Free ebooks ==> www.Ebook777.com www.Ebook777.com Free ebooks ==> www.Ebook777.com The Roots of Cognitive Neuroscience www.Ebook777.com Free ebooks ==> www.Ebook777.com This page intentionally left blank www.Ebook777.com Free ebooks ==> www.Ebook777.com The Roots of Cognitive Neuroscience Behavioral Neurology and Neuropsychology E D I T E D   B Y A N J A N C H AT T E R J E E and H BRANCH COSLET T www.Ebook777.com Free ebooks ==> www.Ebook777.com Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford It furthers the University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide Oxford New York Auckland Cape Town Dar es Salaam Hong Kong Karachi Kuala Lumpur Madrid Melbourne Mexico City Nairobi New Delhi Shanghai Taipei Toronto With offices in Argentina Austria Brazil Chile Czech Republic France Greece Guatemala Hungary Italy Japan Poland Portugal Singapore South Korea Switzerland Thailand Turkey Ukraine Vietnam Oxford is a registered trademark of Oxford University Press in the UK and certain other countries Published in the United States of America by Oxford University Press 198 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016 © Oxford University Press 2014 All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press, or as expressly permitted by law, by license, or under terms agreed with the appropriate reproduction rights organization Inquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the above should be sent to the Rights Department, Oxford University Press, at the address above You must not circulate this work in any other form and you must impose this same condition on any acquirer Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data The roots of cognitive neuroscience : behavioral neurology and neuropsychology / edited by Anjan Chatterjee, H Branch Coslett pages cm Includes bibliographical references and index ISBN 978–0–19–539554–9 Cognitive neuroscience Clinical neuropsychology Neuropsychiatry I Chatterjee, Anjan, editor of compilation II Coslett, H Branch, editor of compilation QP360.5.R66 2014 612.8′233—dc23 2013012874 Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper www.Ebook777.com Free ebooks ==> www.Ebook777.com CONTENTS Preface vii A N J A N C H AT T E R J E E & H  BR A NC H COS L ET T Contributors CHAPTER xi   The Case for Case Reports K ENNETH M HEILM A N CHAPTER   We Stand on the Shoulders of Giants: The Golden Era of Behavioral Neurology 1860–1950 and Its Relevance to Cognitive Neuroscience Today 11 H EI DI ROT H CHAPTER   Deconstructing Human Memory: Insights from Amnesia 53 M I E K E V E R FA E L L I E & M A RG A R ET M  K E A N E CHAPTER   Semantic Memory 67 A N A STA S I A M  R AY M E R & L E S L I E J G ON Z A L E Z ROT H I CHAPTER   Alexias and Agraphias 89 D A V I D P R O E L T G E N & E L I Z A B E T H   H L A C E Y CHAPTER   Face Recognition 105 STEVEN Z R APCSAK CHAPTER   Arousal, Attention, and Perception 131 M ARK MENNEMEIER v www.Ebook777.com Free ebooks ==> www.Ebook777.com vi Contents   Perceptual-Attentional “Where” and Motor-Intentional “Aiming” Spatial Systems 171 CHAPTER A.M BA R R ETT CHAPTER   Limb Apraxia: A Disorder of Goal-Directed Actions 187 A N N E L FOU N DA S 10   Body Representations: Updating a Classic Concept 221 CHAPTER H BR A NCH COSLETT CHAPTER 11   The Neuropathologies of the Self 237 TODD E FEIN BERG CHAPTER 12   The Neurology of Emotional Expression 252 LEE X BLONDER CHAPTER 13   Behavioral and Cognitive Effects of Antiepileptic Drugs 269 K I M FOR D J  M E A DOR CHAPTER 14   Neuropsychopharmacology and Cognition  DAV I D Q B E V E R S D O R F 15   Attractor Basins: A Neural Basis for the Conformation of Knowledge 305 CHAPTER ST E PH E N E  N A DE AU CHAPTER 16   Plasticity 334 V IC TOR W. M A R K CHAPTER 17   Visual Art 349 A NJA N CH ATTERJEE CHAPTER 18   Creativity 367 VA L E R I A D R A G O & G L E N R   F I N N E Y Afterword 388 K E N N E T H M H E I L M A N , E D W A R D VA L E N S T E I N & R O B E R T T   W A T S O N Index 397 www.Ebook777.com 284 Free ebooks ==> www.Ebook777.com PR EFAC E Cognitive neuroscience is in high fashion Images with colored patches showing brain regions that are active when we think, perceive, feel, and make decisions grace the covers of the most prestigious scientific journals Every month, neuroscientists seem to be making new discoveries about why we are the way we are Even the general public has an inexhaustible appetite for neural explanations for our behavior Advanced technologies promise to demystify the mind as they reveal detailed workings of the brain Most research universities now have imaging centers in which scientists can picture brains functioning in vivo Many use novel electrical recording techniques and non-invasive stimulation methods to understand how the brain works In this climate of progress, driven