Grammar and Composition Composition Practice Grade 12 Acknowledgments Grateful acknowledgment is given authors, publishers, and agents for permission to reprint the following copyrighted material Every effort has been made to determine copyright owners In the case of any omissions, the Publisher will be pleased to make suitable acknowledgments in future editions p 21 From Skindiving in the Virgins and Other Poems by John Malcolm Brinnin Copyright © 1970 by John Malcolm Brinnin Published by Delacorte Press/Seymour Lawrence p 27 From Poetry Nippon by Naoshi Koriyama Copyright 1970 by The Poetry Society of Japan, Nagaya, Japan p 33 From The Dunwich Horror and Others by August Derleth and S T Joshi Copyright © 1963 by August Derleth Published by Arkham House Publishers, Inc p 41 From Gifts of Passage by Santha Rama Rau Copyright 1951, 1952, 1954, © 1955, 1957, 1958, 1960, 1961 by Vasanthi Rama Rau Bowers Reprinted by permission of HarperCollins Publishers p 50 From Fatherhood by Bill Cosby Copyright © 1986 by William H Cosby Jr Used by permission of Doubleday, a division of Bantam Doubleday Dell Publishing Group, Inc Glencoe/McGraw-Hill Copyright © 2001 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc All rights reserved Permission is granted to reproduce material contained herein on the condition that such material be reproduced only for classroom use; and be provided to students, teachers, and families without charge; and be used solely in conjunction with Writer’s Choice Any other reproduction, for use or sale, is prohibited without written permission of the publisher Printed in the United States of America Send all inquiries to: Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 8787 Orion Place Columbus, Ohio 43240 ISBN 0-07-823292-9 055 04 03 02 01 00 ii Contents Unit Personal Writing 1.1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 Unit The Writing Process 2.1 2.2 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.5 2.6 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 2.10 Unit Writing as Self-Discovery I Writing as Self-Discovery II Using a Journal Learning with a Learning Log Writing a College Application Essay Writing a Résumé Writing About Literature: Expressing Opinions About Literature Writing About Literature: Creative Responses to Literature An Overview of the Writing Process Prewriting: Finding a Topic I 10 Prewriting: Finding a Topic II 11 Prewriting: Establishing Purpose and Audience 12 Drafting: Ordering Your Thoughts 13 Drafting: Writing with Unity and Coherence I 14 Drafting: Writing with Unity and Coherence II 15 Revising: Checking Content and Structure I 16 Revising: Checking Content and Structure II 17 Revising: Replacing Clichés, Jargon, and Sexist Language 18 Editing/Proofreading: Finalizing 19 Publishing/Presenting: Sharing Your Writing 20 Writing About Literature: Analyzing Tone 21 Descriptive Writing 3.1 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 Organizing Descriptions I 22 Organizing Descriptions II 23 Writing a Unified and Coherent Description 24 Using Figurative Language 25 Using Analogies 26 Writing About Literature: Analyzing Imagery in Descriptive Writing 27 iii Contents Unit Narrative Writing 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 Unit Expository Writing 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7 5.7 5.8 5.9 5.10 Unit Setting the Narrative Landscape 28 Ordering Time in a Narrative 29 Building Narrative Suspense 30 Using Point of View 31 Writing a Short-Short Story 32 Writing About Literature: Analyzing a Narrative for Film Adaptation 33 Writing an Expository Essay 34 Writing Instructions 35 Explaining Causal Relationships 36 Explaining by Using an Analogy 37 Using Visuals That Speak 38 Explaining Problems, Proposing Solutions 39 Writing an Analysis I 40 Writing an Analysis II 41 Writing a Business Letter 42 Comparing and Contrasting Opinions 43 Writing About Literature: Comparing and Contrasting Biographies 44 Persuasive Writing 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.4 6.5 6.6 6.7 Writing a Persuasive Essay 45 Analyzing and Using Evidence 46 Detecting Errors in Logic 47 Using Inductive and Deductive Reasoning I 48 Using Inductive and Deductive Reasoning II 49 Writing a Satirical Essay 50 Creating a Satirical Cartoon 51 Writing About Literature: Analyzing a Critical Review 52 Answers 53 iv Composition Practice Name Class Date Writing as Self-Discovery I 1.1 Key Information Personal writing offers a unique opportunity to make sense of your experiences and to think more deeply about your life Freewriting, charts, and cluster diagrams can be used to generate a topic that is important to you Using clear, specific language helps you to focus your subject Personal writing invites you to create works that accurately reflect your background and interests ■ Charting Ideas The left-hand column in the chart below lists ten general areas of personal experience in which you may find writing ideas Choose any three of the areas of experience on the chart, and then fill out the middle and right-hand columns for the ones you select The first item is filled in for you as a sample Area of Experience School Memories Specific Instance Writing Idea school play my wig falling off on stage Family Neighbors Sports Food Fads and Styles Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Friends Travel My Heroes 10 Pet Peeves 11 Create a category of your own, and write it next to number 11 in the left-hand column on the chart above Then fill in the middle