Open Design and Innovation www.gowerpublishing.com/ebooks We hope you enjoy this ebook with its interactive features and the wealth of knowledge contained within it We’d love to keep you informed of other Gower books available to you from your chosen provider Why not join our monthly email newsletter? It features new books as they are released, links you to hints and tips from our expert authors and highlight free chapters for you to read To see a sample copy, please go to www.gowerpublishing.com/newsletter and then simply provide your name and email address to receive a copy each month If you wish to unsubscribe at any time we will remove you from our list swiftly Our blog www.gowerpublishingblog.com brings to your attention the articles and tips our authors write and, of course, you are welcome to comment on anything you see in them We also use it to let you know where our authors are speaking so, if you happen to be there too, you can arrange to meet them if you wish Open Design and Innovation Facilitating Creativity in Everyone Leon Cruickshank © Leon Cruickshank 2014 All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without the prior permission of the publisher Published by Gower Publishing Limited Gower Publishing Company Wey Court East 110 Cherry Street Union Road Suite 3-1 Farnham Burlington Surrey VT 05401-3818 GU9 7PT USA England www.gowerpublishing.com Leon Cruickshank has asserted his moral right under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act, 1988, to be identified as the author of this work British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library The Library of Congress has catalogued the printed edition as follows: Cruickshank, Leon Open design and innovation : facilitating creativity in everyone / by Leon Cruickshank pages cm Includes bibliographical references and index ISBN 978-1-4094-4854-9 (hardback : alk paper) ISBN 978-1-4094-4855-6 (ebook) - ISBN 978-1-4094-7475-3 (epub) Creative ability Democratization I Title BF408.C764 2014 658.3'14 dc23 2014000208 ISBN: 9781409448549 (hbk) 9781409448556 (ebk) 9781409474753 (ePub) IV Printed in the United Kingdom by Henry Ling Limited, at the Dorset Press, Dorchester, DT1 1HD Contents Acknowledgements: Openness in a Book vii Part 1: Open Design in Context Introduction to Open Design Innovation and Design in Context Mass Creativity: Design Beyond the Design Profession 25 Design Responses to Mass Creativity 39 Open Design Futures 51 Part 2: Open Design Case Studies Introduction to Case Studies 77 Case Study 1: The NET Gadgeteer: Open Design Platform 81 Case Study 2: La Region 27 and the Open Design of Public Services 93 vi Design Leadership Case Study 3: Silver = Gold: Professional Designers Working in Open Creative Processes 113 Case Study 4: Educating Open Designers 127 145 Case Study 5: PROUD: Beyond the Castle: Open Designers in Action Part 3: The Future 7 The Future for Open Designers 161 Bibliography167 Index173 Acknowledgements: Openness in a Book It is worth taking time here to address the issue of openness when writing a book on open design Openness as it is used throughout this book is a general description of processes that include a high degree of porosity, exchange and collaboration in all areas of the creative process This grows from the belief that in many cases openness has practical and philosophical advantages over closeness I am not the first author to want to make their book open When Charles Leadbeater wrote his book We–Think: Mass Innovation Not Mass Production: The Power of Mass Creativity (Leadbeater, 2008), he made early drafts of his manuscript freely available online and invited comments and contributions It led to hundreds of downloads of the text and thousands of individual edits on the wiki of the text to be found at www.charlesleadbeater.net/ The excellent Open Design Now: Why Design Cannot Remain Exclusive (Abel, Evers, Klaassen and Troxler, 2011) took another approach The authors decided to launch the book in the normal way but with a small amount of content freely available online Over the next 18 months gradually more and more of the book was available freely, until at the end of 2012 all of the book can be accessed cost-free at http://opendesignnow.org Other less practical responses have included leaving a space in physical texts and encouraging readers to add to or amend it The first newspapers in the seventeenth century were sold to the 400 or so coffee shops in London; these had blank sections for local announcements, and papers were read aloud as few people could read In this book, none of these approaches has been used While there is power in a multitude of small but good