LANDSCAPE AND CULTURE IN NORTHERN EURASIA Publications of the Institute of Archaeology, University College London Series Editor: Ruth Whitehouse Director of the Institute: Stephen Shennan Founding Series Editor: Peter J Ucko The Institute of Archaeology of University College London is one of the oldest, largest and most prestigious archaeology research facilities in the world Its extensive publications programme includes the best theory, research, pedagogy and reference materials in archaeology and cognate disciplines, through publishing exemplary work of scholars worldwide Through its publications, the Institute brings together key areas of theoretical and substantive knowledge, improves archaeological practice and brings archaeological findings to the general public, researchers and practitioners It also publishes staff research projects, site and survey reports and conference proceedings The publications programme, formerly developed in-house or in conjunction with UCL Press, is now produced in partnership with Left Coast Press, Inc The Institute can be accessed online at http://www ucl.ac.uk/archaeology Critical Cultural Heritage Series, Beverley Butler (ed.) Katharina Schramm, African Homecoming Mingming Wang, Empire and Local Worlds Dean Sully (ed.), Decolonizing Conservation Ferdinand de Jong and Michael Rowlands (eds.), Reclaiming Heritage Beverley Butler, Return to Alexandria Recent Titles Andrew Bevan and David Wengrow (eds.), Cultures of Commodity Branding Peter Jordan (ed.), Landscape and Culture in Northern Eurasia Peter Jordan and Marek Zvelebil (eds.), Ceramics Before Farming Marcos Martinón-Torres and Thilo Rehren (eds.), Archaeology, History, and Science Miriam Davis, Dame Kathleen Kenyon Elizabeth Pye (ed.), The Power of Touch Russell McDougall and Iain Davidson (eds.), The Roth Family, Anthropology, and Colonial Administration Eleni Asouti and Dorian Q Fuller, Trees and Woodlands of South India Tony Waldron, Paleoepidemiology Janet Picton, Stephen Quirke and Paul C Roberts (eds.), Living Images Timothy Clack and Marcus Brittain (eds.), Archaeology and the Media Sue Colledge and James Conolly (eds.), The Origins and Spread of Domestic Plants in Southwest Asia and Europe Gustavo Politis, Nukak Sue Hamilton, Ruth Whitehouse and Katherine I Wright (eds.), Archaeology and Women Andrew Gardner, An Archaeology of Identity Barbara Bender, Sue Hamilton and Chris Tilley, Stone Worlds James Graham-Campbell and Gareth Williams (eds.), Silver Economy in the Viking Age Gabriele Puschnigg, Ceramics of the Merv Oasis Joost Fontein, The Silence of Great Zimbabwe Information on older titles in this series can be obtained from the Left Coast Press, Inc website http://www.LCoastPress.com LANDSCAPE AND CULTURE IN NORTHERN EURASIA Peter Jordan Editor Walnut Creek, California LEFT COAST PRESS, INC 1630 North Main Street, #400 Walnut Creek, CA 94596 http://www.LCoastPress.com Copyright © 2011 by Left Coast Press, Inc All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publisher ISBN 978-1-59874-244-2 hardcover Library of Congress Cataloguing-in-Publication Data: Landscape and culture in Northern Eurasia / Peter Jordan, editor p cm.—(Publications of the Institute of Archaeology) ISBN 978-1-59874-244-2 (hardcover : alk paper) Ethnology—Russia (Federation)—Siberia Hunting and gathering societies—Russia (Federation)—Siberia 3.  Landscape assessment—Russia (Federation)—Siberia Material culture—Russia (Federation)—Siberia Siberia (Russia)—Social life and customs.  I Jordan, Peter David, 1969 DK758.L36 2010 957—dc22 2010036305 Printed in the United States of America ∞ TMThe paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of American National Standard for Information Sciences—Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI/ NISO Z39.48–1992 CONTENTS List of Illustrations Preface Notes on Russian Transliteration 11 15 Landscape and Culture in Northern Eurasia: 17 An Introduction Peter Jordan Part Landscape, Communication and Obligation Seeing with Others’ Eyes: Hunting and ‘Idle Talk’ in the 49 Landscape of the Siberian Iukagir Rane Willerslev Shamanistic Revival in a Post-Socialist Landscape: 71 Luck and Ritual among Zabaikal’e Orochen-Evenkis David G Anderson Landscapes in Motion: Opening Pathways in Kamchatkan 97 Hunting and Herding Rituals Patrick Plattet Material and Linguistic Perspectives on Sel’kup Sacred Places 117 Alexandra A Maloney Part Landscape, Dwelling and Practice Dwelling in the Landscape Among the Reindeer Herding 135 Chukchis of Chukotka Virginie Vaté ‘Marking’ the Land: Sacrifices, Cemeteries and Sacred Places among the Iamal Nenetses Sven Haakanson Jr and Peter Jordan 161 Landscape Perception and Sacred Places amongst the Vasiugan Khants Andrei Filtchenko 179 Perceptions of Landscape among the Lake Essei Iakut: Narrative, Memory and Knowledge Tatiana Argounova-Low 199 The Creation and Persistence of Cultural Landscapes among the Siberian Evenkis: Two Conceptions of ‘Sacred’ Space Alexandra Lavrillier 215 10 Part Landscapes in Long-term Transformation 11 The Mansi Sacred Landscape in Long-Term Historical Perspective Elena Glavatskaia 235 12 Sacred Places and Masters of Hunting Luck in the Forest Worlds of the Udege People of the Russian Far East Shiro Sasaki 257 13 Komi Reindeer Herders: Syncretic and Pragmatic Notions of Being in the Tundra Joachim Otto Habeck 279 14 Siberian Landscapes in Ket Traditional Culture Edward J Vajda 297 15 Sacred Sites, Settlements and Place-Names: Ancient Saami Landscapes in Northern Coastal Sweden Noel D Broadbent and Britta Wennstedt Edvinger 315 About the Editor and Contributors Contact Details for Authors Index 339 343 345 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Figure 1.1 Figure 2.1 Figure 2.2 Figure 2.3 Location map of chapter case studies Map of Iukagir