column with a specific instance of your own In the right-hand column list writing ideas suggested by the instance Writer’s Choice: Composition Practice, Grade 12, Unit 1 Composition Practice Name Class Date Writing as Self-Discovery II 1.1 Key Information Personal writing helps to build an awareness of who you are and what is meaningful to you Through the use of freewriting, you can generate topics that are important to you Once you’ve chosen your topic, remember that good writing depends on your ability to focus on the topic Clear, specific language results from focusing: naming particular actions, describing a setting, creating a mood ■ A Using Freewriting Freewrite about your feelings concerning your graduation from high school Are you looking forward to it? Do you view it as a beginning? an ending? simply an event? What emotions you think the event will spark? Rewrite the following paragraph so that it has a clear focus Use specific language to fill in the details of the scene Describe the setting, create a mood, and describe particular actions Model I walk in the room, look around, and realize that I not know anybody there I want to turn and leave, but I can’t As I look around the room, hoping that no one is looking back, I am struck by the realization that I feel frightened I don’t know why, but I turn and leave immediately Writer’s Choice: Composition Practice, Grade 12, Unit Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc ■ B Focusing Subjects Composition Practice Name Class Date Using a Journal 1.2 Key Information You determine the purpose of your personal journal Keeping a journal of any type helps you to stay in touch with your feelings and experiences It can be a place to record your reactions to various people, places, and events Keeping a journal can also help you sharpen your awareness of yourself and the world around you ■ A Keeping a Journal The model below reveals how Joan Didion uses her own journal, which she refers to as her “notebook.” Read the model and answer the questions that follow Literature Model S ee enough and write it down, I tell myself, and then some morning when the world seems drained of wonder, some day when I am only going through the motions of doing what I am supposed to do, which is write—on that bankrupt morning I will simply open my notebook and there it will all be, a forgotten account with accumulated interest, paid passage back to the world out there: dialogue overheard in hotels and elevators and at the hat-check counter in Pavillion (one middle-aged man shows his hat check to another and says, “That’s my old football number”); I imagine, in other words, that the notebook is about other people But of course it is not I have no real business with what one stranger said to another at the hat-check counter in Pavillion; Remember what it was to be me: that is always the point Joan Didion, On Keeping a Notebook What is Joan Didion comparing her journal to? _ Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Do you think Didion finds keeping a journal useful? Why? _ _ What types of information does Didion keep in her journal? _ _ On a separate sheet of paper, write a paragraph describing what you would put in your own journal and how you would use it ■ B Writing a Journal Entry On a separate sheet of paper, write a journal entry describing a typical school day Keep in mind Didion’s point: Remember what it was to be me Writer’s Choice: Composition Practice, Grade 12, Unit Composition Practice Name Class Date Learning with a Learning Log 1.3 Key Information A learning log, a notebook kept for writing about what you learn both in and out of school, can help you to improve your ability to learn new information When you write about what you are learning, you process the information more deeply by incorporating it into your long-term memory Try to set aside a specific time to write in your log to ensure that you don’t miss important opportunities to learn ■ Using Learning Logs Read the passage below, focusing on and identifying key words, subject, and meaning Then answer the questions that follow Model T he term cancer refers to hundreds of diseases, all of which are characterized by abnormal cell shape and growth In humans about 250 different types of cancer occur, some more frequently than others Sites commonly affected by cancer include the skin and lungs Fortunately, skin cancer is highly curable, and skin cancer as well as lung cancer is preventable Fair-skinned people are at greater risk of contracting skin cancer than are those having larger amounts of the pigment melanin in their skin However, the risk can be reduced by using sunblocking agents for protection from cancer-causing ultraviolet rays, by wearing protective clothing, and by limiting the amount of time spent in the sun For those who contract skin cancer, 95 percent of those treated for the disease recover Lung cancer is one of the most preventable cancers: smokers are ten times more likely to develop lung cancer than are nonsmokers Not smoking or quitting smoking greatly reduces the risk of developing this deadly disease In your learning log, what would you identify as the subject or focus of the passage? What specific words, phrases, or sentences would you note in your learning log as being particularly important to understanding the material? _ _ _ _ How would you review the material presented in this passage? _ _ What other information would you like to know about the subject? _ _ _ _ Writer’s Choice: Composition