Managerial accounting garrison norren 11th ed chap013

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Managerial accounting garrison norren 11th ed chap013

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11th Edition Chapter 13 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Relevant Costs for Decision Making Chapter Thirteen McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Cost Concepts for Decision Making A relevant cost is a cost that differs between alternatives McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Identifying Relevant Costs An avoidable cost can be eliminated (in whole or in part) by choosing one alternative over another Avoidable costs are relevant costs Unavoidable costs are irrelevant costs Two broad categories of costs are never relevant in any decision and include: Sunk costs Future costs that not differ between the alternatives McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Relevant Cost Analysis: A Two-Step Process Step Eliminate costs and benefits that not differ between alternatives Step Use the remaining costs and benefits that differ between alternatives in making the decision The costs that remain are the differential, or avoidable, costs McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Different Costs for Different Purposes Costs that are relevant in one decision situation may not be relevant in another context McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Identifying Relevant Costs Cynthia, a Boston student, is considering visiting her friend in New York She can drive or take the train By car it is 230 miles to her friend’s apartment She is trying to decide which alternative is less expensive and has gathered the following information: Automobile Costs (based on 10,000 miles driven per year) Annual straight-line depreciation on car Cost of gasoline Annual cost of auto insurance and license Maintenance and repairs Parking fees at school Total average cost $45 per month ×× 88 months months Annual Cost of Fixed Items $ 2,800 1,380 360 Cost per Mile $ 0.280 0.050 0.138 0.065 0.036 $ 0.569 $1.60 per gallon ÷ 32 MPG $18,000 cost –– $4,000 salvage value ÷ years McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Identifying Relevant Costs Automobile Costs (based on 10,000 miles driven per year) Annual straight-line depreciation on car Cost of gasoline Annual cost of auto insurance and license Maintenance and repairs Parking fees at school Total average cost 10 11 12 13 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Annual Cost of Fixed Items $ 2,800 1,380 360 Cost per Mile $ 0.280 0.050 0.138 0.065 0.036 $ 0.569 Some Additional Information Reduction in resale value of car per mile of wear Round-tip train fare Benefits of relaxing on train trip Cost of putting dog in kennel while gone Benefit of having car in New York Hassle of parking car in New York Per day cost of parking car in New York $ 0.026 $ 104 ???? $ 40 ???? ???? $ 25 Copyright © 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Identifying Relevant Costs Which costs and benefits are relevant in Cynthia’s decision? The cost of the car is a sunk cost and is not relevant to the current decision The annual cost of insurance is not relevant It will remain the same if she drives or takes the train However, the cost of gasoline is clearly relevant if she decides to drive If she takes the drive the cost would now be incurred, so it varies depending on the decision McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Identifying Relevant Costs Which costs and benefits are relevant in Cynthia’s decision? The cost of maintenance and repairs is relevant In the long-run these costs depend upon miles driven The monthly school parking fee is not relevant because it must be paid if Cynthia drives or takes the train At this point, we can see that some of the average cost of $0.569 per mile are relevant and others are not McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Quick Check  As before, Colonial Heritage’s supplier of hardwood will only be able to supply 2,000 board feet this month Assume the company follows the plan we have proposed Up to how much should Colonial Heritage be willing to pay above the usual price to obtain more hardwood? a $40 per board foot b $25 per board foot c $20 per board foot d Zero McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Quick Check  As before, Colonial The additional woodHeritage’s would besupplier used to of make hardwood will only be able to supply 2,000 tables In this use, each board foot of board feet this month Assume the company additional wood company follows the planwill weallow have the proposed Up to to earn how an additional of contribution much should $20 Colonial Heritage bemargin willing and to pay above the usualprofit price to obtain more hardwood? a $40 per board foot b $25 per board foot c $20 per board foot d Zero McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Managing Constraints Finding ways to process more units through a resource bottleneck McGraw-Hill/Irwin At the bottleneck itself: • Improve the process • Add overtime or another shift • Hire new workers or acquire more machines • Subcontract production • Reduce amount of defective units produced • Add workers transferred from non-bottleneck departments Copyright © 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Joint Costs • In some industries, a number of end products are produced from a single raw material input • Two or more products produced from a common input are called joint products • The point in the manufacturing process where each joint product can be recognized as a separate product is called the split-off point McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Joint Products Oil Joint Input Common Production Process Gasoline Chemicals Split-Off Point McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Joint Products Joint Costs Joint Input Common Production Process Oil Gasoline Chemicals Split-Off Point McGraw-Hill/Irwin Separate Processing Final Sale Final Sale Separate Processing Final Sale Separate Product Costs Copyright © 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc The Pitfalls of Allocation Joint costs are often allocated to end products on the basis of the relative sales value of each product or on some other basis Although allocation is needed for some purposes such as balance sheet inventory valuation, allocations of this kind are very dangerous for decision making McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Sell or Process Further Joint costs are irrelevant in decisions regarding what to with a product from the split-off point forward It will always be profitable to continue processing a joint product after the split-off point so long as the incremental revenue exceeds the incremental processing costs incurred after the split-off point McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Sell or Process Further: An Example • Sawmill, Inc cuts logs from which unfinished lumber and sawdust are the immediate joint products • Unfinished lumber is sold “as is” or processed further into finished lumber • Sawdust can also be sold “as is” to gardening wholesalers or processed further into “presto-logs.” McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Sell or Process Further Data about Sawmill’s joint products includes: Sales value at the split-off point Sales value after further processing Allocated joint product costs Cost of further processing McGraw-Hill/Irwin Per Log Lumber Sawdust $ 140 $ 40 270 176 50 50 24 20 Copyright © 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Sell or Process Further Analysis of Sell or Process Further Per Log Lumber Sales value after further processing Sales value at the split-off point Incremental revenue McGraw-Hill/Irwin $ 270 140 130 Sawdust $ 50 40 10 Copyright © 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Sell or Process Further Analysis of Sell or Process Further Per Log Lumber Sales value after further processing Sales value at the split-off point Incremental revenue Cost of further processing Profit (loss) from further processing McGraw-Hill/Irwin $ $ 270 140 130 50 80 Sawdust $ $ 50 40 10 20 (10) Copyright © 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Sell or Process Further Analysis of Sell or Process Further Per Log Lumber Sales value after further processing Sales value at the split-off point Incremental revenue Cost of further processing Profit (loss) from further processing $ $ 270 140 130 50 80 Sawdust $ $ 50 40 10 20 (10) Should we process the lumber further and sell the sawdust “as is?” McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Activity-Based Costing and Relevant Costs ABC can be used to help identify potentially relevant costs for decision-making purposes However, before making a decision, managers must decide which of the potentially relevant costs are actually avoidable McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc End of Chapter 13 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc ... affected ifif administrative expenses would not be affected Contribution margin $ 300,000 the digital watch the digital watch line line is is dropped dropped The The fixed fixed Less: fixed expenses... Sales $ 500,000 Less: variable expenses Investigation has Investigation has revealed revealed that total fixed fixed general general Variable manufacuring coststhat $ total 120,000 Variablefactory... increase increase This This would would only only happen happen ifif the the fixed fixed cost cost savings savings exceed exceed the the lost lost contribution contribution margin margin Let’s Let’s