territory Iukagir ice fishing Hunters travelling within their hunting ground with dog sleds Figure 2.4 Sable, the ‘Soft Gold’, the main fur prey of hunters Figure 2.5 The elk moving along the river bank in spring 1999 Figure 2.6 The Omulevka River, the hunting territory of the Spiridonov family Figure 2.7 Interior of hunting cabin showing men relaxing after the hunt Figure 3.1 Map of Vitim River valley Figure 3.2 Gregorii Chernykh draining blood from the stunned, tethered reindeer Figure 3.3 Skinning the reindeer starting from the feet Figure 3.4 Nikolai Aruneev displays the meat on willow maps and burns portions of each piece in an offering fire Figure 3.5 Nikolai Aruneev constructs the offering site on a small rise between the Poperechnaia River and the camp Figure 3.6 Completed reindeer offering scaffold Figure 3.7 The author and Nikolai Aruneev making reindeer blood sausage Figure 3.8 Schematic map of the Poperechnaia River valley Figure 3.9 Schematic map of the Poperechnaia River valley emphasising the yearly round and the speciallymaintained kever meadows Figure 3.10 lokovun mortuary structure for depositing the clothing and personal goods of a deceased person Figure 3.11 Aruneev’s kunakan inuvun [child’s toy] at the mountain pass between the Poperechnaia and Kotamchal rivers 27 52 53 54 55 56 57 63 73 75 76 77 77 79 80 84 85 89 90 Figure 4.1 Location map of Lesnaia and Achaivaiam in Northern Kamchatka Figure 4.2 The crafting of a wooden seal during the 2006 Ololo ritual in Lesnaia Figure 4.3 Detail of the ‘tree of luck’ and of the Y-shaped wooden ‘pathway’ with the wooden bears and sheep attached to it Figure 4.4 Moving like a bear and diving like a seal during Ololo Figure 4.5 View from above of the sacrificial altar built in Achaivaiam in funeral context Figure 4.6 Imitating the ravens on the funerary pyre Figure 4.7 Detail of a sacrificial ‘sausage’ after its victimisation Figure 5.1 Map of indigenous minorities of Russia Figure 5.2 Sel’kup wooden shamanistic images Figure 6.1 Location map Figure 6.2 Changing settlement Figure 6.3 Passing the burning kênut in front of the herdsmen coming back from the summer pastures Figure 6.4 Building the iaranga Figure 6.5 Sketch 1: Organisation of the space inside the iaranga Figure 6.6 Blood drawings performed at the ŋênrir’’un ritual Figure 6.7 Drawings of charcoal on a newly-sewn inner tent inside the iaranga Figure 6.8 Fumigations during the first day of the Ŋênrir’’un ritual Figure 6.9 Anthropomorphic fireboards in front of an iaranga during the Ŋênrir’’un ritual Figure 6.10 Making the fire with fireboards during the Ulvev ritual Figure 6.11 Fireboards and treatment of the reindeer iitriir during the Ŋênrir’’un ritual Figure 7.1 General location map and Brigade 17’s migration route (1997–98) Figure 7.2 Members of Brigade 17 Figure 7.3 Brigade 17’s reindeer herd Figure 7.4 Brigade 17 crossing the frozen River Ob’ Figure 7.5 The symbolic siyangi line runs from the stove located at the centre of the chum out through the back of the tent 99 102 103 104 108 111 113 118 127 136 138 142 143 144 147 148 152 153 154 155 163 166 167 167 169 Figure 7.6 Figure 7.7 Figure 7.8 Figure 8.1 Figure 8.2 Figure 8.3 Figure 8.4 Figure 9.1 Figure 9.2 Figure 9.3 Figure 9.4 Figure 10.1 Figure 10.2 Figure 10.3 Figure 10.4 Figure 11.1 Figure 11.2 Figure 11.3 Figure 11.4 Figure 11.5 Figure 12.1 Figure 12.2 Figure 12.3 Figure 12.4 Figure 12.5 Figure 12.6 Figure 12.7 Figure 12.8 Figure 12.9 Figure 13.1 Figure 13.2 Figure 13.3 The sacred place at which Brigade 17 conducted a reindeer sacrifice Consuming fresh blood from the sacrificed reindeer Tying gifts to the sacred tree as a closing gesture Location map of the upper reaches of the Vasiugan River, Tomsk Region, Western Siberia Upper Vasiugan fish weir located near the settlement of Ozernoe Bear festival mask (birch bark) A member of the Milimov clan Location of Lake Essei, Krasnoiarskii Krai, Siberia Sasha Alekseev, local hunter, taking a short break Balyk Ehekene Remains of golomo, traditional dwelling of Lake Essei residents Winter encampment Summer encampment Platform for animal remains ‘Sky’ burial platform for bears General location map of Mansi communities in Western Siberia Pelym Mansi family pupyg sum’ iakh Lozva Mansi ialpyng ma Lozva Mansi purlakhtyn ma Pelym Mansi family pupyg (an arsyn) kept in a suit on the pupyg The Russian Far East Net fishing An Udege hunter going to set a bow-trap A traditional trap for sable hunting (Dui) Hunting territories and old settlement pattern on the Bikin River basins Remains of the ritual to the master of hunting luck Siwantai Mio and the shrine A hunter dedicating the ritual to the shrine Krasnyi iar Map showing locations of places and geographic features mentioned in the text The reindeer herders’ brigade travelling from one campsite to another Interior layout of the tent (chom) of a reindeerherding brigade 173 174 174 181 182 186 192 200 200 209 210 216 217 224 224 236 244 245 247 248 258 260 260 261 262 268 269 269 270 280 284 285 Index A aboriginal, Australian 58; life-ways in 74; literature on landscapes of 20 Achaivaiam 105; ancestors, obligations to 107; animal sacrifice 106; funeral pyre 107; herding landscape of 107–110; indigenous community of 107; pastoralist communities in 106; reindeer herders, sacrifice by 106–107; rituals and imitative dances 110; sacred landscape 107; sacrificial principles 112–113; tantegiŋin 107 agriculture among Komis 280, 282; of Mansi 237 Aiylha 33, 212; landscape and 201; Sakha concept of 199 Alekseenko, Evgeniia A 297, 299–300, 301, 303–305, 308–309 Allels 302–303 Amguema 139 Amur River 26 animal killer, miniature model of 62; spirit 18, 33, 124 animism 38; and Nenets 164 anthropologists, America and Russia 21 anthropology, themes of 25 Anuchin, Vladimir I 301 Aŋqal’yt, See