by technology that was inconceivable only a generation ago, why publish a book focused on an old approach to the brain? The answer is simple As the chapters in this volume demonstrate, behavioral neurology and neuropsychology remain just as relevant to advancing our understanding of the biology of cognitive and affective systems as they were 150 years ago Examining the behavior of individuals with neurologic disease, sometimes referred to as “the lesion method,” informs our understanding of cognitive and affective systems in several ways Firstly, as has been noted in the past, patients reveal how large-scale systems can be “carved at their joints.” Understanding the nature of these joints and the way that different components articulate reveals the nature of the system under consideration Secondly, the lesion method allows us to test hypotheses about the role of neural structures in a way not possible by other methods Whether or not a particular region of the brain is necessary for a mental operation is tested directly by assessing the consequences of damage to that part of the brain Finally, the striking phenomenology in patients, behaviors that most of us would not have imagined possible, allows us to generate hypotheses about the organization of the mind How is it possible for someone to know facts about the world and not facts about their own life? Why does someone speak, but not understand? What does it mean for a person to recognize some, but not other vii www.Ebook777.com Free ebooks ==> www.Ebook777.com viii Preface parts of their body? How can an intelligent and articulate person behave as if one side of the universe has vanished? These and many other deeply counterintuitive phenomena reveal something about the structure of the mind as implemented in the brain They generate hypotheses to be tested, and, as occurred with the most celebrated case in all of behavioral neurology and neuropsychology, Henry Molaison (better known as H.  M.), they can radically change the basic understanding of how our minds are organized Beyond making the case for the central importance of behavioral neurology and neuropsychology today, we have another aim in publishing this book We wish to acknowledge the contributions and influence of our mentor, Dr. Kenneth M. Heilman We both have been deeply affected by Dr. Heilman, whom we met at critical times in our peculiarly similar academic paths We were both medical students at the University of Pennsylvania (separated by several years) at a time when a career of studying cognition as a neurologist was at best regarded with bewilderment, and, more typically, with condescension After our neurology residencies, we both did post-doctoral fellowships at the University of Florida under Dr. Heilman’s guidance Branch went on to work at Temple University for several years Anjan started his academic career at the University of Alabama in Birmingham In the late 1990s, we both returned to the University of Pennsylvania to join the neurology department and to work at the Penn Center for Cognitive Neuroscience The rise of neuroimaging had made behavioral neurology attractive even in a place like Penn that had long been a bastion of neuromuscular research Over the last 45 years, Dr. Heilman has been and remains one of the most productive and creative thinkers in this field The chapters in this book, in addition to showing the relevance of patient studies, reveal Dr. Heilman’s influence, which extends beyond his own research into his impact on subsequent generations of neurologists, neuropsychologists, and speech pathologists These chapters, written by his students, represent but a small sample of those whose thinking has been touched by his agile mind The book begins with a chapter by Dr. Heilman He reminds us of the importance of single case studies Th is contribution is followed by a chapter that shows that the questions asked in the Golden Age of neurology, from the 1860s to the beginning of the First World War, were prescient in identifying concerns that we still face when theorizing about how mind arises from brain The other chapters cover diverse areas such as language and semantics, emotion, attention, praxis, body representations, the nature of self, pharmacology, plasticity, and even art and creativity Dr. Heilman has made his own mark in each of these fields However, the chapters are not reviews of his contribution Rather, they reflect the current understanding of these fundamental areas of cognitive neuroscience as informed by the study of people with neurological disease Th is is a book for cognitive neuroscientists, neurologists, psychiatrists, psychologists, physiatrists, and scholars in general interested in the biology of the www.Ebook777.com Free ebooks ==> www.Ebook777.com Preface ix human mind Importantly, the