Managerial accounting garrison norren 11th ed chap012

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Managerial accounting garrison norren 11th ed chap012

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11th Edition Chapter 12 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Segment Reporting and Decentralization Chapter Twelve McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Decentralization in Organizations Benefits of Decentralization Top Top management management freed freed to to concentrate concentrate on on strategy strategy Lower-level Lower-level managers managers gain gain experience experience in in decision-making decision-making Decision-making Decision-making authority authority leads leads to to job job satisfaction satisfaction Lower-level decision Lower-level decision often often based based on on better better information information Lower Lower level level managers managers can can respond respond quickly quickly to to customers customers McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Decentralization in Organizations Lower-level Lower-level managers managers may may make make decisions decisions without without seeing seeing the the “big “big picture.” picture.” Lower-level Lower-level manager’s manager’s objectives objectives may may not not be be those those of of the the organization organization McGraw-Hill/Irwin May May be be aa lack lack of of coordination coordination among among autonomous autonomous managers managers Disadvantages of Decentralization May May be be difficult difficult to to spread spread innovative innovative ideas ideas in in the the organization organization Copyright © 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Cost, Profit, and Investments Centers Cost Cost Center Center Cost, profit, and investment centers are all known as responsibility centers McGraw-Hill/Irwin Profit Profit Center Center Investment Investment Center Center Responsibility Responsibility Center Center Copyright © 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Cost, Profit, and Investments Centers Cost Center A segment whose manager has control over costs, but not over revenues or investment funds McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Cost, Profit, and Investments Centers Profit Center A segment whose manager has control over both costs and revenues, but no control over investment funds Revenues Sales Interest Other Costs Mfg costs Commissions Salaries Other McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Cost, Profit, and Investments Centers Corporate Headquarters Investment Center A segment whose manager has control over costs, revenues, and investments in operating assets McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Responsibility Centers Investment Centers O p e r a tio n s V ic e P r e s id e n t S a lty S n a c k s P ro d u c t M a n g e r B o ttlin g P la n t M anager B e v e g e s P ro d u c t M a n a g er W a re h o u se M anager S u p e r io r F o o d s C o r p o r a tio n C o rp o te H e a d q u a rte rs P r e s id e n t a n d C E O F in a n c e C h ie f F In a n c ia l O ffic e r Legal G e n e l C o u n s e l P e rs o n n e l V ic e P r e s id e n t C o n fe c tio n s P ro d u c t M a n a g e r D is tr ib u tio n M anager Cost Centers Superior Foods Corporation provides an example of the various kinds of responsibility centers that exist in an organization McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Responsibility Centers S u p e r io r F o o d s C o r p o r a tio n C o rp o te H e a d q u a rte rs P r e s id e n t a n d C E O O p e r a tio n s V ic e P r e s id e n t S a lty S n a c k s P ro d u c t M a n g e r B o ttlin g P la n t M anager B e v e g e s P ro d u c t M a n a g er W a re h o u se M anager F in a n c e C h ie f F In a n c ia l O ffic e r C o n fe c tio n s P ro d u c t M a n a g e r D is tr ib u tio n M anager Legal G e n e l C o u n s e l P e rs o n n e l V ic e P r e s id e n t Profit Centers Superior Foods Corporation provides an example of the various kinds of responsibility centers that exist in an organization McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Transfer Pricing Appendix 12A McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Key Concepts/Definitions A transfer price is the price charged when one segment of a company provides goods or services to another segment of the company The fundamental objective in setting transfer prices is to motivate managers to act in the best interests of the overall company McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Three Primary Approaches There are three primary approaches to setting transfer prices: Negotiated transfer prices Transfers at the cost to the selling division Transfers at market price McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Negotiated Transfer Prices A negotiated transfer price results from discussions between the selling and buying divisions Advantages of negotiated transfer prices: They preserve the autonomy of the divisions, which is consistent with the spirit of decentralization The managers negotiating the transfer price are likely to have much better information about the potential costs and benefits of the transfer than others in the company McGraw-Hill/Irwin Range of Acceptable Transfer Prices Upper limit is determined by the buying division Lower limit is determined by the selling division Copyright © 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Harris and Louder – An Example Assume the information as shown with respect to Imperial Beverages and Pizza Maven (both companies are owned by Harris and Louder) Imperial Beverages: Ginger beer production capactiy per month Variable cost per barrel of ginger beer Fixed costs per month Selling price of Imperial Beverages ginger beer