mammal hunters, coastal archaeology of natural places 18, 31, 39, 316 architectural signature 88 architecture 18, 26, 90, 169, 242, 251, 279, 284 Arins 297 Arsen’ev, V K 261–262 Assans 297 Australian hunter-gatherer communities, studies of 20 ayibii 60–61; 69n1; of deceased person 65 ayibii-lebie 69n1 B Bagdarin 81 baidarki 91 Balyk Ehekene 209 bangos 299–300 bania 59 Baraliak or Baianai 219 Bear 99–103, 120, 128–129, 136, 154–155, 183–188, 222–227, 240–241, 247–248, 262–264, 289–291, 302, 304, 308, 319–320, 327–328; as bare-footed one 60; burial 320, 328; ceremonialism 290–291, 312, 320; cult 186, 289; grave 319, 327–328; hunt and Komi 290; hunting 100, 289; as master of forest animals 308; punishing hunters of 280; remains of 289; rituals 304, 328; spirit, reincarnation of 304; Bear festival, of Khanty 130; of Mansi 242, 249; of Tym Sel’kups 129–130; beiechi 219 Beiun collective 83 Bereznitskii, S V 265 Bikin River ecology 276 Bikin Udeges 261, 263; and Bua as venerable master 265; and Chinese heating system 262; cultural practices of 259 345 346 birch 58, 77, 120–121, 123, 126–127, 164, 169, 182, 185, 187, 211, 214, 222, 245, 259, 301 Black Death 331 black sable spirit 124 blood 32, 57, 61, 72, 74, 78–79, 108, 111–112, 128, 145–148, 154–155, 172–173, 208–209, 301–304, 309–310, 319; drawings 145–148; and Iukagir hunters 61; offerings 111, 301; and Ololo hunting festivals 112; of reindeer 145, 155; ritual logic of 32; sacrifice 128, 319, 250; of sacrificed animals 108 bloodless sacrifice among Sel’kups 127, See also blood, sacrifice boarding school system, Russianlanguage 29 Boas, Franz 21 body, materiality of 60 Bogoras, Waldemar G (Bogoraz, Vladimir) 24, 40, 105, 145–146, 153; English-language ethnographies of 24; on wild reindeer 151 Bol’shezemel’skaia Tundra 281, 286 boreal 28, 35, 49, 297; forest 28; hunting economy 35 burials 36, 118, 121, 163, 170, 174, 180, 205, 215, 223, 226, 228, 300, 310, 320, 328; complexes 36; grounds 163, 228, 300; perceptions of 121; platform for bears 223; sites 174 Buriatiia-based Orochen shamans 73 C Caribou 104 carving 89, 100, 102–103, 129, 225, 228, 243; of wooden images of spirits and ancestors 129 Ceremonialism 290–291, See also under bear child and language 65 Chinese dynasties 28, 262 Chipewyan hunters 66 Index Chomoon Maiats 202 Christianisation 98, 237, 279–280; of Komis 279–281, 289, 291–292; among Mansi 238 Christianity 279, 288, See also Christianisation Chukchi 52, 135, 139–140; blood drawings 146–147; cycle of movements in 139–141; encampments of 140, 145; ethno-territorial group of 148–149; funeral sites and 139; herders 107, 156; house society 145–150; iaranga 135–136; landscape, moving about 137–139; language 157; nomadic housing of 135–137, 142; nomadisation of 157; patterns of gendered mobility and 141; reindeer herding 98–99, 135, 137, 157; reindeer movement of 141; rutting season 141; seamammal hunters 135; seasonal migrations of 32; summer settlement 141; symbolic role of fire 151; tent-based affiliations 148; transhumant movements 140–141; women 155–156 ; wooden anthropomorphic fireboards 152, 153 Chukotka 135, 136, 138, 149; landscape of 136–137, 156 circumpolar, cosmology 25; cultural landscapes 37; hunter-gatherer populations 35; landscape research, potentials of 20–26; religion, accounts of 30–31; studies of 23; world-view of 26 coins 35, 79, 87, 122, 188, 191, 202, 246–248, 306, 308, 319, See also material culture commercial hunting 53, 215; of Evenkis 216; of Iukagir hunters 53; Sables as focus of 215 communicative relationships, ‘ritual logics’ of 37 Communism 21, 29–30, 238, 249; collapse of 30; and Mansi orthodox cultures 238; and Index official atheism 249; and transformations in Siberia 29–30 Communist, Revolution 21; for secular state of Mansi 239 cows 73, 86, 118, 250 cultural ecology of Julian Steward 23 cultural landscape, anthropological studies of 20; approach, flexibility of 31; built remains and architecture 26; character and meaning of 34; framework of 25, 31; of Evenkis 227, 229–230; research 18; research in Russia 25–26 cultural, patterns of Mansi 237; signature, kinds of 26 culture-historical landscape and built remains 26 D death 32, 61, 89, 98–100, 108, 119–122, 127, 129, 184, 220, 225–226, 246, 265, 274, 300, 302–305; ritual 35, See also burials Dene Tha 65–66 Denmark-Norway 28 domestic reindeer 33–34, 37, 105, 108, 111, 215–216, 218–219, 236, 245, See also reindeer Dual Model Subsistence 135 ‘dwelling perspective’31–32, 200, 201, See also Ingold, Tim, on dwelling perspectives E Eastern Siberia, rivers of 28 ecology of respect 32, 38 elk (Alces alces) 49, 55–63, 65–66, 71, 164, 180–181, 183–184, 186–188, 192, 194, 215, 227, 243, 258, 262, 264; and human hunter 50; in Nelemnoe 55; and hunters 57; images 188, See also moose encampments 33, 50, 61, 63–64, 66–67, 137–140, 142, 144, 150, 215–219, 222, 224–228, 256, 301, 303, 306–307; and the dead 225; 347 forest and 67; by fumigations 141; hunters and storytelling 61; of iaranga 142; organization of 144; space of 68, 222, 224; summer 139; and transport 137; tundra’s inhabitants and 138 Enisei River 26 Eniseian tribes 298, 312 environment, human engagements with 20 equipment 34, 83, 88, 129, 161, 180, 219, 221, 224, 228, 238, 265, 283–284 Es as male creator deity 300–301, 303, 305 ethnicity politics, analysis of 25 ethnoarchaeological, case studies 39; perspective 18 ethnography, as depicting ‘traditional’ life-ways 23; of fishing at Lake Essei 207–212 Ethno-historical Atlas of Siberia 23 ethno-territorial groups 137 Eurasia, case studies of 34; higherlatitude 26; scholarship of 21 European landscape painting 68 Evenkis 87, 215, 217, 219–220, 222, 225–231, 298, 308, 312; ancestral camps of 220; ancient locations 227; burials 216, 224, 227; Buriat shamanic rituals 81; camping 217, 219–220, 225, 