book is also aimed at medical, neuroscience, and psychology students who are still forming their views of cognitive neuroscience We hope the book will disabuse readers of two (in our view) wrong-headed notions The fi rst notion is that cognitive neuroscience is synonymous with functional neuroimaging Th is misconception confuses a domain of scientific inquiry with a method While functional neuroimaging has certainly invigorated cognitive neuroscience, the field has deep roots tracing back at least to the second half of the 19th century The second notion is that while patient studies might be of historical interest, the real way forward is through new technologies such as functional neuroimaging Th is view is misguided because the interpretation of imaging data is now relatively unconstrained The widespread use of reverse inferences (inferring a mental operation based on neural locations of activation patterns) begs to be corralled Lesion studies offer the perfect foil for functional neuroimaging studies as a method for confi rming or rejecting hypotheses generated by activation patterns The tremendous growth of functional imaging research makes lesion studies more important than they have ever been, if we are to ground our cognitive theorizing Finally, we should mention that this book would not have been possible without the help and patience of the staff at Oxford University Press Joan Bossert, our editor, who also edited Dr.  Heilman and Dr.  Valenstein’s classic Clinical Neuropsychology, was unfailingly supportive of our efforts Anjan Chatterjee H Branch Coslett www.Ebook777.com Free ebooks ==> www.Ebook777.com 404 Index lamotrigine, 273, 275, 278 Langer, S.L., 257, 262 language knowledge underlying other domains, 315–317 lateralization, 16–25 PDP models in processing, 307–308 vs speech ability, 13–14 Lashley, K., 48 laterodorsal tegmental nucleus (LTN), 144 law of mass action, 12–13 Lazar, R.M., 328 L-dopa, 291, 292, 382 learned skill movement, 197, 207 learning, 64 and neural network changes, 324 theory of synaptic basis for, 339 Leborgne (patient), left brained, 19–20 left-handedness, 20, 203 left hemisphere, 38 injury, and apraxia, 190–191 injury, and neglect, 133 lesions, and body structural description disorders, 229 and magnitude estimation, 154–156 praxis systems in, 204 and right hand, 35 specialization of language, 16–25 left-sided apraxia, 36–37 left temporal region, damage, and semantic memory, 82–83 Leischner, A., 89–90, 94 Leitungsaphasie, 23 Leitungsunterbrechung, 36 Lelong (Broca patient), 13 Lélut, L.F., 18 Leon, S.A., 255 Leonard, C.L., 256 lesion-case study method, lesion method, vii Leslie, K., 261 “levels of processing” framework, 60 Levenson, R.W., 260 Leventhal, H., 263 levetiracetam, 273, 278, 279 Lewis, R.T., 379 Lewy body dementia, 294, 295 lexical agraphia, 95 lexical decision, written forced choice, 315–316 lexical decision tasks, associative priming and, 57 lexicality, 91 lexical processing, unitary semantic model, 71f lexical representations, 225 Lichtheim, L., 5, 23, 25–28, 38, 70 on internal speech, 28 model criticisms, 28–30 model schematic, 26f Liepmann, H.K., 30, 47, 99, 188–189 on apraxia, 191 apraxia processing model, 33–35 definition of apraxia subtypes, 34 Praxis Process Model, 188f limb apraxia, 187–215 anatomy, 205f cognitive-process models of, 187–197 Heilman-Rothi dual component model, 192 real world effects, 213–215 sound recognition impairment, 212 subcortical brain structures in, 207–209 limb apraxia assessment, 197–204 error types and operational definitions, 201–202t gestures, 199t standardized batteries, 200–204 subtests and error types, 198–200 limb-kinetic apraxia, 35, 188 Linguisitic Inquiry and Word Count software, 257 linguistic agraphias, 94 linguistic alexias, 90–91, 92 linguistic knowledge, conformation of, 317–319 Lissauer, H., 45, 70 Llinas, R., 380 lobectomy, temporal, localization of apraxia, 204 asymmetry of, 16–17 locus coeruleus (LC), 144, 286, 286f, 289 logopenic progressive aphasia (LPA), 374–375 long-term memory, forms of, 61 Lucchelli, F., 191 Lugaro, E., 338 Lythgoe, M., 352 Maas, O., 99 Magnani, F., 352 magnetoencephalography, 340, 394 magnitude estimation, 140–142, 162n4, 321 alteration after unilateral stroke, 147–153, 148t arousal processes influence on, 158–160 exponent of power function, 322–323 functional and anatomical architecture of, 147 left and right hemisphere injuries and, 156–157 left cerebral hemisphere and, 154–156 neuropsychology of, 142–143 power function exponents, 323t relationship between cortical network structure and, 322 right hemisphere injury and, 149–150, 151f magnitude production, 140 Mahon, B., 75, 78, 80 Mammucari, A., 256 Marie, P., 15, 47 Marsden, C.D., 207 Marshal, J.C., 92 www.Ebook777.com Free ebooks ==> www.Ebook777.com Index