NEW AND EMERGING METHODS OF BRIDGE STRENGTHENING AND REPAIR AND DEVELOPMENT OF A BRIDGE REHABILITATION WEBSITE FRAMEWORK by Tiera Rollins A thesis submitted to the Faculty of the University of Delaware in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Civil Engineering Fall 2015 © 2015 Tiera Rollins All Rights Reserved ProQuest Number: 10014933 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion ProQuest 10014933 Published by ProQuest LLC (2016) Copyright of the Dissertation is held by the Author All rights reserved This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC ProQuest LLC 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O Box 1346 Ann Arbor, MI 48106 - 1346 NEW AND EMERGING METHODS OF BRIDGE STRENGTHENING AND REPAIR AND DEVELOPMENT OF A BRIDGE REHABILITATION WEBSITE FRAMEWORK by Tiera Rollins Approved: Michael J Chajes, Ph.D Professor in charge of thesis on behalf of the Advisory Committee Approved: Harry W Shenton III, Ph.D Chair of the Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering Approved: Babatunde A Ogunnaike, Ph.D Dean of the College of Engineering Approved: Ann L Ardis, Ph.D Interim Vice Provost for Graduate & Professional Education ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to thank my advisor, Dr Michael Chajes, whose patience, guidance, and encouragement always inspired me and helped me to keep a focused perspective instead of letting my worry get out of control He trusted in my ability to things I hadn’t before, and I have learned so much Thank you I would like to thank the Federal Highway Administration for their support, interest, and funding in this project I would like to thank my amazing husband, Philip, who always knew what I needed, whether it was a break from research, or a few quiet hours for writing, and was always ready and willing to help He was my rock and my foundation all through school, offering constant support and encouragement I would like to thank my son, Jack, who can always make me laugh I would like to thank my parents and the rest of my family for their support and encouragement I would like to thank my mom especially, for always being there to answer the phone when I needed to vent, and to be there for me to tell her I finished writing! I would also like to thank Sue Pratt for watching Jack while I went to class, worked on research, and wrote my thesis He loved spending time at her house, learning to color and paint, and playing with her sons Knowing that he was in good hands allowed me to focus and work productively These people helped me in so many ways to make this thesis possible Thank you all from the bottom of my heart iii TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES .viii LIST OF FIGURES ix ABSTRACT xi Chapter INTRODUCTION 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 Research Problem Statement Research Objectives Scope of Investigation Research Approach LITERATURE REVIEW: LABORATORY RESEARCH CONCERNING BRIDGE STRENGTHENING 2.1 2.2 2.3 Literature Review Overview Composite Material Overview New Bridge Strengthening Methods: Backgrounds and Definitions 2.3.1 2.3.2 2.3.3 2.3.4 2.3.5 2.3.6 2.4 Externally bonded FRP Mechanically fastened FRP Near surface mounting composites Post-tensioning composites Fiber reinforced cementitious matrix as a strengthening system 10 Spray FRP as a strengthening system 10 Experimental Research of New Bridge Strengthening Methods 11 2.4.1 2.4.2 2.4.3 2.4.4 2.4.5 Anchorage systems for EB and MF composite retrofits 11 Near surface mounting composite strengthening systems 15 Post-tensioning composite systems 21 Fiber reinforced cementitious matrix as a strengthening system 23 Spray FRP as a strengthening material 26 iv 2.5 Experimental Research of Unique Types of Strengthening 28 2.5.1 2.5.2 Impact damaged overpass girders repaired with composites 28 Fatigue damage repair of steel structures 29 2.5.2.1 2.5.2.2 Laboratory studies of steel fatigue damage repair 29 Finite element modeling of steel fatigue damage repair 30 2.5.2.3 Implemented steel fatigue damage repair 31 2.5.3 2.5.4 2.5.5 2.6 Research of Alternate Applications of Composite Materials 37 2.6.1 2.6.2 2.6.3 2.6.4 2.6.5 2.7 Column retrofitting with composites 32 Strengthening arch structures with composites 35 Strengthening torsional members of structures with composites 36 FRP beams as load bearing members 37 Bridge-in-a-backpack: concrete-filled FRP tube arch bridge construction 42 Steel buckling reinforcement with composites 44 Efforts to improve composite material properties and behavior 45 Vacuum assisted resin transfer molding 47 Miscellaneous Research Topics of