Practice, Grade 12, Unit Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc _ Composition Practice Name Class Date 1.4 Writing a College Application Essay Key Information The goal of your college application essay is to show who you are: a unique individual Focus on a memorable and interesting aspect of your life Once you have chosen a focus, relax and write a good story about yourself Remember to revise and edit your draft until you are ready to copy it onto your application ■ Understanding College Application Essays Below are excerpts from college application essays Read each excerpt, and on a separate sheet of paper answer the questions that follow Model W ith all the treasured values I have gained from my venerable parents, learned teachers, esteemed classmates, and enthusiastic teammates, I actually stumbled upon my life philosophy while watching a television program during my sophomore year Bill Cosby, as in The Bill Cosby Show, was advising his fictional and wayward son, “You gotta read and study, but you also gotta do.” That seemed like a good dictum upon which to hang my hat—and by which to guide my life Since then I have been fairly successful at balancing book learning with “hands-on” experience What is the focus of this essay? Is the tone of this paragraph formal or satirical? Cite words or phrases to support your view Do you think the rest of this essay will be interesting to read? Why? What kind of information can you anticipate will follow this opening paragraph? Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Model “T he sign of maturity is no longer seeing things as strictly black or white.” The American literature teacher’s casual remark was more powerful than her most emphasized assertions I began to see that things were not as simple as they once seemed While I admit that sometimes I don’t want to grow up, and I still see things in either-or terms, I feel that I am beginning to accept ambiguity I have learned that things aren’t black or white in the humanities or the sciences Why should they be in my life? I would say that I have embarked on the road to maturity and that I’m ready for new challenges Do you think the tone of this essay is serious or light-hearted? Is the topic of this essay important to the applicant? How you know? What are some illustrative details the author might include in this essay? Writer’s Choice: Composition Practice, Grade 12, Unit Composition Practice Name Class Date 1.5 Writing a Résumé Key Information A résumé summarizes your work experience, education, career objective, applicable skills, and experience, and lists people who can attest to your character and abilities Your résumé is the first demonstration your prospective employer sees of your communication skills Therefore it is crucial that you describe everything accurately and concisely A well-organized résumé that is clearly and precisely written will always put you in a positive light ■ A Constructing a Résumé • Michael Planco is applying for a job as a part-time worker He wants to work in a pet shop after school and on Saturday • Michael lives at 1469 Washington Street in Hollywood, Florida His phone number is 305-652-0076 His ZIP code is 33143 • Michael worked at Publix Supermarket as a bag boy and stock clerk all last summer For two years before that, he worked after school and on Saturdays as a clerk at Eckerd’s Drugstore on Miami Gardens Drive In the 7th and 8th grades he delivered a weekly newspaper in his neighborhood • Michael has been a volunteer for the Broward County Society for Prevention of Cruelty to Animals for the past three years He has been helping the staff take care of dogs and cats brought to the animal shelter • Michael is graduating in June from MacArthur High School He is a senior • He can feed and care for birds, snakes, dogs, cats, gerbils • He is willing to clean cages, stock merchandise, and whatever is asked of him • Michael can operate a cash register • Michael is giving the following people as references: Mr Roger Reeves, biology teacher, MacArthur High School, Hollywood, FL 33143, tel # 305-652-8943 Mrs Juanita Greene, assistant manager, Publix Supermarket, Hollywood Boulevard, Hollywood, FL 33143, tel # 305-652-3261 • He has worked on his aunt’s horse farm since he was nine • Michael owns six snakes, three birds, two gerbils, and a dachshund named Snorkel • He plans to attend Florida State University to major in biology He hopes to become a veterinarian • He has read many books about animals and animal care ■ B Understanding Résumés Read the two model résumé entries below Choose the one that is appropriate for a résumé On a separate sheet of paper, explain why My senior independent project was to report how the city could be better run I interviewed many people in the city government, did research, made comparisons to other cities, and delivered my report at a city council meeting Conducted study assessing city management Interviewed civic officials, researched management in other cities, presented findings before city council Writer’s Choice: Composition Practice, Grade 12, Unit Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc On a separate sheet of paper, condense the following information into a clear, concise, and well-organized résumé Use the information provided, and make up appropriate dates Be sure to include each of the following headings, in order, as part of the résumé: Objective, Experience, Education, Skills and Interests, and References Reword the information in any way that