contributions from across the complete spectrum of perspectives, experience and agendas, there is also power in spending an hour or two with someone who has thought deeply about the subject for a very long time and having a lively discussion This is especially effective when the people are at the leading edge of thinking on open design This book could not have been written without the generous contribution of Paul Atkinson, Rachel Cooper, Antoinette Kripps, Helen Ryan, Marc Tassoul, Peter Troxler, Nicolas Villas, Stephan Vincent, Ingrid van de Wecht and Lotte van Wulfften Palthe A heartfelt thanks to these contributors This page has been left blank intentionally Reviews of Open Design and Innovation ‘Open Design and Innovation by Leon Cruickshank is in many ways the most comprehensive, courageous, and useful contribution to the discussion around open design so far – historically founded, professionally reflective, giving substantial evidence in five case studies, and including practical advice for “open designers” With this monograph, Leon Cruickshank successfully adds his voice and profound thinking to the discussion of open design, prevailing over previous collective works such as my own Open Design Now and the excellent “Dutch Open” issue of The Design Journal.’ Peter Troxler, Rotterdam University of Applied Sciences, the Netherlands and senior editor of Open Design Now ‘Cruickshank provides us with unique and fascinating insights into the rapidly expanding field of open design and innovation, describing its origins and underlying theories alongside contemporary applications that facilitate creativity in everyone.’ Rachel Cooper, University of Lancaster, UK Chapter 7: The Future for Open Designers 165 directly with people working in groups, a looser interaction with communities all developing their own projects, or the interaction with an individual to create their own products Making these interactions as rewarding and useful as possible is the key to the success of open design The eight principles for open design presented in the PROUD case study offer a guiding framework for how the design facilitator should start to think about the successful creation and nurturing of open design projects The eight principles proposed here are: Agree how the success of the project will be recognised Move in and beyond your normal design practice Involve and respect lots of people in the ideas-generating parts of the process Use the expertise of all participants in the process Let everyone be creative in their own way Explore and challenge assumptions Expect to go beyond the average Bring the process to the best possible conclusion with the best possible design outcome At the moment there are many designers who act as design participants in the casual sense that they put time and energy into open design projects that they are not being paid for in a professional capacity There are fewer who would currently identify with the ability to learn (or even the concept of learning) different creative languages to help communication and collaboration with people with very different but equally creative perspectives Similarly, there are very few designers indeed who would identify themselves as designing facilitation, who use their design skills to create new, effective structures to help a wide range of people be creative in their own way It seems, though, that in the long term, as more people have more opportunity to be more creative, the design of open design ‘contexts’ that facilitate this creativity will be the future of professional design contributions to open design This page has been left blank intentionally Bibliography Abel, B van, Evers, L., Klaassen, R and Troxler, P (2011) Open Design Now: Why Design Cannot Remain Exclusive Amsterdam: BIS Publishers AIGA (2006) The D.I.Y debate Retrieved 16 January 2012 from http://www.aiga.org/content cfm/content cfm/the-diy-debate Allen, R C (1983) Collective invention Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 4(1), 1–24 Retrieved from http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0167268183900239 Ambasz, E (ed.) (1972) Italy: The New Domestic Landscape New York: Museum of Modern Art Atkinson, P (2006) Do it yourself: democracy and design Journal of Design History, 19 Atkinson, P (2010) Boundaries? What boundaries? The crisis of design in a post-professional era Design, 13(2), 137–155 Atkinson, P (2011) Orchestral manoeuvres in design In B van Abel et al (eds), Open Design Now: Why Design Cannot Remain Exclusive (1st edn) Amsterdam: BIS Publishers Bayer, H (1938) Bauhaus 1919–1928 Ed Herbert Bayer and Walter Gropius New York: The Museum of Modern Art Beegan, G and