229; collective rituals 225, 228; and collective seasonal festivals 216; communities 215–216; constructions, material of 220, 229; diaspora 230; domestic (‘humanised’) space of 225; domestic reindeer 215–217, 219–220, 223; encampments 217–219, 223, 225–229; folklore 229; forest as home to evil and 309; forest ‘roads’, network of 217, 220, 225–226; groups of 224; herding 218–219, 222–223, 230; humanisation of 229; hunter-herder cultural landscapes 33; life and death of 225; luck (kutu.) in reindeer 348 husbandry 81; moose meat 79; mortuary lokovun 78; offerings among 80, 81; Orochen hospitality 72; platforms 222–224, 229; possessions of 78; reindeer sacrifice 32, 74–76; ritual, feast in 79; symbols 225; transport 217; wild reindeer, remains of 80; wild spaces 219, 221, 228–229 F Fall commemorative rites 108 Fennoscandia 12, 17, 314 Finno-Ugrian people 280; fishing 280, 282, 291; folk beliefs 291–292; forest agriculture 280; graves of 289; herders travelling 286; male herders 284 fireboards 8, 151–155; as ‘masters of reindeer’ 154; role of 153–156 fireplace 137–138, 243, 248 fires 36–37, 61, 64, 70, 74–77, 82–83, 85, 104, 141–142, 146, 149–155, 167–169, 218, 221–222, 265, 309–210; in camp 167; as cleansing ceremony 128; coastal Koriak and 102; for deceased 122; of domestic hearth 142; in Ŋênrir’’un festival 150; as ritual process 104; and Sel’kup 119; symbolic role of 150; and women 155 folklore, of Evenkis 229; Tas Sel’kups 124 funeral 110, 121–122, 127; sites 136, 138, See also burials fur tax 29, 180, 237, 259, 273, 306, 311, See also fur trade and colonization of forest fur trade and colonisation of forest 29; Russian state interest in 29; of northern forests 28 G game animals 61, 97, 99, 112–113, 257; as ‘person’ 62 gender 37, 54, 138, 163, 169, 241, 250–252, 300, 302; in animal Index sacrifice of Mansi 250; in bear festival of Mansi 241; of Chukchis 138; of Chum 169; in gifting and sacrifice rituals 37; identity 169; of Iukagir 54; and landscape structuring 37; of Nenetses 163; structuring 33 gifting 18, 31–33, 35–38, 78–79, 88, 97, 129, 209, 288; Glavatskaia, Elena on 33; involving sacred places and shrines 36; involving sacrifice of gun shells/coins/cloths/animals/ people 35; rituals 31, 36, 78–79, 88, 209, 288; rituals in Siberia 32, 79–80; and sacrifice rituals 18, 31, 36–37; using material culture 289 Gospromkhoz Pozharskii 270 ‘Grandmother of life’ 123 grave sites, knowledge of Evenkis 225, 227 gulik 224, See also Evenki, groups of H Haakanson Jr., Sven, on Iamal 175 Hanseatic mercantilism 331 hearths 33, 36–37, 128, 134–135, 141–142, 146, 149–151, 153–156, 220, 320–321, 325, 328, 330–331; contact with ‘other’ 150; and gender 143, 152, 156; iaranga 150–152; positioning in tent 147; role of hearth in landscape 136, 142; at sacred sites 129; significance of 36; smoke from 156; and tent, females in 37 herders, ‘sedentarised’ 137; in tundra 149 herding rituals 112, 153 heritage preservation, new knowledge and practice in 26 higher-latitude ecology 26 high-latitude adaptations, dynamics of 40 History of Indigenous Peoples of Siberia 24 hoghotpyl 310 Index Holm, G 321, 325, 334 Hosedam 302–306, 307; and associaton of water 305; and creation of islands and tributaries 305; daughters of 307; servants of 304 house society, Claude Lévi-Strauss on 146 human, predator, reality of 61; sacrifices, Mansis and 246, 251 human-animal-spirit relations 17, 18, See also animal spirits human-environment relations 35–38, 317; understandings of 35–38 human-landscape interactions, investigation of 12 hunt, exchange of narratives of 64 hunter-fisher-gatherer societies 24, 28, 236, 267; analysis of 24–28 hunter-gatherer 20, 23–24, 28, 29–30, 31, 35, 38–39, 49–51, 53–63, 65–67, 86–88, 99–101, 104–105, 108–109, 174, 180–181, 183–190, 263–264, 266, 270–275, 290–291, 297, 312, 326; archaeology of 31, 39; and Ket belief 313; of Nenets 175; societies of Alaska, Africa and Australia 23; studies of Soviet-era 24; study of 23; transformation of 32 hunter-herder, economies 31; worldviews 39 Hunter-Prey Reversibility 61–62 hunters, group of 57, 63, 266; human 49, 59–60; local 199; mobility of 29, 161; passing 267, 272; professional 270; seal 325; senior 62–63; travelling 53; younger 206, 217 hunting luck, See under hunting hunting 28–33, 35–38, 48–60, 62–68, 84–88, 98–100, 102–106, 110–113, 117–118, 127–130, 179–192, 214–219, 256–258, 260–264, 266–275, 306–210; communities 28, 105; economy 35, 53, 161; for elk 57, 60; encampment and story-telling of 62–65; 349 encounter between 68; fishing and herding, targets for 29; of game of Nenets 163; gatherer landscape archaeology 31; groups 50, 55; and herding, cosmological understandings of 36; and inter-species transformation 51; as love-making 50–51; luck 38, 87, 188, 224, 227, 256, 258, 260, 262–264, 266–268, 270, 272–275; master of 263, 266–267; for meat 54, 180; and mobile herders and symbolic landscape 39; mobile wild reindeer 161; mobility of 29; narrative mode of 67; practices 63; predatory viewpoint of 51; and prey animal identity of 63; as reincarnation of a dead relative 51; and reindeer herding, males in 37; rituals 38; seasons 266, 275, 304; as sexual seduction 50–51; shelters 81; speech and smell as ‘magical tools’ 67; stateregistered lands for 219, 272; stories 63, 185; trails 307; storytelling, engagement in 67; symbiotic process of 51 I ialpyng ma 33, 239–244, 246–247, 250, 252–253 Iamal Nenetses 33, 175; folklore 174; as reindeer herders 166 iaranga 32; and female space 151–152 iitriir 8, 145, 154–155; sacrificial 87, 109, 113, 170, 172–173 Ilongot, of northern Philippines 64; hunters, group of 64; hunters, narratives of 64; knowledge, social distribution of 64; landscape and hunting practices 64; narrative mode as ‘magical tool’ 64; newborn child as returned deceased relative 65; story-tellers among 64 