Marshall, R.S., 328 Martindale, C., 382 Mass, O., 189 maturational hypothesis for asymmetric specialization, 19 Maurer, K., 361 Mayes, A., 57 McCarthy, R., 75, 76 McClung, J.S., 80 Meador, K., 178 medial temporal lobes (MTL), 122f amnesia from damage to, 53 mediation, 58 Mednick, S.A., 380 Mell, J.C., 375 Melodic Intonation Therapy, 343 memory absence of one-to-one mapping, 61 episodic, episodic and semantic, 62–63 forms of long-term, 61 implicit vs explicit, 54–58 loss for familiar faces, 114–117 paradigmatic shift in understanding, semantic, 309–315 See also semantic memory memory disorder clinic, 393 Mennemeier, M.S., 177, 328 mental function, dispute on localization of, 14 Merritt, H.H., 389 Merzenich, M., 319, 339 mesencephalic reticular formation, and neglect, 133 Mesulam, M.M., 253 metathetic perceptual continua, 139, 153 Metcalfe, J., 373 methylphenidate, 269 Meynert, T., 16, 22 midbrain reticular formation, bilateral damage to neurons, 143 middle cerebral artery, lesions causing phonological alexia, 93 middle frontal gyrus (MFG), limb apraxia lesions and, 204 migraines, effect on art, 354 Miller, B., 361, 375 Miller, R.F., 352 Milner, B., 6, 378 mind disorders of, psychodynamic model, 48 mind blindness, 39, 40, 44 mirror box illusion, 231 mirror circuitry, 260–261 Mishkin, M., 173 misidentification of unfamiliar faces, 117–121 Mizuno, T., 181 Mobes, J., 255 405 modafinil, 158, 158f Mogilner, A., 340 Molaison, H., viii Monakow, C von, 7, 23 Monnot, M., 254, 255 monothematic delusions, 238t Monrad-Krohn, G., 253 Montreys, C.R., 257, 262 motivation, in hierarchical model of representative factors, 245 motor agraphias, 95 motor aprosody, 253 motor control vs action semantics, 191 in apraxia, 193–197 motor execution disorder, 32 motor-intentional “aiming,” 179–181 motor planning, deficits, 212 movement formula, 34 MTL See medial temporal lobes (MTL) Mueller, J., 21 Mullis, K., 373 Munk, H., 39 muscarinic receptors, 294 Nadeau, S.E., 176, 394 Nadia, 353, 355 nadolol, 287 naming, isolated deficit in, 30 naming errors, 310 naming latency, 314 narrative self, disorders of, 237, 241 Naturphilosophie school, 17 neglect anatomy, 132–136 and body schema disruption, 223 chronic unilateral, 153 and comorbidity, 138–139 countercurrents to spatial theories, 136–137 deficits in prothetic and metathetic peceptual continua, 153–154, 154f and dysphagia, 160, 161 frontal, 175 hemispatial, 325–329 hypoarousal in, 135 nonsensory, 175 spatial, 173 neglect phenomenology, 132 neglect syndrome, 131 Neisser, U., concept of episodic memory, 63 network performance, graceful degradation, 312 neural networks PDP properties of, 306 transiently altered, 324–325 neural systems, knowledge of, 305 neuroaesthetics, 349 www.Ebook777.com Free ebooks ==> www.Ebook777.com 406 Index neuroanatomical substrates, connecting apraxia to, 35–37 neurogenesis, disbelief in post-natal, 338 neuroleptics, 294 neurological conditions face memory impairments from, 105 and improved art production, 352 neurologists, vs surgeons, hospital perspective on, neurology, at Boston City Hospital, 389–390 neuropathologies of the self, 237–247, 238t bodily self disorders, 237 ego boundaries and neuroanatomy, 246–247 ego disequilibrum theory, 242–243 hierarchical model of representative factors, 243–246, 244f narrative self disorders, 241 relational self disorders, 239–241 neuropeptides, 296–297 neuroplasticity, 334 implications for neurologically-impaired, 341–344 investigations in support of adult, 338–341 neuropsychology, vii of art, 358 of magnitude estimation, 142–143 neuropsychopharmacology, and cognition, 284–297 neurotransmitter systems, in cognition, 296–297 new-associative priming, 57 Newcombe, F., 92 new patients, as research projects, Newsome-David, J., Newton, I., 373 nondominant hand, writing ability, 99 nondominant hemisphere importance in creativity, 376, 377 nonrepresentational movements, 198 nonsensory neglect, 175 non-verbal communication of emotion, 252–253 nonverbal primacy hypothesis, 258 noradrenergic effects, on cognition, 285–290 noradrenergic pathways, 286f norepinephrine, 382 alpha-2 adrenergic agonists and, 290 L-dopa as precursor, 292 novelty, in creativity, 5, 7, 368 nucleus basalis, 319 nurturing syndrome, 238t, 240–241 object-naming impairment, 73 object recognition, disturbance of, 40, 42 objects, hierarchically organized, 309–310 obsessive-compulsive traits, and art production, 352, 353 occipital face area (OFA), 112, 122f occipito-temperal lesions, 113f Ochipa, C., 73, 76 O’Hara, L.A., 370 optic aphasia, 72–73 oral language, development of, 90 The Organization of Behavior (Hebb), 339 Organized Unitary Content Hypothesis (OUCH), 73, 77, 78 orthography, 91 oscillations, 163n7 oxcarbazepine, 273 oxytocin, 296–297 Paillard, J., 231 Pandya, D., 390 Papagno, C., 207 