you wish Composition Practice Name Class Date 6.1 Writing a Persuasive Essay Key Information The purpose of a persuasive essay is to influence people to think or act in a certain way You can either give your readers a new perspective on a general topic or present a strong stand on a controversial issue If you present a stand on a controversial issue, be sure that the issue is worth discussing and is one on which there are differing opinions ■ A Organizing an Issue Select one of the issues listed below or another issue of your choice, and diagram the two sides of the issue Briefly state the issue in the circle, and list the arguments on each side of the issue inside the boxes Support each side of the issue with at least three reasons, facts, or examples • All wetlands should be conserved • Movie ratings should be eliminated • All students should be required to become bilingual No Yes Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Issue ■ B Writing About an Issue Use the chart above, and take a yes or no position on the issue To clarify your position, draft a thesis statement below summarizing your opinion Writer’s Choice: Composition Practice, Grade 12, Unit 45 Composition Practice Name Class Date 6.2 Analyzing and Using Evidence Key Information In order for an argument to be truly persuasive, it must contain strong evidence A good writer, like a good detective, presents evidence that falls into one or more of the following categories: Firsthand observations accounts from original sources Informed opinions judgments of experts or authorities Examples instances that demonstrate a general point Reasons underlying facts or causes Facts statements that can be proven true Statistics numerical facts This evidence should be relevant, unbiased, up-to-date, complete, and verifiable A touch of humor, when appropriate, can add additional impact to your persuasive argument ■ Identifying Evidence On the lines provided, write which type of evidence supports each statement: firsthand observation, informed opinion, example, reason, fact, or statistics Seventy percent of people tested agreed that Cho-less Margarine tastes like butter The world population has increased over the last two hundred years To improve management practices, Universal Motors plans to cut fifty thousand workers and close five plants in the United States Jonathan, a cashier at the local grocery store, has noticed an increase in business The environment has taken on great importance in local communities The communities of Southborough, Greentown, and Franklin now have curbside recycling “I believe there is a strong correlation between learning to write and learning to read,” said Professor Monica Steinberg Many city residents are neglecting to vote in local elections People living in that building haven’t voted in over five years 46 Writer’s Choice: Composition Practice, Grade 12, Unit Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Hostilities will escalate if no international peace-keeping team intervenes, warn local villagers Composition Practice Name Class Date Detecting Errors in Logic 6.3 Key Information Logical fallacies are errors in reasoning Many writing problems are simply the result of faulty thinking As you write persuasive arguments, try to avoid these common logical fallacies: stereotyping, false analogy, loaded words, overgeneralization, and oversimplification ■ A Identifying Fallacies Identify the error in reasoning in each statement below Write S for stereotyping, FA for false analogy, LW for loaded words, OG for overgeneralization, or OS for oversimplification _ He can afford it; all actors are wealthy _ A government is like an army; just as soldiers must always obey their generals, so civil servants must always obey their superiors _ When reporters tried to ask her about the court case, she did not answer their calls Obviously, she has something to hide _ The two most popular kids in the class loved the show You will, too _ Jamie didn’t well on the test Because of his after-school job, I’ll bet he didn’t have any time to study _ How could they have failed to listen to the young girl’s heart-wrenching story? ■ B Revising Errors in Logic Revise the following statement to remove errors in stereotyping and oversimplification Write a new statement on the lines below Avoid loaded words in your new paragraph Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Model A nyone who listens to rock music blares it on city streets Rock music is earsplitting at such high volume Since this racket causes noise pollution, there should be a law against such uproar Banning people from playing loud rock music will return a serene environment to our city Writer’s Choice: Composition Practice, Grade 12, Unit 47 Composition Practice Name Class Date 6.4 Using Inductive and Deductive Reasoning I Key Information Logical reasoning falls into two major categories: inductive reasoning and deductive reasoning When reasoning inductively, begin with a series of facts or a representative sample, identify a connection, and reach a sensible conclusion When reasoning deductively, begin with a generalization, identify a related fact, and draw a related conclusion ■ Identifying the Reasoning Identify the reasoning used in each argument below Write I for inductive and D for deductive reasoning on the lines provided _ The repair shop has fixed ten drafty convertibles in the past month Convertibles can be drafty cars _ All minivans have four doors We have a minivan Therefore, our minivan has