Ilynty Kota, See ‘Grandmother of life’ images of seals, bears and sheep 101–102 350 indigenous cultural landscapes 20–21, 29, 36, 97, 107, 206, 212, 279, 316 Ingold, Tim 17, 19–20, 22, 37, 105, 134, 150, 161, 163, 198, 200, 205, 264, 285, 315, 317–318; on dwelling perspectives 31, 135, 201; on fire 151; on nature 48; on reindeer sacrifice 24 Inner Asian continental divide 84 interpretive archaeology 20 Inuit 65 Itel’men hunters, G W Steller on 97 Iughs 297, 312 Iukagir 51–53, 57; and animal prey 68; animal spirits 60–61; animal, infra-human perspective of 60; bear as ‘bare-footed one’ 61; conceptions of knowledge of 64–65; culture as human attribute 60; dog sledge, revival of 54; elk (Alces alces) as game animal 56, 59, 60; elk (Alces alces) spirit and hunter 61; elk (Alces alces), habitat of 57–58; as fur trappers and subsistence hunters 54; gender relations 54, 55; humans and non-humans, subjectivity of 60; hunter, rhetoric of 60–61; hunters and elk (Alces alces) 32, 58; hunters and sexual seduction 60; hunters in animal furs of elk (Alces alces) and reindeer 59; hunters, sable furs from 54–55; hunters, skis of 59; and hunting 59–60; hunting groups 56–59; hunting, sexual abstinence in 59; identity of animals, taking on 59–61; labour, gendered division of 55; and landscape 53, 57–58; language for 66; learning among 65; meat-animals, variety of 56; nature in language 60; population, growth of 53; and Sakha phrases by hunters 63–64; social relations of 57; special hunting and fishing rights of 53; spirit revenge and 62; subsistencebased lifestyle, return to 55; women in subsistence activities 55–56 Izhma Komis 282, 288 Index J Japanese state 28 Jesup North Pacific Expedition 21 K Kamakran 101 Kamchatka, bears and sheep figurines of 105; caribou hunters 105; carving and dancing, imitative acts of 104; communal commemoration 107; cosmological landscape of 103, 104; cultural landscape of 97; explorers on 97–98; feast of animals (prazdnik zverei) 105; fishing, hunting or gathering sites 101; funeral ceremonies of 112; funerary rituals of reindeer herders 105–112; herding landscape ‘in motion’ 103–105, 110–112; landscape, ritual acknowledgement of 112–113; local pastoral economy, collectivisation of 106; lucky tree, manipulation of 102; maritime mammals, departure of 105; non-funerary sacrifices 109; northern pastoralists, dances of 110; reindeer herders, ideology of 110; reindeer sacrifices and symbolic substitution 110; ritual meal (tylqtl) 101; ritual of devictimisation 105; and sacrifices 97, 109; seal images and 102, 105; sled-reindeer, victimisation of 109 Kanchuga, V A 272 Kaŋyrsa 123 Ket shamans 300 Ket, Bear Ceremony 303, 305, 309, 311; burials of 301, 311; cloth of 302, 309; conceptions of underworld and sky 299, 301; conical summer tent 302; cycle of birth and death of 299, 301, 303–306; cycle of reincarnation of 301; families of 299, 301–303; folktale of 307; game birds 308; groups 298, 312; hunting 305, 308, 310; Kai Donner Index on 308; landscape and cosmology 34, 299, 307, 310–313; people of 297, 305, 313; sacred shamanistic of 304, 308; seasonal mobility 310; sky as sacred realm 299; sky burials 301; society, moieties of 310; spatio-temporal pattern 299; underworld/earth 306; winter hunting trails 307, 309 kever meadows 34, 85, 86 Khant 179, 298; animal world of 184–188; archaeological sites of 181; bear and 185–187; communities 242; ecology, settlement and kinship of 180–181; groups 180; landscape and cosmology of 183–184; landscape forms 239; perceptions and beliefs 184; religious aspects of hunting of 184; sacred sites of 188–189; seasonal economy 181–182; seasonal mobility 182; settlement 180; spirituality and belief 184; tree and 189; V Lukina and Vladislav Kulem’zin on 184 Khanty 128, 137, 234 Khanty-Mansiiskii Avtonomnyi Okrug 235 King, A D 276 Kolyma Iukagirs 51–52 Kolyma River 26, 54 Kolymskie Mountains 53–54 Komi-Nenets communities 283 Komis 279–283, 288–292; cosmology 281–282, 290; folklore 288; healing activities 291; herders 283, 289–290; hunters 290; landscape 279–280, 284–286, 288–289, 292; material culture 289; migrant communities of 282; migrations 286; missionaries and 288, 292; and mobility 286; mythology of 279; perceptions of environment and 286–287; reindeer herders and 33–34, 279, 286, 288–289, 291–292; settlements of 282; spirituality and belief 280, 288–291, 292 351 Koriaks 52, 99; hunters of 98; hunting, cosmological associations of 100; reindeer herders, S P Krasheninnikov on 98; reindeer sacrifices 98–99; ritual engagements, ethnographic case studies on 98–99; seasonal hunt for maritime mammals 100; spotted and bearded seals, procurement of 100 Kotts 297 Koyukon Indians 50 Kulaks, resettlement of 179; seasonal economy 181–183 kunakan inuvun 90 L Lake Essei Iakut 201, See also Lake Essei Sakha Lake Essei Sakha 33, See also Lake Essei Iakut land rights, conflicts over 29 land use 26, 31, 35, 180, 190, 193, 234, 258, 274, 315–316, 322; changing nature of 274; and cosmology 31; migration routes 217; practices 258; Saami language and changed 318; and sacred landscape geography 180; symbolic dimensions of Mansi 234; traditions of 35 land, spiritual links to 30, See also land use landscape, analytical concept of 17–18; cognitive organisation of 36; concept of 19; experiences of 25; gendered structuring of 33, see also under land use; genre in perspective painting 49; history, structural analyses of 19–20; human experience of 19; human and non-human constituents of 51; indigenous engagements with 20, 30; as knowledge 66, 206–207; literature on 20; in long-term transformation 33–34; as medium of communication 31; as memory 352 204–206; mythological, Mansi 252; research on 18–20, 25; structured nature of 19; studies 19–20; and subsistence 53–56; ‘zonation’ of 37 language, mistrust of 66 Laobatu 267, 