Interest 48 2.7.1 2.7.2 2.7.3 2.7.4 2.7.5 Measuring bridge strength 49 Fatigue performance of structures strengthened with composites 51 Effect of load on FRP repairs 52 Unusual bridge geometries 53 Modifying bridge structure 54 2.7.5.1 Converting a continuous multi-span bridge to a network arch bridge 54 2.7.5.2 Converting non-integral abutments to integral abutments 55 LITERATURE REVIEW: FIELD IMPLEMENTATIONS AND LESSONS LEARNED 58 3.1 3.2 3.3 Innovative Bridge Research and Construction Program Overview 58 Survey Results 59 Bridge Strengthening by Category 64 v 3.3.1 Flexural Strengthening with Composites 64 3.3.1.1 3.3.1.2 3.3.1.3 3.3.1.4 Concrete beams strengthened with composites 65 Timber beams strengthened with composites 68 Steel beams strengthened with composites 69 Summary of findings regarding flexural strengthening with composites 70 3.3.1.5 Field implemented flexural strengthening with composites 71 3.3.1.5.1 3.3.2 Innovative Bridge Research and Construction Program: flexural strengthening results 75 Shear Strengthening with Composites 79 3.3.2.1 Laboratory testing experimental results of shear strengthening 79 3.3.2.2 Field implemented shear strengthening with composites 85 3.3.2.2.1 3.3.3 Increasing Live Load Capacity with Lightweight Composite Decks and Deck Strengthening with Composites 89 3.3.3.1 Field implemented lightweight composite decks and deck strengthening with composites 92 3.3.3.1.1 3.3.3.2 3.3.3.3 3.4 Innovative Bridge Research and Construction Program: shear strengthening results 88 Innovative Bridge Research and Construction Program and other implementations: lightweight deck results 96 Ongoing research on lightweight composite decks 103 Research to increase the durability of bridge decks 105 Specifications and Guidelines 111 3.4.1 3.4.2 3.4.3 3.4.4 FRP Decks 111 Shear Strengthening with FRPs 112 Flexural Strengthening with FRPs 114 List of Guidelines and Specifications 116 vi FRAMEWORK FOR BRIDGE REHABILITATION WEBSITE 118 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 BRIDGE STRENGTHENING DESIGN EXAMPLES 153 5.1 5.2 Background and Set-Up 118 Home Page 120 Catalog of Technologies 121 Technology Selection 123 Resources 124 Contribute 126 Website Pages 128 Design Examples 153 General Format for Bridge Strengthening Design Examples 154 SUMMARY 157 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 Review of Research Objectives 157 Literature Review Summary 157 Website Framework: Potential and Summary 159 Design Examples Summary 161 Recommendations for Future Work 161 REFERENCES 163 Appendix A MISCELLANEOUS LISTS AND INFORMATION 188 A.1 Traditional Bridge Strengthening Methods 188 A.2 Survey Questions 189 B WEBSITE PDFs 190 B.1 Technology Fact Sheet 191 B.2 Example Case Study 193 B.3 Design Example: Flexural strengthening of a concrete T-beam in an unstressed condition with FRP composites 195 C PERMISSION LETTERS 213 vii LIST OF TABLES Table IBRC Projects using FRP Beams 39 Table IBRC Projects using Structural Health Monitoring Systems 50 Table Summary of IBRC Projects by Category 59 Table Instances of Bridge Flexural Strengthening with FRP Composites 72 Table FRP Strengthening of Bridge Members in IBRC Projects 76 Table Instances of Bridge Shear Strengthening with FRP Composites 86 Table Instances of Lightweight FRP Decks and Bridge Deck Strengthening with FRP Composites 93 Table IBRC Projects using FRP Decks 98 Table IBRC Projects using MMFX reinforcing bars 109 viii LIST OF FIGURES Figure Illustration of various FRP NSM reinforcements 20 Figure FRP Arches being lowered into place 42 Figure Sheet metal installed on FRP tubes 43 Figure Completed Neal Bridge 44 Figure Conversion of continuous multi-span bridge to network arch bridge 55 Figure Simplified geometry of an integral abutment bridge 56 Figure Locations of U.S Survey Responses 60 Figure Survey Question Responses 61 Figure Survey Question Responses 62 Figure 10 Honeycomb sandwich configuration 90 Figure 11 Solid core sandwich configuration 90 Figure 12 Pultruded hollow core sandwich configuration 91 Figure 13 Strengthening Scheme: Cross-Sectional View (a) Side bonding, (b) Uwrap, and (c) Complete wrap 113 Figure 14 Strengthening Scheme: Side View – (a) Fibers at 90° direction, and (b) Fibers at Inclined Direction 113 Figure 15 Bridge Rehabilitation Website Flow Chart 120 Figure 16 Website Home Page 128 Figure 17 Home Page: Catalog of Technologies Tab in Navigation Bar 129 Figure 18 Catalog of Technologies Main Page 130 Figure 19 Catalog of Technologies Drop-down Menus 131 ix 201 202 203 204 205 206 207 208 209 210 211 212 Appendix C PERMISSION LETTERS Dear Tiera