four doors _ The first time Mark took a cab ride, the driver got lost The second time Mark took a cab ride, his cab nearly collided with another car It is likely Mark will not look forward to his third cab ride _ Penny and Maximilian charge up to the limit on their credit card by the first week of every month Since it is the end of the month, they will not be able to charge the bike that is on sale today _ Everyone who lives on Maple Avenue supports the recycling bill The Adams family lives on Maple Avenue The Adams family supports the recycling bill _ The per pupil cost of education is higher for a high school student than for an elementary school student Next year enrollment will be greater in the local high school than in the elementary school Therefore the high school budget should be more than the elementary school budget next year _ Simon likes dogs much better than cats Rose is a dog Fluffy is a cat Therefore, Simon probably likes Rose better than Fluffy _ Sal’s corner store sells holiday cards for 50 percent off on December 26th The Almeidas bought holiday cards at Sal’s on December 26th They must have saved 50 percent on their cards _ 10 A diet high in fat and lack of exercise are two risk factors for heart disease David eats many fatty foods and never exercises Therefore, David may be at risk for heart disease 48 Writer’s Choice: Composition Practice, Grade 12, Unit Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc _ All musicians love music Buck Mega is a musician Therefore, Buck loves music Composition Practice Name Class Date 6.4 Using Inductive and Deductive Reasoning II Key Information To evaluate inductive arguments, decide whether the specific evidence given is true and whether it leads to a valid generalization (conclusion) To evaluate deductive arguments, evaluate the validity of each premise to determine whether the conclusion is true ■ A Evaluating Inductive and Deductive Arguments Read the model below Then answer the questions that follow Model (1) “Let me put it this way,” said the trooper, “I’ve never yet unbuckled a seat belt from a corpse.” (2) The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration would agree with the trooper’s statement (3) Their statistics show that in 1985 motor vehicle accidents were responsible for the death of 45,901 Americans (4) Another 3,588 accident victims would have been added to those statistics if they hadn’t buckled up (5) The following year even more seat belt users survived motor vehicle accidents The total number was 6,917 (6) In 1987 that number rose to 10,938; in 1988 it rose again to 15,511 (7) As more states adopt mandatory seat belt laws and more travelers heed those laws, the number of lives saved increases (8) If every state were to adopt a mandatory seat belt law and every traveler used a seat belt, the number of lives saved annually would be the highest ever recorded Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc _ Does this model use an inductive or deductive argument? _ Which sentence in the model serves as a conclusion? _ Which sentences in the model include facts that support the conclusion? Give at least one reason why sentence is not valid support for the conclusion ■ B Concluding the Argument For each deductive argument, write a conclusion that will make the argument both valid and true Each senior must wear a cap and gown on the last day of classes Only seniors are allowed to wear caps and gowns Juan Lopez is wearing a cap and gown Therefore, All shuttle flights leave every hour on the hour The last shuttle flight left at 2:00 P.M Therefore, the next shuttle flight Each student must accumulate at least 64 credits in order to graduate Lin has accumulated 68 credits Therefore, To become an astronaut, a person must go through intensive training Leon is an astronaut Therefore, Writer’s Choice: Composition Practice, Grade 12, Unit 49 Composition Practice Name Class Date 6.5 Writing a Satirical Essay Key Information Satire is a form of persuasion that uses humor to criticize and change society A satirist may attack anything large or small, such as a human foible, a social practice, or an institution A satirist’s “weapons” include irony, exaggeration, and understatement Irony Saying the opposite of what you mean Exaggeration Overstating for effect Understatement Representing something as less important than it really is ■ Understanding Satire Read the model below Then answer the questions that follow Literature Model hether the father is trying to shave or nap or work, small children come to him like moths to a flame “Now look,” he says, “I want you to stop that I want you to go outside because Daddy is working I’ve bought you three-and-a-half-million dollars’ worth of toys and dolls You even have a beauty parlor for the dolls, which you begged me to buy because it was the only thing you really wanted—except, of course, the motorbike It isn’t that I don’t love you It’s just that Daddy doesn’t have time for you to rearrange his desk right now Why don’t you take Barbie to the beauty parlor?” I guess the real reason that my wife and I had children is the same reason that Napoleon had for invading Russia: It seemed like a good idea at the time Since then, however, I’ve had some doubts, primarily about my intelligence I began entertaining these doubts when my first daughter was about eighteen months old Every time I went into her room, she would take some round plastic thing from her crib and throw it on the floor Then I would pick it up, wipe it