271–275; as master of hunting luck 267 Lapps 323–326, 330–332, See also Saami larch 53 Lena River 26 Lesnaia 99 life-ways, traditional 30 Limanchira (Limancha) 124 lokovun 89 Lozva Mansis 242, 245–247, 251 Lozva river deity 246 luck and ritual 79–82, 88; Sergei Shirokogoroff on 81 Lymbelskii ambarchik 126 M Maiat tundra 202 Maimaga clan 211 Mansi naiat, social role of 242 Mansis (Voguls) 235–237; alcohol and 249, 251; beliefs of 240, 242, 251; and colonial landscape 33; Christianity and 250; communities, landscapes of, Golovnev on 237; cosmology 252; cosmos 251; culture of 25, 235, 245, 252; and deities 238–241, 243, 246–247, 249–253; female deity 250; feminine 249, 253; fishing and 236–237; food and alcohol of 249; forests and 238, 241, 250; fur ‘boom’ and 237; and gifts 243, 245–248, 251, 253; groups, compulsory baptism of 238; homes of 236, 252; landscape 237, 240–241; material culture 251; and missionaries 238; mythological dimensions of 240–241; and orthodox cultures 239; persecutions of traditional religious heritage of 250; Index personalisation of 253; ritual landscape of 242–243; rituals 242–244, 246, 249, 252; Russian influence of 237; and Russian missionaries 249; sacred geography 241–242, 249, 252; sacred landscape 235, 239–240, 242, 250–253; settlement patterns of 235; settlements 235–237, 238, 241–242, 250, 252; spirituality and belief 248, 249, 251; state policy and 237–239; tradition of sacrifice 251; women’s contacts 253 material culture 11, 18, 23, 31, 35, 38, 88, 250, 288; and beliefs 288; camps, equipment 220; and material offerings 30, 129–130, 188; skis, 58, 59, 130, 183; and sleds 170, 172, 189; tools 327; transformations in 250 material residues 33 migration 32–36, 84–85, 105, 160, 162–163, 165–166, 170–171, 174, 179, 182, 189, 194, 203, 225–227, 282–285, 307 moose 55, 71, 78, 124, 327, See also elk (Alces alces) N Narym group, See Sel’kups, Southern/ Taiga group Narym Sel’kup 124, 127, 128; offerings and sacrifices at 237 Native groups 29, 296 native groups, impact on 29–30; of Siberia 297 native land rights, protection of 29 native societies, transformations of 28 nature as pristine ecology 25–26 Nenets 279, 281–283, 288, 290–292; 298, 312; blood consumption and 173; burial ceremony 171; burial grounds 164–165, 171, 175; carved deities 165; communities of 161–162; constructing of routine places 166 170; cosmology, aspects of 164; cultural landscape Index 165–166, 175; culture 165; folklore 171; gravesites 288; herding of 162; hunting of bears and 281; and invisible spirits 164; migration route of 166, 172; mobility of hunters 162; nomadic pastoral economy 162; Orthodox belief 289; Orthodox Christian 291–292; pre-Christian spirituality 281; reindeer breeding 162; reindeer economies 161–162; reindeer herders camp 289; reindeer husbandry 282–283; reindeer pastoralism 161–162; reindeer sacrifice 172–174; reindeer, domesticated 282; reindeer-herding 279, 282–287, 289–290, 292; rituals 169, 173–174, 289–290; sacred sites and cemeteries 165, 171–172; seasonal movement patterns of 161; siyangi line 169–170; space use in chums 168–169; spirituality 279, 289, 291–292; stopping sites 167–168; symbolic architecture of 170; tent-worker 284, 286–267; traditional migrations of 163–165; traditional pre-Christian 281; travelling, male herders 286 Ŋênrir’’un, festival 151; ritual 151, 152, 155 Neolithic rock art sites 88 network of roads, of Evenkis 218 ngurra, Pintupi’s concept of 202 Nikolai Aruneev, philosophy of 74 Nirgate as forage 86 Niurolka 180 nomadic housing 136, 138, 155 nomadisation 136, 138, 216–219; Evenkis and 217, 219; migration 32–33, 283–285; routes of Evenkis 217; seasonal movements 161, 195, 279; seasonal round 220; in taiga 72; in tundra 137, 139 nomads 218, 225–227, 250, 267 Non Governmental Organisations 81 North, industrialisation of 29 Northeastern Siberia, Russian conquest of 52 353 northern communities 24 northern cosmology and circumpolar zone 30 northern ecology 25, 26–28, 34, 37–38; human engagements with 28, 40 Northern Eurasia 12; absence of research on 20–21; cultural landscapes in 11, 30; history of 28; hunter-gatherer populations of 17, 28; indigenous people of 17; integration of 28; landscape and culture in 31–34; sacred places across 165 Northern Fennoscandia 315 Northern history 28–30 northern hunting communities 11–12, 28 Northern Khants 282 northern landscape 12, 20–21; human engagements with 31; structuring of 26–31; symbolic engagements with 35; symbolic structuring of 35; understanding of 34–40 northern life-ways 18, 26 Northern mind 30–31 northern reindeer-herding techniques, repertoire of 34 Northern Russia 12 northern spirituality, ‘materiality’ of 31 Northwest Siberia, exchange of materials in 29; hunter-fisher-gatherer economy of 28 Nutcracker moiety, people of 120 O Ob’ River 26, 29 Ololo, hunting festivals 113–114; ritual 98, 99–105 oral history 317, 321–323 Orochen 81, 88; aerial burials 88–89; ecosystem, post-socialist 87; Evenkis 215; family, ethnographic study of 71; feast days 86; graves and mortuary structures 88–89; horse pastoralists 86; luck (kutu) 86; luck, ritual expressions 354 of 72; reindeer herders 86; reindeer herding 86; ritual, forms of 87–91; society, and Soviet Union 71; spirits, good relationships with 73; Taiga, cultivating of 82–87; vernacular architecture 91; wooden images, carving of 90 Orthodox missionary activities, encroachment of 29 Ostiaks 179, See also Khants Ozernoe village (tukh-pukhol) 192 P palaeo-environmental record, signatures in 35 pastoral communities and cultural practices 170, 175 Pathways to Reform 25 Pechora 282 Pechora River 26 Pelym Mansis 244, 248, 252 Permian Eparchy 280 perspective painting 49 pollution, symbolic 208 Poperechnaia River valley 79, 85; camps along 88 portable dwellings of Nenets 163 predation as power struggle