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Mục lục

  • PowerPoint Presentation

  • Relevant Costs for Decision Making

  • Cost Concepts for Decision Making

  • Identifying Relevant Costs

  • Relevant Cost Analysis: A Two-Step Process

  • Different Costs for Different Purposes

  • Slide 7

  • Slide 8

  • Slide 9

  • Slide 10

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  • Slide 12

  • Slide 13

  • Total and Differential Cost Approaches

  • Slide 15

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  • Adding/Dropping Segments

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  • A Contribution Margin Approach

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  • Comparative Income Approach

  • Slide 25

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  • Beware of Allocated Fixed Costs

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  • The Make or Buy Decision

  • Vertical Integration- Advantages

  • Vertical Integration- Disadvantage

  • The Make or Buy Decision: An Example

  • Slide 37

  • Slide 38

  • Slide 39

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  • Slide 41

  • Opportunity Cost

  • Key Terms and Concepts

  • Special Orders

  • Slide 45

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  • Quick Check 

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  • Utilization of a Constrained Resource

  • Utilization of a Constrained Resource: An Example

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  • Managing Constraints

  • Joint Costs

  • Joint Products

  • Slide 73

  • The Pitfalls of Allocation

  • Sell or Process Further

  • Sell or Process Further: An Example

  • Slide 77

  • Slide 78

  • Slide 79

  • Slide 80

  • Activity-Based Costing and Relevant Costs

  • End of Chapter 13

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