The Early Cold War: 1947-1970 Ms. Susan M. Pojer Ms. Susan M. Pojer Horace Greeley HS Chappaqua, NY Horace Greeley HS Chappaqua, NY Ms. Susan M. Pojer Ms. Susan M. Pojer Horace Greeley HS Chappaqua, NY Horace Greeley HS Chappaqua, NY Part I: “Reconstruction & Confrontation” The Ideological Struggle The Ideological Struggle Soviet & Eastern Bloc Nations [“Iron Curtain”] US & the Western Democracies GOAL  spread world- wide Communism GOAL  “Containment” of Communism & the eventual collapse of the Communist world. [George Kennan] METHODOLOGIES:  Espionage [KGB vs. CIA]  Arms Race [nuclear escalation]  Ideological Competition for the minds and hearts of Third World peoples [Communist govt. & command economy vs. democratic govt. & capitalist economy]  “proxy wars”  Bi-Polarization of Europe [NATO vs. Warsaw Pact] The “Iron Curtain” The “Iron Curtain” From Stettin in the Balkans, to Trieste in the From Stettin in the Balkans, to Trieste in the Adriatic, an Adriatic, an iron curtain iron curtain has descended across the has descended across the Continent. Behind that line lies the ancient Continent. Behind that line lies the ancient capitals of Central and Eastern Europe. capitals of Central and Eastern Europe. -- Sir Winston Churchill, 1946 -- Sir Winston Churchill, 1946 Truman Doctrine [1947] Truman Doctrine [1947] 1. 1. Civil War in Greece. Civil War in Greece. 2. 2. Turkey under pressure from the Turkey under pressure from the USSR for concessions in the USSR for concessions in the Dardanelles. Dardanelles. 3. 3. The U. S. should support free The U. S. should support free peoples throughout the world who peoples throughout the world who were resisting takeovers by armed were resisting takeovers by armed minorities or outside pressures…We minorities or outside pressures…We must assist free peoples to work out must assist free peoples to work out their own destinies in their own way. their own destinies in their own way. 4. 4. The U.S. gave Greece & Turkey $400 The U.S. gave Greece & Turkey $400 million in aid. million in aid. Marshall Plan [1948] Marshall Plan [1948] 1. 1. “ “ European Recovery European Recovery Program.” Program.” 2. 2. Secretary of State, Secretary of State, George Marshall George Marshall 3. 3. The U. S. should provide The U. S. should provide aid to aid to all all European nations European nations that need it. This move that need it. This move is not against any country or doctrine, is not against any country or doctrine, but against hunger, poverty, desperation, but against hunger, poverty, desperation, and chaos. and chaos. 4. 4. $12.5 billion of US aid to Western $12.5 billion of US aid to Western Europe extended to Eastern Europe & Europe extended to Eastern Europe & USSR, [but this was rejected]. USSR, [but this was rejected]. Post-War Germany Post-War Germany Berlin Blockade & Airlift Berlin Blockade & Airlift (1948-49) (1948-49) The Arms Race: The Arms Race: A “Missile Gap?” A “Missile Gap?” } The Soviet Union The Soviet Union exploded its first exploded its first A-bomb in 1949. A-bomb in 1949. } Now there were Now there were two nuclear two nuclear superpowers! superpowers! N N orth orth A A tlantic tlantic T T reaty reaty O O rganization (1949) rganization (1949)  United States United States  Belgium Belgium  Britain Britain  Canada Canada  Denmark Denmark  France France  Iceland Iceland  Italy Italy  Luxemburg Luxemburg  Netherlands Netherlands  Norway Norway  Portugal Portugal  1952: Greece & 1952: Greece & Turkey Turkey  1955: West Germany 1955: West Germany  1983: Spain 1983: Spain