over identity 50–51 primitivist rituals 81 Pumpokols 297 pupyg sum’iakh 244–245 pupygs 240–241, 243–251; family 247–248 purlakhtyn ma 243–247 Puza as master of fire 266 R Ragtytval, R I on fireboards 154 ravens, performance of 111 reindeer 32–35, 37–38, 71–75, 77–90, 96–97, 104–109, 111–113, 117–118, 134, 136–142, 144–156, 160–167, 169–174, 203–206, Index 214–219, 280–291; conceptual appropriation of hunting landscape of 37; and cultural landscape 33; encampments of 138; herders 32–33, 77, 85, 97, 104–105, 109, 134, 136–137, 140, 148, 155, 160, 165, 203, 278, 282–290; herding 30–31, 34, 37, 51, 81, 117, 134, 136, 154–156, 161–163, 214, 278, 281–282, 286, 290–291, 314; herds 33–34, 82, 85, 149, 221–222, 236, 282, 285, 297; husbandry 34, 80, 179, 281–282, 314, 317, 321; nomadism of Nenets 279; pastoralism 28, 35, 160–161, 281–282, 291; pastoralism and Nenets 282–283; pastures 33, 179, 204, 218, 235; sacrifice 24, 32, 37–38, 97, 109, 111, 164, 171–173; transporation of 29 religion, archaeology of 31; concerted attacks on 29 ritual, burials 216; engagements with landscape of Nenets 172; of Evenkis 222, 226, 228–229; forms, revival of 92; of Komi 291; logic, subsistence strategies of 30–31; of Nenets 164; practices 30; purifications 37; of reciprocity 82; supplications of Kets 303, 305, 308–309; of Udeges 258, 263–269, 271–273, 275–276; sacrifice 74, 78, 80 rock art research 31 rock paintings of Evenkis 228 Russia 28; civil war in 71; folk belief of 292; iasak of 307; introduction of diseases by 52; invasion of Siberia 282; scholars of 22; settlers of 281, 312 Russian Far East, post-Socialist transformations in 33 Russian Republic of Sakha (Iakutiia) 51 Russification, degrees of 29 Index S Saami, artefacts and hunting pits of 328; bear burials of 321, 329; bear ceremony 320; bear grave of 328–329; Christianity, labyrinths and lapps 330–332; circular sacrificial features of 320, 329–330; ethnology and archaeology 321; grave rituals 318; identity of 316, 318; landscapes 39, 317–318, 321; land-use rights of 316; oral history of 321; population of 322; reindeer herding 315, 332; religion of 329; ritual behavior of 320, 325, 329–330; sacred sites of 315–317, 318–321, 322–333; sacrifices 319–321; sacrificial sites 320, 324, 329; sacrificial sites in Upper Norrland 328; seal hunting parallels 331–332; settlement site 315, 317–319, 321–325, 326–329, 331–333; territories of 316; trade 332 Sable 53–54, 71, 74, 99, 117, 124, 180, 183–184, 217, 222, 224, 227, 260, 262, 270, 273; fur 54, 262, 270; reindeer hunting 71; trapping 262 sable-hunting economy 217; of Evenkis 218 sacred geography 129, 251, 266, 268, 270 sacred landscape 106, 234, 238–239, 241, 249–251 sacred landscape geography, of Kamchatka 98, 113; of Nenets 174 sacred places 32–33, 36, 38–39, 100–101, 124–125, 128–130, 166–168, 170–172, 174, 189–190, 194, 227–228, 239–240, 242–243, 249–252, 257–258, 269–270, 317, See also sacred landscape; and animal sacrifices 38; and burial complexes 36; and cemeteries 125, 169; domestic architecture 242; focal nature of 36; iakh at 247; 355 Komis and 287; in Northern Eurasia 164; in Sel’kup dwelling 129 sacrifice, animal in 239, 244, 246, 251; of Mansi 238, 241–243, 246–247, 249, 251, See also under individual animals sacrificial, altars in Achaivaiam 110; gifts among Narym Sel’kups 128; trees of Sel’kups 127 Sakha (Iakut) 201 Samoyedic, culture 128; groups 299; languages of 117; tradition 127 sangvyltap 248 Sàpmi 316–317 Savsu, see reindeer herders under Chukchis Scandinavian/Germanic settlements 332 Seals 99–104, 109, 112, 164; route of 102 seasonal movements 160, 194, 278 seasonal round 35, 37, 106, 215, 218–219 Seeld’u qeet paari 125 Sel’kups 117–120, 125, 298, 312; burial grounds, perception of 122–123; burials in Western Siberia 119; camps 126; cemetery as special place 122; clan and 124; colour symbols of 127–128; deceased, transporting of 123; dogs for hunting 119; folklore 123; ‘grandmother of life’ and 123; hunting and fishing by 118–119; interactions with spirit world 32; landscape 125; mythology 125; names of 117–118; other world, ‘openings’ to 122; pantheon 125; place-names 126; reincarnation 122; reindeer herding by 118; reindeer, pasture for 118; sable 118; sacred and profane concepts of 120; sacred locations in middle world 125–130; sacred sogra 121; sacrificial trees of upper world 128; settlements 126; shamans 119; sky God 124; smudge fires 118; Soq 125; spirits of 119, 356 121–122; squirrel hunting season 118; story on 273; three-tier universe 119; traditional thought 119; traditions of venerating 258; territories 121; under world, communication with 120–123; upper world, spirits of 123–125; of Western Siberia 32; wooden hut on grave 123; wooden idols 121 Shaman's Island 126 shamanism 81, 303 Shamanka 107, 109 shamans 222, 226–229, 266, 300, 303, 313; masks and paraphernalia 125–126; skills 190 sheep/goat 55, 99–104, 109, 112, 245, 250, 319, 325, 331 Shirokogoroff, Sergei on ‘placing’ 92; on Vitim River Orochens 71 shrines 183, 208, 225, 237, 266 Siberia 11; decline of international field research in 22; ethnographic parallels in archaeological studies of 21, 24; ethnography of 11, 21–22; indigenous groups, contemporary situation of 24; information about 21; and international debate 21; Iukagirs of 49–50; lack of knowledge about 21; landscape studies of 26; native hunting peoples of 23; and Perestroika era 24; reindeer herders of 86; scholarship and 24; shamanism, Roberte Hamayon on 81; and Western researchers 21, 24 Siwantai Mio 271–274; cliff of 268, 271–273 skis 57–58, 129, 180, 182 sledges, organisation of 138 sleds 53, 162, 164–166, 169–173, 182, 204, 298, 303 smoke 35–37, 62, 66, 110, 128, 150, 155, 220, 222, 244, 252, 266, 302 social, interaction as predation 50; practice, ecology of 82; space conceptions of Nenets 164 Soiuz