Atkinson, P (2008) Professionalism, amateurism and the boundaries of design Journal of Design History, 21(4), 305–313 Brabham, D C (2012) The myth of amateur crowds: a critical discourse analysis of crowdsourcing coverage Information, Communication & Society, 15(3), 394–410 Branzi, A (1984) The Hot House: Italian New Wave Design Cambridge, MA: MIT Press Brink, T., Gergle, D and Wood, S (2002) Usability for the Web London: Morgan Kaufman Press Buijs, J (2007) Innovation leaders should be controlled schizophrenics Creativity and Innovation Management, 16(2), 203–210 Busignani, A (1973) Gropius London: Hamlin Chesbrough, H (2002) Graceful exits and missed opportunities: Xerox’s management of its technology spin-off organizations Business History Review, 76(4), 803–837 Chesbrough, H (2003) Open Innovation: The New Imperative for Creating and Profiting from Technology Boston, MA: Harvard Business School Press 168 Open Design and Innovation Chesbrough, H., Vanhaverbeke, W and West, J (eds) (2008) Open Innovation: Researching a New Paradigm Oxford: Oxford University Press Chiaroni, D and Chiesa, V (2010) Unravelling the process from closed to open innovation: evidence from mature, asset intensive industries R&D Management Retrieved from http:// onlinelibrary.wiley.com Christensen, C M (1997) The Innovator’s Dilemma: When New Technologies Cause Great Firms to Fail Boston, MA: Harvard Business School Press Constant (1951) Another city, another life Situationist International Magazine Constant (2001) New Babylon: an urbanism In I Borden and S McCreery (eds), New Babylonians, 12–14 London: Wiley-Academy Coyne, R (2005) Wicked 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Architectural Theory Review, 1(1), 65–97 Tassoul, M (2009) Creative Facilitation (3rd edn) Delft: VSSD Tassoul, M and Buijs, J (2007) Clustering: an essential step from diverging to converging Creativity and Innovation Management, 16(1), 16–26 Thomke, S and Von Hippel, E (2002) Customers as innovators: a new way to create value Harvard Business Review, April, 74–81 Trott, P and Hartmann, D (2009) Why ‘open innovation’ is old wine in new bottles International Journal of Innovation Management, 13(4), 715–736 Van Der Meer, H (2007) Open innovation – the Dutch treat: challenges in thinking in business models Creativity and Innovation Management, 16(2), 192–203 Vaneigem, R (1994) The Revolution of Everyday Life Trans and ed D Nicholson-Smith London: Rebel Press/Left Bank Books Von Hippel, E (2006) Democratizing Innovation Cambridge, MA: MIT Press Wood, D (2009) The myth of crowdsourcing: crowds don’t innovate – individuals Forbes Retrieved from http://www.forbes.com/2009/09/28/crowdsourcing-enterprise-innovationtechnology-cio-network-jargonspy.html This page has been left blank intentionally Index 123 software, 71 A Access Space, 70 amateur/professional blurring, 52–54 Ambasz, E., 62 anti-design, 46–47 Apple, 33, 36 Arad, Ron, 47–8 architecture, 14 design compared to, 40–41 New Babylon, 64 Archizoom, 46 Arduino, 83–84 assumptions, exploration and challenging of, 156 Atkinson, Paul, 5, 41, 53 B Bakker, G., 46 Barr, Alfred, 128 Bauhaus, 42, 128–129 Bauhaus (Barr), 128 Beegan, G., 53 best practice, rejection of, 99–101 blogs, 28–29, 69 Blomberg, J., 44 Brabham, D.C., 32 Buijs, Jan, 129 C case studies see also education; Net Gadgeteer; PROUD: Beyond the Castle project; Region 27; Silver=Gold project professional designers’ role in, 163–164 selection of, 83, 146 themes focused on, 77–78 Chesbrough, Henry, 17–19, 20 Christensen, Clayton, 34–35, 127 citizens, relationships between, 99 co-design, 47–9 see also PROUD: Beyond the Castle project; Silver=Gold project communication, mass creativity in, 28–29 Communication Research Institute of Australia (CRIA), 43 competences in facilitation, 141–142 compromised outcomes of co-design, 121–122, 155 context for open design, 3–4 Coyne, Richard, 13–14, 54 craft/industrial approach, 47 Creative Facilitation (Tassoul), 129–130 creativity, acceptance of different types of, 156 crowd sourcing, 31–33 Crowdsourcing: Why the Power of the Crowd is Driving the Future of Business (Howe), 32 Customatix, 57 customisation, 56–58 D 3D printing, 69–70, 71, 72 de Certeau, Michel, 97 Deleuze, G., 54–55 democratised innovation, 33–36 Democratizing Innovation (Von Hippel), 30–31 design mass production and, 129 relationship with innovation, 9–10 digital technology see also Net Gadgeteer de-emphasis of, mass creativity, 25–26, 28–29 new possibilities through, 4–5 not essential for open design, 81 and rapid manufacturing, 71 distributed design, 59–63 DIY and distributed design, 59 music, 29 ‘do’ brand, 60–61 ‘do create’, 49, 61–63 