Rollins, Permission is granted for you to reuse: Figure Illustration of various FRP NSM reinforcements from the article "Assessing the strengthening effect of various near-surface-mounted FRP reinforcements on concrete bridge slab overhangs" by D Lee & L Cheng (2011) This article was published in the Journal of Composites for Construction, 15(4), p.615-624 For your Master’s Thesis A full credit line must be added to the material being reprinted For reuse in non-ASCE publications, add the words "With permission from ASCE" to your source citation For Intranet posting, add the following additional notice: "This material may be downloaded for personal use only Any other use requires prior permission of the American Society of Civil Engineers.” Regards, Joann Joann Fogleson Manager, Product and Subscription Services American Society of Civil Engineers 1801 Alexander Bell Drive Reston, VA 20191 PERMISSIONS@asce.org 703-295-6112 E-mail: jfogleson@asce.org Internet: www.asce.org/pubs | www.ascelibrary.org | http://ascelibrary.org/page/rightsrequests A full credit line must be added to the material being reprinted For reuse in non-ASCE publications, add the words "With permission from ASCE" to your source citation For Intranet posting, add the following additional notice: "This material may be downloaded for personal use only Any other use requires prior permission of the American Society of Civil Engineers.” 213 Dear Tiera Rollins, Permission is granted for you to reuse:  Figure a,b,f from "Experimental Study on Full-Scale Pretensioned Bridge Girder Damaged by Vehicle Impact and Repaired with Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Technology"  Figure from "Comprehensive study on using externally bonded FRP composites for the rehabilitation of reinforced concrete T-beam bridges"  Figures and 11 from "Steel bridge girder strengthening using postinstalled shear connectors and UHM CFRP laminates" For your Master’s Thesis A full credit line must be added to the material being reprinted For reuse in non-ASCE publications, add the words "With permission from ASCE" to your source citation For Intranet posting, add the following additional notice: "This material may be downloaded for personal use only Any other use requires prior permission of the American Society of Civil Engineers.” Regards, Joann Joann Fogleson Manager, Product and Subscription Services American Society of Civil Engineers 1801 Alexander Bell Drive Reston, VA 20191 PERMISSIONS@asce.org 703-295-6112 E-mail: jfogleson@asce.org Internet: www.asce.org/pubs | www.ascelibrary.org | http://ascelibrary.org/page/rightsrequests 214 Dear Tiera, Provided that the additional electronic use you have specified is still for your dissertation and not in a publication which is for sale then the below permission licence applies Re: 9780415621243 | Bridge Maintenance IABMAS'12 | Edn | Pack - Book and CD | Origin UK Permission is granted for use of the above material in your forthcoming dissertation to be in sent in both print and electronic formats to Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) and Laboratory of Hydraulics, Hydrology and Glaciology (vaw.ethz.ch), and to be stored on the dissertations database, subject to the following conditions: The material to be quoted/produced was published without credit to another source If another source is acknowledged, please apply directly to that source for permission clearance Permission is for non-exclusive, English language rights, and covers use in your dissertation only, not for sale Any further use shall be the subject of a separate application for permission Full acknowledgement must be given to the original source, with full details of figure/page numbers, title, author(s), publisher and year of publication The electronic version must be in a “locked down” format (eg PDF) to prevent copying and pasting or downloading Kind regards, Laura Templeman UK Books Permissions Administrator Taylor & Francis Group Park Square Milton Park Abingdon OX14 4RN 215 ... LLC 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O Box 1346 Ann Arbor, MI 48106 - 1346 NEW AND EMERGING METHODS OF BRIDGE STRENGTHENING AND REPAIR AND DEVELOPMENT OF A BRIDGE REHABILITATION WEBSITE FRAMEWORK. .. literature review, new and emerging methods of bridge repair developed since 1997 are presented Based on the current bridge strengthening and repair methods, a framework for a bridge rehabilitation. .. edges of pre-cured plates and anchoring the ends of the repair material Anchors can include additional strips of composite material applied transversely across the end of the repair or mechanical