Papez, J., paradigmatic shift, 4, 5, parallel distributed processing (PDP), 305–306 breakdown of semantic knowledge in models, 311 models, 307–308, 380 paraphasic errors, from tiredness, 46 parietal lobe, agraphias from lesions of, 89–90 parietal-occipital lobule and apraxia, 188 junction with posterior angular gyrus, 95 Parkinson’s disease, 2, 255 case, 290 and creativity, 381 emotional dysfunction and, 259–260 expressionless face in, 258–260 Parson, L.M., 227 Pascual-Leone, A., 340 Pasteur, L., 3, 372 patient studies, ix, 172 pattern associator networks, 312–314 Patterson, K., 317 PDP See parallel distributed processing (PDP) pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN), 144 Peele, J.E., 81 Pell, M.D., 256 Penfield, W., 337 Pentland, B., 256, 260 perception, 319 of art, 362–363 role of atypicality in, 321 perceptual continua, 163n5 perceptual priming, 55 performance anxiety, 285 peripheral agraphias, 97 peripheral alexias, 90 perisylvian region, 96, 100 periventricular white matter, in apraxic patients, 208 personal confabulation, 241 person identity nodes (PINs), 107 person recognition disorders, 114–117 www.Ebook777.com Free ebooks ==> www.Ebook777.com Index Pettigrew, L.C., 257 PFC See prefrontal cortex (PFC) Phantom Boarder Syndrome, 238t phantom limb, 222–223 phenobarbital, prenatal exposure to, 276 phenytoin, 273, 274, 278 adverse cognitive effects, 272 prenatal exposure to, 276 phonological agraphia, 93, 95, 96 phonological alexia, 93 phonological input lexicon, 22 phonological working memory, 28 phonology, 90, 91 phrenological program, 12 Physical Self-Maintenance Scale (PSMS), 214 physiological models, 21 Pick, A., 221, 226, 231 Pilowski, I., 258 Pinel, P., 143 Pinocchio Illusion, 222, 230 plasticity, 334–345 case for neurological stasis in adult, 335–338 use of term, 335 Plaut, D.C., 312 Poincare, H., 372 Poizner, H., 2, 196 population studies, vs case reports, Posner, M.I., 133 postcentral gyrus, apraxic agraphia and, 98 posterior angular gyrus, junction with parietaloccipital lobule, 95 posterior dorsal lateral frontal lobe, 98 posterior left temporal lobe, fusiform gyrus, and pure alexia, 91 posterior parietal cortex (PPCL), injury to, posterior parietal lobe, in network of mirror neurons, 261 posttraumatic stress disorder, 290 Potts, L., 361 power function in logarithmic terms, 327 parameters, 149, 150f, 151f relationships, 136–137 PPN (pedunculopontine nucleus), 144 Pramstaller, P.P., 207 praxis, 30–39 Praxis Cognitive-Process Model, 195f praxis networks, and hemispheric differences, 204–207, 205f praxis production system, 192 praxis reception system, 192 precentral gyrus, and apraxia, 188 prefrontal cortex (PFC), 122f, 289 dopaminergic projecting fibers and, 291 lesions, and false facial recognition, 118f preparation stage in creativity, 372 primary progressive aphasia (PPA), 70 407 primary somatosensory representations, 229–230 priming, fluent processing and, 56 primitive contagion, 260 prism adaptation training, 343 processing fluency, 55–56 production, and creativity, 368 progressive disease, and written language disorders, 89 propositional language, 20 propranolol, 285, 287, 288, 382 proprioceptive feedback, 231, 263 prosody, 253–257 prosopagnosia, 111–114, 113f prothetic, 147 prothetic perceptual continua, 139, 153 Prvulovic, D., 361 pseudowords, 92, 94 PSMS (Physical Self-Maintenance Scale), 214 psychodynamic model of mind, 48 psychophysical power law, 131, 139–140, 141f psychophysics, 319–325 qualifications, 322 pure alexia, 91–92 pure meaning deafness, 27 Putnam, T., 389 Quadfasel, F., 49 quality of care, quasi-regular domain, 329n Rakic, P., 338 randomness, and creativity, 368 raph nucleus (RN), 144 Rapp, B.C., 72 Rapscak, S., 206, 263 RAS See reticular activating system (RA S) ratio production, 140 ratio scaling, 139–140, 140–142, 162n4 Raymer, A.M., 200 reading, 92, 316–317 recognition errors, 43–44 reduplicative paramnesia, 238t reference frames, internal, 178 regularization errors, 93, 95 rehabilitation, predicting hospital falls during, 160 Reilly, J., 81 relational self, disorders of, 237, 239–241 relaxation, and creativity, 380–381 remote semantic memory, 58 repetition priming, 54 representation, in neglect theory, 134 representational gestures, 198 reticular activating system (RA S) principal cell groups, 143–144 unilateral lesions of, 134 retinal image, activating visual memory, 40 retrograde amnesia, 53 reverse inferences, ix www.Ebook777.com Free ebooks ==> www.Ebook777.com 408 Index Ricci, R., 327, 328 right hemisphere damage in artists, 356 injury, and apraxia, 191 injury impact on magnitude estimation, 149–150, 151f and left hand, 35 lesion subtraction analysis, 152f nondominant role in creativity, 374–377 role in learned skilled movement, 206 stroke, and swallowing problems, 161 verbal emotional