downloadable design, 66–68 Downs, G.W., 15 Drexler, K Eric, 72 Droog collective, 48–49, 59–63, 66–68 174 Open Design and Innovation E education benefits of facilitation, 142–143 competences in facilitation, 141–142 designing facilitation in open design, 135–142, 143 experience before improvisation, 142–143 facilitation in open design, 129–133 future of facilitation, 143 improvisation in facilitation, 133–135, 140–141 traditional design, 128–129 emancipatory geography, 64–65 ethics and open design, 58, 72–73 expertise of all participants, use of, 156 F Fab Lab, 69–70 facilitation in open design benefits of, 142–143 competences in, 141–142 designing, 135–142, 143, 164–165 downloadable design, 66–68 education in, 129–133 experience before improvisation, 142–143 future of, 143 generative design tools (GDT), 65–66 improvisation in, 133–135, 140–141 leadership style, 132 Silver=Gold project, 117 failure, learning from, 99–101 fanzines, 4, 5, 69, 162 Finley, Dawn, 49 frames of reference, 13 open innovation as new, 21–2 wicked problems, 14 G Gadgeteer characteristics of, 83–84 compared to Arduino, 83–84 and design, 91–92 genesis of, 84–85 as mass creativity example, 27 as open design platform, 84–89 physical design, 87–91 selection of as case study, 83 users, types of, 86–87 generative design tools (GDT), 65–66 Gladwell, Malcolm, 16–17 Gropius, Walter, 42 ground-up innovation, 33–36 Guattari, F., 54–55 H Hartman, D., 21 homogeneity of public services’ actors, 97, 101–102 Howe, Jeff, 31–32 Huizingh, E.K.R.E., 23 Hutton, Richard, 49 I ideas-generation, involvement of people in, 155 improvisation in facilitation, 133–135, 140–143 industrial/craft approach, 47 information sharing, mass creativity in, 28–29 innovation categorising, 16 definition, 15–16 democratised, 33–36 game-changing, nature and impact of, 34–35 history of, 15 lead-users, 30–31, 34 movers – first, second and third, 16–17 open, 17–23 relationship with design, 9–10 spaces for, 110 innovation studies, 4, 15, 30 Innovator’s Dilemma: When New Technologies Cause Great Firms to Fail (Christensen), 34–5 Italian design groups, radical, 46–7 J Jorn, Asger, 64 Julier, Guy, 11–12, 130 K Kadushin, Ronen, 10 Kelley, Tom, 10 Kensing, F., 44 Klip Binder house, 49 Kripps, Antoinette, 115–117 Kuhn, Thomas, 13 175 Index L La Region 27 see Region 27 Lau, Manfred, 91 Lawson, Brian, 12 Le Corbusier, 40 lead-users, 30–31, 34 Leadbeater, Charles, 27, 29, 33 leadership style, 132 low culture materials, use of, 47 Lupton, E., 53 M manufacturing, open access to, 69–73 Marcus, Andrew, 29 mass creativity advantages of professional designers, 34 amateur/professional blurring, 52–54 anti-design, 46–47 co-authoring products, 47–49 crowd sourcing, 31–33 democratised innovation, 33–36 design-led vernacular, 45–47 and digital technology, 25–26 ‘do create’, 49 Gadgeteer, 27 industrial/craft approach, 47 lead-users, 28, 30–31, 34 low culture materials, use of, 47 participatory design, 43–45 Proctor and Gamble, 26–27 strategic responses to, 52–55 terms and definitions, 27–28 users’ role in professional design, 42–45 vernacular design, 28–30 Wikipedia, 26 mass production and design, 129 Memphis, 46–47 Men’s Sheds, 70 MES, 25–26, 57 Microsoft, 27 modernist design, 40 modular house design, 46, 49 Moholy-Nagy, László, 42 Mohr, L.B., 15 music, DIY, 29 N nanotechnology, 72 Net, 27, 85 Net Gadgeteer characteristics of, 83–84 compared to Arduino, 83–84 and design, 91–92 genesis of, 84–85 as open design platform, 84–89 physical design, 87–91 selection of as case study, 83 users, types of, 86–87 New Babylon, 64 New Bauhaus, 42 Nieuwenhuys, Constant, 64 Nike, 56 O online design see digital technology open design see also responses to open design compared to professional design(ers), 13 context for, 3–4 defined, designing process of, 156–157 ethics and, 58, 72–73 first uses of term, 10 history of, human needs and wants as drivers, 161 motivation for, and open innovation, 23 principles of, 155–157, 165 professional design(ers)’ role in, 6, 11–12 and prototyping, 98 rhizome metaphor for, 54–55 tension with open source, 81–83 wicked problems, 14 open innovation, 17–23 open source, 19 tension with open design, 81–83 open structures, 64–68 Oslo Manual, 15–16 P Papanek, Victor, 13 paradigms, 13 open innovation as new, 21–22 176 Open Design and Innovation PARC Xerox, 19–21 participatory design, 43–45 PDFs, 29 Perens, Bruce, 82 physical design in Net Gadgeteer, 87–91 Pilkington, 22 politics and co-design, 118–121 power and co-design, 118–121 Poyner, Rick, problem-solving approaches, design of downloadable design, 66–68 generative design tools (GDT), 65–66 Proctor and Gamble, 18, 26–27 professional design(ers) advantages