on the outside market Pizza Maven: Purchase price of regular brand of ginger beer Monthly comsumption of ginger beer McGraw-Hill/Irwin 10,000 barrels £8 per barrel £70,000 £20 per barrel £18 per barrel 2,000 barrels Copyright © 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Harris and Louder – An Example The selling division’s (Imperial Beverages) lowest acceptable transfer price is calculated as: Transfer Price ≥ Variable cost Total contribution margin on lost sales + per unit Number of units transferred Let’s calculate the lowest and highest acceptable transfer prices under three scenarios The buying division’s (Pizza Maven) highest acceptable transfer price is calculated as: Transfer Price ≤ Cost of buying from outside supplier If an outside supplier does not exist, the highest acceptable transfer price is calculated as: Transfer Price ≤ Profit to be earned per unit sold (not including the transfer price) McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Harris and Louder – An Example If Imperial Beverages has sufficient idle capacity (3,000 barrels) to satisfy Pizza Maven’s demands (2,000 barrels) without sacrificing sales to other customers, then the lowest and highest possible transfer prices are computed as follows: Selling division’s lowest possible transfer price: Transfer Price ≥ £8 + £0 = £8 2,000 Buying division’s highest possible transfer price: Transfer Price ≤ Cost of buying from outside supplier = £18 Therefore, the range of acceptable transfer price is £8 – £18 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Harris and Louder – An Example If Imperial Beverages has no idle capacity (0 barrels) and must sacrifice other customer orders (2,000 barrels) to meet Pizza Maven’s demands (2,000 barrels), then the lowest and highest possible transfer prices are computed as follows: Selling division’s lowest possible transfer price: ( £20 - £8) × 2,000 Transfer Price ≥ £8 + = £20 2,000 Buying division’s highest possible transfer price: Transfer Price ≤ Cost of buying from outside supplier = £18 Therefore, there is no range of acceptable transfer prices McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Harris and Louder – An Example If Imperial Beverages has some idle capacity (1,000 barrels) and must sacrifice other customer orders (1,000 barrels) to meet Pizza Maven’s demands (2,000 barrels), then the lowest and highest possible transfer prices are computed as follows: Selling division’s lowest possible transfer price: ( £20 - £8) × 1,000 Transfer Price ≥ £8 + = £14 2,000 Buying division’s highest possible transfer price: Transfer Price ≤ Cost of buying from outside supplier = £18 Therefore, the range of acceptable transfer price is £14 – £18 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Evaluation of Negotiated Transfer Prices If a transfer within a company would result in higher overall profits for the company, there is always a range of transfer prices within which both the selling and buying divisions would have higher profits if they agree to the transfer If managers are pitted against each other rather than against their past performance or reasonable benchmarks, a noncooperative atmosphere is almost guaranteed Given the disputes that often accompany the negotiation process, most companies rely on some other means of setting transfer prices McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Transfers at the Cost to the Selling Division Many companies set transfer prices at either the variable cost or full (absorption) cost incurred by the selling division Drawbacks of this approach include: Using full cost as a transfer price and can lead to suboptimization The selling division will never show a profit on any internal transfer Cost-based transfer prices not provide incentives to control costs McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Transfers at Market Price A market price (i.e., the price charged for an item on the open market) is often regarded as the best approach to the transfer pricing problem A market price approach works best when the product or service is sold in its present form to outside customers and the selling division has no idle capacity A market price approach does not work well when the selling division has idle capacity McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Divisional Autonomy and Suboptimization The principles of decentralization suggest that companies should grant managers autonomy to set transfer prices and to decide whether to sell internally or externally, even is this may occasionally result in suboptimal decisions This way top management allows subordinates to control their own destiny McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc International Aspects of Transfer Pricing Transfer Pricing Objectives Domestic • Greater divisional autonomy • Greater motivation for managers • Better performance evaluation • Better goal congruence McGraw-Hill/Irwin International • Less taxes, duties, and tariffs • Less foreign exchange risks • Better competitive position • Better governmental relations Copyright © 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc End of Chapter 12 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc ... Companies, Inc Keys to Segmented Income Statements There are two keys to building segmented income statements: A contribution format should be used because it separates fixed from variable costs and... allocated allocated to to the the 75,000 divisions divisions These These costs costs would would remain remain even even ifif one one of of the the divisions divisions were were eliminated eliminated... margin $ 60,000 Big Screen $ 100,000 55,000 45,000 35,000 $ 10,000 Fixed Fixed costs costs directly directly traced traced to to the the Television Television Division Division $80,000 $80,000