expression impairment from disorder of, 261 right hemisphere dominance model for spatial attention, 133 RN (raph nucleus), 144 Robertson, I.H., 153 Roeltgen, D.P., 95 Rogers, T.T., 81, 315 Romani, C., 72 “rooms in a house” model, 308 Rosenbek, J.C., 254, 255 Rosenzweig, M., 339 Ross, E.D., 253, 254, 255 rostral-caudal and vertical gradient of apraxia severity, 210f Rothi, L.J., 73, 76, 98, 192, 200, 393 Rothi-Heilman comprehensive Florida Apraxia Battery, 202 Rothwell, J., Roy, E.A., 192–193 rubber band illusion, 231 rufinamide, 273 Rumelhart, D., 308, 311 Rush, B., 17 Ryalls, J., 254 Ryan, L.R., 59–60 Sacks, O., 356 Saillant, B., 73 Sanes, J., 339 Satz, P., 392 Schwartz, R.L., 68 Scott, S., 255, 258 Scoville, W.B., SEA (strength estimation accuracy), 156, 157f Seidenberg, M.S., 80 self See neuropathologies of the self Selfe, L., 353 self-image, 225 self-related deficits, in hierarchical model of representative factors, 244–245 semantic agraphia, in Alzheimer’s disease, 96 semantic dementia, 60, 70, 309 and body knowledge, 225 case for neural representation of knowledge, 310 pathology of, 317 semantic field (Begriffe), 26 semantic memory, 67–83, 309–315 conceptual structure account, 79–80, 79f vs episodic, 58–60 impairments, 67–68 interaction with episodic, 62–63 neural correlates of impairment, 68–70 organization of representations, 78 structure, 70–72 semantic network activation, and creativity, 380–381 semantic processing models, 69 category-specific impairments, 75 domain specific hypothesis, 76–78 modality-specific, 74–76 unitary model, 72–74 semantic representations, 80–82, 82f, 225 semantics and aphasia, alexia, and agraphia analysis, 90 and art, 355 sensorimotor integration, deficits, 212 sensory aphasia, 22 Sensory/Functional hypothesis, 74f sensory perceptual deficits, 162n3 serotonergic pathways, 297f serotonergic system, 296 Shallice, T., 75, 95 Shamay-Tsoory, S.G., 261 Shanks, M.F., 240 Shapiro, B., 254 Sharma, R., 328 Shelton, J.R., 77, 78, 225 Sherwood, K., 349, 350f, 357, 359–360 Silveri, M.C., 98 Simonton, D.K., 371 simple reaction time, 135 single photon emission computerized tomography (SPECT), 378–379 Sirigu, A., 221, 224, 227 size perception, 147 Ska, B., 72 skill, and creativity, 368 skull topography, 14–15 sleep spindles, 163n7 sleep-wake rhythms, 144–145 SMG (supramarginal gyrus), 188 Smith, M.C., 259 SN (substantia nigra), 291f Socrates, 371 somatoparaphrenia, 222–223, 238t, 239, 240, 246–247 somatosensory representations, primary, 229–230 sound-producing actions, mapping, 212 spacial attention, right hemisphere dominance model for, 133 spasticity, 342 www.Ebook777.com Free ebooks ==> www.Ebook777.com Index spatial cognition general description, 172–173 internal “where” representations, 178 modular, Heilman on, 173–175 motor-intentional “aiming,” 179–181 relevance to functional and anatomic theory, 181–183 “where” perceptual attention, 175–178 spatial dysfunction, types of, 179t spatial neglect, 173 in artist, 351 training to reduce, 343 spatial neglect theories countercurrents to, 136–137 power function relationships in, 137 spatial processing, vs dorsal visual processing, 181 spatial syntactic deficit, 179 specialization, of brain hemispheres, 18–19 SPECT (single photon emission computerized tomography), 378–379 speech acoustic quantification, 254 coordinating movements for, 13 difficulty, apraxia and, 38 impairment of sound execution, 27 production model, 22 speech-language information processing model, spelling, 316–317 spinal cord injury, 342 spindle oscillations, 163n7 spontaneous writing, 96 Spurzheim, J., 12 statistics, in case reports, Staton, R.D., 246 Steinthal, H., 21, 33, 187 Sternberg, R.J., 370 Stevens, S.S., 321–322 Stevens’ power law, 319–325 stimulus intensity arousal and perception of, 161 mechanism for conscious perception of, 145–146 perception of, 131, 139–140 strangers, facial information to classify, 108 strength estimation accuracy (SEA), 156, 157f stress, effects on cognition, 285 striatum, and neglect, 133 stroke in artist, 349 deficits in prosody, 253 face memory impairments from, 105 functional and anatomical architecture of magnitude estimation, 147 hemiparesis from, 36, 343 permanence of disability, 335–336 and semantic memory impairment, 68–69 and written language disorders, 89 409 The Structure of Scientific Revolutions (Kuhn), subcortical brain structures, in limb apraxia, 207–209 subcortical left frontal lesion, 98 substantia nigra (SN), 291f substitution, doctrine of, 20 Sundet, K., 213 superior temporal cortex, damage, and word comprehension, 69 superior temporal sulcus, in network of mirror neurons, 261 supernumerary limbs, 222–223 superordinate errors, 310 supramarginal gyrus (SMG), 188 surface alexia, 93 surgeons, vs neurologists, hospital perspective on, Suzuki, K., 225 