of, 34 blogs, opportunities in, 29 blurring with amateur, 52–54 changes in industry, impact of, 124–125 co-authoring products, 47–49 co-option of crowdsourcing platforms, 32–33 compared to open design, 13 design-led vernacular, 45–47 erosion of authority of, 14 facilitation design as new role, 164–165 future role for, 92, 162–164 as gatekeepers, 40–41 history of, 12 nature of, 10–11, 12–13 participatory design, 43–45 role in open design, 6, 11–12 Silver=Gold project, perspective on, 118–123 users, role of in, 42–45 professionalisation of design, 40–41 proto-products, 47–49, 59, 61–63 prototyping, 98 PROUD: Beyond the Castle project aims of, 145–146, 147 challenge in degree of openness, 147–148 co-design exhibition, 154 context for, 148 Councils, City/County, working with, 150–151 difficulties experienced by designers, 155 events programme, 153–154 experts, recruitment of, 151–152 explicit intervention, need for, 150 flexibility, importance of, 146 key issues at start, 149 management and administration, importance of, 152–153 as part of larger project, 146–147 positive reinforcement, need for, 150 previous plans and consultations, 149 principles of open design arising from, 155–157 selection of as case study, 146 visioning, 154 public sector see Region 27 R radical Italian design groups, 46–47 Ramakers, R., 46, 59–60, 62–63 Rand, Paul, 10–11 Rayfishshoe Company, 58 Region 27 approach adopted, 93 challenges for, 97–103 change to traditional consultancy approach, 102–103 citizenship participation, 109 civil servants, support for, 109–110 creation of, 93 digital projects, 105–108 experts, involvement in projects, 105 funding, 94 homogeneity of public services’ actors, 97, 101–102 innovation space, 110 La Transfer, 108–112 methods of, 94–97 open design, relevance to, 94 projects, 103–108 prototyping of policy tools, 98 regional laboratories, 108–112 rejection of best practice, 99–101 relationships between citizens, 99 staff employed, 93 toolboxes for collaborative design, 110–111 transferable processes, 104 rejection of best practice, 99–101 relationships between citizens, 99 responses to open design Access Space, 70 amateur/professional blurring, 52–54 blogs, 69 177 Index customisation, 56–58 in different design sectors, 52 distributed design, 59–63 downloadable design, 66–68 Fab Lab, 69–70 generative design tools (GDT), 65–66 manufacturing, open access to, 69–73 Men’s Sheds, 70 open structures, 64–68 opportunities and implications of, 71–73 rhizome metaphor, 54–55 TechShops, 70 rhizome metaphor, 54–55 mass creativity, 25–26 new possibilities through, 4–5 TechShops, 70 27th Region see Region 27 toolboxes for collaborative design, 108, 110–111 transcendence of initial ideas, 122, 155 Transformer Chair, 47–48 Trott, P., 21 S shoe sector, customisation in, 56–58 Silver=Gold project approach regarding elderly participants, 122–123 as co-design project, 113 creation of, 113–114 design process, 122–123 designers’ perspective on, 118–123 Eindhoven City Council, role of, 114–117 facilitation of design, 117 politics and power, 118–121 transcendence of initial ideas, 122 undefined co-design, 114, 124 weak outcomes of co-design, 121–122 Simon, Herbert, 12–13 Situationist International, 64–65 SketchChair software, 91 Snodgrass, Adrian, 54 Sottass, Ettore, 46, 49 Studio Alchimia, 46 V Van Der Meer, Hans, 19 Van Wulfften Palthe, Lotte, 152–153 vernacular, design-led, 45–47 vernacular design, 28–30 Villas, Nick, 84–85, 86–90 Vincent, Stephane, 94–112, 119 Von Hippel, Eric, 27–28, 30–31 T Tassoul, Marc, 129–142 technology see also Net Gadgeteer de-emphasis of, U user-centred design, 42–43 users’ role in professional design, 42–45 W Wamble, Mark, 49 We-Think: Mass Innovation, Not Mass Production: The Power of Mass Creativity (Leadbeater), 33 weak outcomes of co-design, 121–122 Wecht, Ingrid van der, 116 wicked problems, 14 Wikipedia, 26 Woods, Dan, 33 worst practice, learning from, 99–101 X Xerox, 19–21 Z ‘zines, 28 If you have found this book useful you may be interested in other titles from Gower Branding and Product Design: An Integrated Perspective Monika Hestad Hardback: 978-1-4094-4626-2 e-book: 978-1-4094-4627-9 Creating Innovative Products and Services: The FORTH 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Acknowledgements: Openness in a Book vii Part 1: Open Design in Context Introduction to Open Design Innovation and Design in Context Mass Creativity: Design Beyond the Design Profession 25 Design Responses... this wider landscape that open design is emerging into and a better understanding of the value of open innovation in this wider sense will help open design flourish 20 Part 1: Open Design in Context