 40, 41, 43 threats, 42 thrombin, 104 tibia, 24, 32 tibialis anterior, 80, 90 TID, 59 time frame, 104 tin, 115 tinnitus, 102 tissue, 8, 25, 56, 58, 60, 73, 82, 105, 106, 118, 124, 125, 126, 132, 136 titanate, 131 titanium, 105, 138 TNF, 24, 32 TNF-alpha, 24 tonic, 108, 119, 135 tracks, 56 training, 39, 45 transactions, 43 transmission, ix trapezius, 82 trauma, 16, 25, 32, 40, 48, 56, 58 treatment, ix, xi, 1, 4, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 13, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 27, 28, 29, 31, 32, 35, 36, 37, 38, 40, 41, 42, 45, 46, 47, 48, 50, 60, 61, 63, 71, 79, 85, 93, 95, 100, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111, 119, 124, 126, 134, 142, 144, 145 tremor, 26 trial, 7, 8, 10, 11, 12, 17, 18, 19, 21, 22, 29, 30, 32, 51, 52, 53, 58, 59, 60, 61, 64, 68, 69, 71, 72, 81, 82, 85, 86, 87, 88, 90, 92, 98, 101, 102, 103, 105, 107, 108, 109, 111, 113, 117, 119, 120, 126, 130, 132, 134, 141, 142 tricyclic antidepressant(s), 27 triggers, 43 Tunneled SCS Trial, 52 tunneling, 64, 70, 73, 84 twist, 55, 56 U uniform, 26, 137 United States (USA), 3, 7, 8, 13, 20, 35, 39, 41, 51, 63, 76, 95, 109, 117, 134 unstable angina, upper extremity stimulation, 56 urinary retention, urine, 42 V validation, 26 valve, vanadium, 129 variables, 46 vasculature, 104 vasoconstriction, 25 vasospasm, 105 VDF, 131 vertigo, 102 victims, 49 vision, 19 visual analog (VAS) scale, 59 visualization, 16, 83, 103 vitamin E, 104 vocabulary, 38 vomiting, 107 vulnerability, 47 W walking, 54, 55 water, weakness, 26, 124 157 Index web, 49 weight gain, 39 weight loss, 39 wet tap, 60 wires, 3, 84, 123, 126, 136, 137, 145 workers, 35, 46 working conditions, 44 worldwide, 63 wound dehiscence, 106 wound healing, 103, 105 wound infection, 101 Y yield, 100 ... of Spinal Cord Stimulation [13] The modern era of neuromodulation has been suggested to begin as the early 1960s, initially with deep brain stimulation followed soon thereafter by spinal cord stimulation. .. 1976;63(11):906-909 Dooley DM Spinal cord stimulation AORN journal Jun 1976;23(7):1209-1212 History of Spinal Cord Stimulation [14] Murphy DF, Giles KE Dorsal column stimulation for pain relief... and Julie G Pilitsis 95 Chapter 11 Spinal Cord Stimulation Programming Strategies Christina Sarris 115 viii Chapter 12 Index Contents Emerging Spinal Cord Stimulation Technology James C Barrese