symbolic representations of personal experiences, 241 symbolic thinking, 20 synaptic basis for learning, theory of, 339 syntax, and aphasia, alexia, and agraphia analysis, 90 T., Mr., case, 31–33 tactile apraxia, 211 tactile thermal application, 161 Tanzi, E., 338 Taub, E., 340 Taylor-Clarke, M., 230 temporal binding, generation of, 146f temporal lobe, agraphias from lesions of, 89–90 temporal lobectomy, temporal-parietal junction (TPJ), and semantic processing, 68 temporal polar cortex, 309 Terman, L., 370 test anxiety, 285, 382 testing hypotheses, vii Test of Oral and Limb Apraxia (TOLA), 200 test of upper limb ideomotor apraxia (TULIA), 202 thalamocortical fibers, 144 thalamocortical projections systems, bursting activity within, 146f thalamocortical rhythms, normal, 144 thalamus, 133, 286f tiagabine, 273 tinnitus, 342 TOLA (Test of Oral and Limb Apraxia), 200 tool-use knowledge, ability to access, 210–211 topiramate, 273, 279 Torrance, E.P., 370 Torres, F., 2, 340 TPJ (temporal-parietal junction), and semantic processing, 68 transcortical motor aphasia, 26 www.Ebook777.com Free ebooks ==> www.Ebook777.com 410 Index transcortical sensory aphasia, 26 Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS), 231, 232 trans-disorder process, altered perception of stimulus intensity as, 160–161 transitive gestures, 198 translation, in spatial cognitive model, 182 Trousseau, A., 14, 18 Troxler effect, 177 Tucker, D.M., 253 TULIA (test of upper limb ideomotor apraxia), 202 Tulving, E., 67 Tyler, L.K., 79 typicality, 330n Ungerleider, L.G., 173 unitary semantic model, 72–74 unity in diversity, creativity as, 369 useful field of view (UFOV), aging and constriction of, 343–344 user-dependent plasticity, 335 Utermohlen, W., 357, 360–361 Valenstein, E,, 133, 134, 171, 173, 182, 192, 395 validity, 7–8 valproate, 274 adverse cognitive effects, 272 prenatal exposure to, 276 value, in creativity, 368–369 Van den Abell, T., 393 Venneri, A., 240 verbal affect production, tabulation, 257 verbal emotional expression, 252, 261–263 verb past tense, 316–317 verification stage of creativity, 374 vigabatrin, 273, 276 visual agnosia, 39–45, 351, 354 visual art, 349–363 art perception, 362–363 art production changes, 358–361 quantification in neuropsychology of, 358 visual art, paradoxical facilitation of, 351–358 changed expressivity, 356–358 descriptive accuracy, 354–355 disposition to produce art, 352–353 visual vocabulary, 353–354 visual images, inability to imagine, 40 visually-derived semantic codes, for faces, 108 visual memory, loss of, 39 visual perceptual-attentional system, managing bottom-up and top-down processing, 177 visual perseveration, conceptual, 44 visual recognition, model for, 42 visual unawareness, 176 Visual Word Form Area (VWFA), 91, 292 visuo-spatial agraphia, 98 voluntary functions, 20 voxel-based lesion mapping, 68 voxel-lesion-symptom mapping (VLSM), 362 Vroom, F., 392 wakefulness, cortical desynchrony of, 143 walking states of consciousness, 134 Wall, P., 339 Wallas, G., 371, 373 Walsh, V., 143 Wapner, W., 354 Warrington, E.K., 75, 76 Watkins, E., 356 Watson, H., 17, 99, 133, 134, 253 Watson, R.T., 171, 173, 182 Weibe, D., 373 Weisberg, R.W., 373 Wernicke, K., 5, 16, 70 “The Aphasia Symptom Complex,” 21–22 on conceptual knowledge, 81 influence of Lissauer’s model on information processing scheme, 45 model of reflex arc, 23–26, 24f Wernicke-Lichtheim model, 25–28 Wernicke’s aphasia, 5, 25, 47 Wernicke’s area, 27, 29 Western Aphasia Battery, 200 Westphal, C., 21 “where” perceptual attention, 175–178 white matter, role in creativity, 379–380 Wiesel, T., 338 Wilbrand, H., 39–40, 44 within-domain associations, 57 women, and praxis performance evaluation, 203 word comprehension, superior temporal cortex damage and, 69 word deafness, 26 word-meaning deafness, 30 words, function of articulating, 21 working memory and neural network changes, 324 storage system, 97–98 writing errors, evaluations of, 99 written forced choice lexical decision, 315–316 written language disorders of See agraphias; alexias as human cognitive ability, 90 models of, 97–99, 97f X, Mr., of Charcot, 40 Yamamoto, S., 232 Yerkes-Dodson function, 131, 139, 161, 162 Young, A.W., 107 Zajonc, R.B., 260 Zangwell, O.L., 378 Zarit, J.M., 361 zonisamide, 274, 279 www.Ebook777.com Free ebooks ==> www.Ebook777.com VISUAL ANALYSIS FACE RECOGNITION UNITS FACE CATEGORY PROTOTYPES Individuation Categorization PERSON IDENTITY NODES SOCIAL STEREOTYPES EXECUTIVE SYSTEM + – Recognition Decision Figure 6.1 Cognitive model of face recognition memory Recognition performance is the integrated product of individuation and categorization and involves distinct visual, (blue), semantic (yellow), and executive (magenta) operations www.Ebook777.com Free ebooks ==> www.Ebook777.com (a) (b) L R (c) Figure 