Voinstvuiushchikh Bezbozhnikov 239 Index Soviet Union, See USSR Soviet-era ethnographies 23 sovkhoz 55 space, construction of 19; economic and ritual dimensions of 31; gendered nature of 152, 156 Spiridon’s protoka 58 spirits 32–33, 49, 59–61, 73, 79–81, 120–122, 124–130, 187–192, 200, 202–203, 208, 210–211, 218, 225–229, 301–302, 304–305; of animals 60–61; bear 120; family 187, 189; kala 111–112; local patron 189, 191; lower 120, 189; nasty 221; predatory 109–110; sacrifice for 74–79; of shaman 189; world of 38 spiritual culture 11, 23, 35, 38, 88¸ See also material culture squirrel 117, 180 substitution 99 Sweden 28 T taiga 18, 26, 28, 30, 32, 52–53, 71–72, 79–83, 91–92, 116–118, 125, 218–219, 228–229, 302–304, 306, 311–112; environment, erosion of 83–84; groups 303, 305, 307, 312–313; hunter, opportunities for 92; landscape 229–230; natural landscapes of 26; post-Socialist 82–83; reindeer 72 Tartar conquests 236 Tas Sel’kups, myths of 128 Tas-Turukhan group, See Sel’kups, Northern/Tundra group Teetypyl’ wetty 125 tetypy 125 tiger 258, 263–264, 274 tools 66, 84, 188, 221, 284, 321, 326 tovarishchestvo ‘Beiun’ 72 transhumance, summer 151–152 travel and track-ways of Evenkis 225–226 tree of luck (*l’ikron ’mrai) 101 Index tribal rituals, place of 125 Tukh-Emter 180 tundra 18, 26, 28–30, 33–34, 79, 116–117, 134, 136–142, 146–155, 160–161, 164, 169–170, 202, 278–279, 281–288, 290–291; alien landscapes 278; landscape 134, 154, 164, 170, 279, 280, 285, 286; life 289; movements in 137; natural landscapes of 26; nomads 291; pastoralists 29; peat-lands 284; reindeer pastoralism 292; vegetation 165 Tungokochen 83; people in 87 Turkic 297, 299, 312 Tygilam, See Hosedam tylqtl 105 Tym Sel’kups 123 U Udeges (Kiyakara) 257–267, 269–272, 275–276; and autumn fishing 257, 259, 263; beliefs of 263–264, 266–267, 271, 274, 276; in Chinese documents 260; collective 275; communities 259; culture 265, 271, 276; and deforestation 273, 275; deities of 258, 265–268, 272, 274–276; economy 257; ethnic groups 270–271; evil spirits 266; fishing 257, 259, 261, 265, 272–275; fishing luck 258, 266; forced acculturation 271; forest 258, 264–265, 267, 272, 274–275; game animals 258; groups 257; hunters 260, 265, 271–272, 274; hunting activities 262–263, 276; hunting luck 264, 267, 274–276; and knowledge, negotiation of new forms of 274–275; land-use practices 259; and language boarding school system 270; language of 264, 267, 274; Leopold von Schrenck on 261; masterhood, notion of 264, 266–268; qualification of hunters 271; and riverside landscape 267; and riverside shrines 357 267; S Patkanov on 261; and sable trapping 263; and sacred landscape geography 33; sacred geography and land-use 261–271; settlements 261, 267, 270, 272; and shamanistic belief 264; spirituality of 264–265, 267, 276; and timber production 271–273; and trade networks 258, 276; traditional beliefs 270; and venerable animal 265; winter settlements of 263; world-view on 264, 267 ulganikit 226 ulganivun 222–223, 226–228, See also Evenki, life and death of Urals 26 urasa 62 USSR, closed worlds of 22; collapse of 24, 92; collectivisation, transformations by 166; ethnic groups of 22; ethnographers 23; ethnographic research 22; literature, and Englishlanguage research 23; productivist ideology 87; researchers and ‘exotic’ fieldwork locations 22; revived nationalisms in 25; rule of 257, 271 Ust’ Puloi cultures 162 Ust’-Karenga 83 V Vasiugan, bears and elks (Alces alces) 195; concept of landscape 199; cultural perceptions of 194–195; deity of 192–193, 194; knowledge of landscape 207; landscape as narrative 202–204; local spirits 188–189; oral folklore 180–181; ritual land use around lake TukhEmtor 191–194; Shamans and sacred sites on Vasiugan 190–191; trade-fair 183 Vasiugan Khant 179–180; ancestors of 180; cultural landscapes of 33, 179; deities of 184; fur tax 181; hunters of 189; hunting equipment 181–182; landscape features of 181; oral 358 folklore 180–181; permanent settlements 180; sacred sites, veneration of 179; seasonal migration, patterns of 180; settlements 180; traditional procurement activities 181 Vasiuganskie Bolota 179 vezdekhod 138 Vitim River Orochens, ‘psycho-mental complex’ of 71 Viveiros de Castro and ‘perspectivism’ 60 Volga Germans 179–180 W Western Siberia, hunter-gatherer lifeways in 11; wetlands and marshes of 28 Western, anthropologists 21; intellectual development 49 wild tundra reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) 161 wildfire 83–84 Winter encampment of Evenki 216–217 women 37, 54–55, 109–110, 135, 138, 140, 144, 148–151, 154–155, Index 165–169, 171–172, 181–182, 221–222, 248, 285, 309–310; in camps 73, 140; Chukchis 136; Evenki 222–223; exchange of 146; for gathering berries 118; for health and tent 33; and iaranga of Chukchis 139, 144, 149–150; iukagir 54; of Ket 302, 310–311; of Komi 284, 286; Mansi 247, 249; obligation of 37; and performance at pyre 109; and ritual meal 100; and rituals 135; Sel’kup 119; and symbolic center of human life 37; in tundra 149; with symbolic resposibility 140 wooden figure as ‘murderer’ 62 wooden images of seals 112 Y Yiskii ambarchik 126 Z Zabaikal 70, 79–80, 82; buriats 81 Zabaikal’e 80, 83 zhertvoprinoshenie 74, 98 ... ethnoarchaeological investigations of contemporary hunter-gatherer life-ways in Western Siberia By the end of the Ph.D I was becoming increasingly interested in the role of reindeer herding in boreal hunting... growing frequency and intensity of interactions with ‘complex’ societies located further to the south This culminated in the increasing economic and political integration of Northern Eurasia into... succeeds in capturing some of commonalities and differences that characterise landscape engagements in different parts of Northern Eurasia Sketching out a preliminary book structure in the waiting