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Mục lục

  • PowerPoint Presentation

  • Segment Reporting and Decentralization

  • Decentralization in Organizations

  • Slide 4

  • Cost, Profit, and Investments Centers

  • Slide 6

  • Slide 7

  • Slide 8

  • Responsibility Centers

  • Slide 10

  • Slide 11

  • Decentralization and Segment Reporting

  • Superior Foods: Geographic Regions

  • Superior Foods: Customer Channel

  • Keys to Segmented Income Statements

  • Identifying Traceable Fixed Costs

  • Identifying Common Fixed Costs

  • Traceable Costs Can Become Common Costs

  • Segment Margin

  • Traceable and Common Costs

  • Activity-Based Costing

  • Levels of Segmented Statements

  • Slide 23

  • Slide 24

  • Slide 25

  • Slide 26

  • Slide 27

  • Slide 28

  • Slide 29

  • Slide 30

  • External Reports

  • Omission of Costs

  • Inappropriate Methods of Allocating Costs Among Segments

  • Common Costs and Segments

  • Allocations of Common Costs

  • Quick Check 

  • Slide 37

  • Slide 38

  • Slide 39

  • Slide 40

  • Slide 41

  • Slide 42

  • Slide 43

  • Return on Investment (ROI) Formula

  • Net Book Value vs. Gross Cost

  • Slide 46

  • Increasing ROI

  • Increasing ROI – An Example

  • Slide 49

  • Increasing Sales Without an Increase in Operating Assets

  • Slide 51

  • Decreasing Operating Expenses with no Change in Sales or Operating Assets

  • Slide 53

  • Decreasing Operating Assets with no Change in Sales or Operating Expenses

  • Slide 55

  • Investing in Operating Assets to Increase Sales

  • Slide 57

  • ROI and the Balanced Scorecard

  • Criticisms of ROI

  • Residual Income - Another Measure of Performance

  • Calculating Residual Income

  • Residual Income – An Example

  • Slide 63

  • Motivation and Residual Income

  • Slide 65

  • Slide 66

  • Slide 67

  • Slide 68

  • Slide 69

  • Slide 70

  • Slide 71

  • Slide 72

  • Slide 73

  • Slide 74

  • Divisional Comparisons and Residual Income

  • Zepher, Inc. - Continued

  • Slide 77

  • Transfer Pricing

  • Key Concepts/Definitions

  • Three Primary Approaches

  • Negotiated Transfer Prices

  • Harris and Louder – An Example

  • Slide 83

  • Slide 84

  • Slide 85

  • Slide 86

  • Evaluation of Negotiated Transfer Prices

  • Transfers at the Cost to the Selling Division

  • Transfers at Market Price

  • Divisional Autonomy and Suboptimization

  • International Aspects of Transfer Pricing

  • End of Chapter 12

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