6.2 Bilateral (a) and unilateral right-sided (b) occipito-temporal lesions in patients with prosopagnosia following PCA strokes Lesion overlap map of five patients with prosopagnosia due to unilateral right occipito-temporal damage (c) The area of maximum damage (red) includes right mid-fusiform cortex corresponding to the location of the fusiform face area (FFA) in functional neuroimaging studies www.Ebook777.com Free ebooks ==> www.Ebook777.com L R Figure 6.4 Right prefrontal cortex (PFC) lesions in patients with false facial recognition (top) Damage involves a ventrolateral frontal lobe region that shows activation during face recognition performance in normal subjects (bottom) www.Ebook777.com Free ebooks ==> www.Ebook777.com Neglect A B Exponent C D A B Constant A B Figure 7.7 Results of a lesion subtraction analysis for 17 patients with right hemisphere lesions The top row of pictures (Neglect) shows subtraction of RHL- from RHL+ scans Brighter red areas indicate lesions common to RHL+ but not RHL- Brighter blue indicates the opposite Figure A shows brighter red areas—one involving white matter beneath BAs 6, and and another involving BA 38/21 in the anterior temporal lobe – and one area of brighter blue centered on the putamen Crosshairs in figure B show the center of these areas, respectively Figure C shows area of red overlap involving BA 39 with corresponding crosshair in Figure D. The bottom row of pictures (Exponents) show scans of RHL patients with normal or high power function exponents subtracted from those with decreased exponents and (Constants) of patients with normal or low constants subtracted from those with high constants Figure A under exponent shows a brighter red area centered on the anterior limb of the internal capsule [Similar involvement of the thalamic radiations was observed in higher slices (not shown).] Figure A under constant shows a brighter red area centered on the anterior limb and genu of the internal capsule www.Ebook777.com Free ebooks ==> www.Ebook777.com thal to hippocampus amyg LC Figure 14.1 Noradrenergic pathways The locus coeruleus (LC) projects posteriorly to the cerebellum and up to the thalamus (thal) and amygdala (amyg), as well as throughout the neocortex along a pericingular tract, also terminating posteriorly at the hippocampus (Heimer, 1995) The descending fibers to the spinal cord are also shown Not shown is the lateral tegmental noradrenergic system which also projects to the amygdala and down to the spinal cord striatum amyg V S T N A Figure 14.2 Dopaminergic pathways Projections from the substantia nigra (SN) to the striatum are demonstrated, as are projections from the ventral tegmental area (VTA) to the amygdala (amyg), ventral striatum, and frontal cortex (Heimer, 1995) Not shown are the tuberoinfundibular and posterior hypothalamic dopaminergic systems www.Ebook777.com Free ebooks ==> www.Ebook777.com basal forebrain hippocampus Figure 14.3 Cholinergic pathways Cortical projections from the basal forebrain are demonstrated to the cingulate, and pericingulate cortex, as well as the mesial frontal cortex along a mesial pericingular tract, and laterally through the external capsule and claustrum to the capsular region and lateral neocortex (Selden et al., 1998) striatum thal to hippocampus amyg, hippo DRN Figure 14.4 Serotonergic pathways The dorsal raphe nuclei (DRN) project posteriorly to the cerebellum and intracerebellar nuclei, and up to the thalamus (thal), with projections also to the amygdala (amyg), hippocampus (hippo), hypothalamus, olfactory and entorhinal cortices, then to the ventral striatum as well as throughout the neocortex along a pericingular tract, also terminating posteriorly at the hippocampus (Heimer, 1995) Not shown is the caudal raphe nuclei, which also project to the cerebellum and intracerebellar nuclei, and down to the spinal cord www.Ebook777.com Free ebooks ==> www.Ebook777.com (a) Figure 17.1 Examples of Katherine Sherwood’s paintings Permission obtained from Katherine Sherwood a) Test Sites, painted before her stroke b) The Cart Before the Horse, painted after her stroke www.Ebook777.com Free ebooks ==> www.Ebook777.com (b) Figure 17.1 (Continued) www.Ebook777.com ... localized Some of these theories were fueled by prejudices of the day, that the left side of the brain is the seat of more loft y and highly cultured abilities, and the right side, the seat of more... each of these fields However, the chapters are not reviews of his contribution Rather, they reflect the current understanding of these fundamental areas of cognitive neuroscience as informed by the. .. the left side of the brain From the perspective of the time, the idea of asymmetric specialization of function in the hemispheres might have seemed even more heretical than the localization of