off, and hand it back to her so she could throw it back to the floor This little game is wonderful exercise for the father’s back, but it is his mind that needs developing Bill Cosby, Fatherhood Which of the satirist’s “weapons” listed above does Bill Cosby use in the statement, “I’ve bought you three-and-a-half-million dollars’ worth of toys and dolls”? Which of the satirist’s “weapons” does Bill Cosby use in the statement, “I guess the real reason that my wife and I had children is the same reason that Napoleon had for invading Russia: It seemed like a good idea at the time”? Think about humorous incidents that you’ve observed happening between a parent and a child On a separate sheet of paper, write a short paragraph about one such incident using irony, exaggeration, and understatement 50 Writer’s Choice: Composition Practice, Grade 12, Unit Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc W Composition Practice Name Class Date 6.6 Creating a Satirical Cartoon Key Information A satirical cartoon is a picture or a set of pictures that comments on a social or political issue by poking fun at something or someone Irony, exaggeration, and understatement are at work in cartoons, just as they are in written satire Cartoonists may use any of a number of elements to convey their viewpoints, including caricature, symbols, analogies, labels, captions, and dialogue ■ Identifying Satirical Elements After you have examined the cartoon, answer the following questions: Who are the characters in the cartoon? What symbol is used in the cartoon? What does the symbol represent? You're lucky fast eak usually eating br cereals advertised oens ak cartoon showds m them fat an lazy DOCTORS' GROUP PROPOSES BANNING TV FOOD ADS AIMED AT KIDS Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc What is happening in the cartoon? What social issue is the cartoon addressing? What point is this cartoon trying to make? What particular groups you think the cartoonist is targeting in this cartoon? Writer’s Choice: Composition Practice, Grade 12, Unit 51 Composition Practice Name Class Date W R I T I N G A B O U T L I T E R AT U R E Analyzing a Critical Review 6.7 Key Information An effective movie review meets the following criteria: • • • • • • Focuses on the movie Gives enough information to help make a decision but not spoil the enjoyment Evaluates the elements of movie making, such as the acting and directing Zeroes in on specifics of interest to its readers Includes only relevant personal reactions Presents the writer’s opinion in an interesting, well-written manner ■ Evaluating a Critical Review Read the following movie review of Beauty and the Beast Then on the lines below, evaluate the review, using the criteria listed above to guide your evaluation Write your evaluation in the form of a short personal letter or as a letter to the editor responding to the review Model his mix of old and new ingredients is served up in four-star style by the Wait Disney team It has an important message for today’s label-crazy kids: appearances are not everything In addition, the age-old plot works, thanks in large part to the inspired script and songs of Alan Menken and Howard Ashman The brainy and beautiful Belle has captured the eye of Gaston, a handsome, conceited villain, who is the town’s answer to Arnold Schwarzenegger As the story unfolds, Belle meets the Beast and discovers that beauty is far more than skin deep The music in this movie actually advances the plot, a rare occurrence nowadays, when the soundtrack often either deafens or hypnotizes Some of the satire might be a bit rich for kids, but they’ll swallow the gags with glee Paige O’Hara rings out sweet and clear as the voice of Beauty, and Robby Benson’s intense, reverberant bass is completely in tune with the complex, brooding temperament of Beast The special effects and nonhuman characters are an integral part of the story, not merely icing on the cake This is a movie for all ages It’s a must-see 52 Writer’s Choice: Composition Practice, Grade 12, Unit Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc T Composition Practice Answers ■ PAGE Answers should be logical and workable for the column and the area of experience ■ PAGE Part A Guidelines: The student’s writing should reflect his or her feelings about graduation Part B Guidelines: Be sure paragraph uses specific language and details to vividly describe setting, mood, and actions Possible answer: As I enter the long, dark room I am instantly aware of dozens of unfamiliar eyes falling upon me Desperately scanning the overcrowded room, I feel terribly alone I want to run and escape these unknown faces, but I am immobilized by my own fear As I grow increasingly uncomfortable, feeling out of place, I retreat in a sweat to the sanctuary of the hall ■ PAGE Part A a bank account Yes, Didion uses her journal to store moments in time, possible story ideas overheard conversations and memories Guidelines: Student paragraphs will vary but will probably include information about feelings and experiences Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Part B Guidelines: Journal entry should fulfill student description from number in Part A ■ PAGE skin and lung cancer Possible answers: cancer characterized by abnormal cell shape and growth; In humans, about 250 different types cancer; skin cancer—highly curable 95%; fair-skinned people at greater risk of skin cancer; risk reduced by using sun-blocking agents, wearing protective clothing, limiting amount of time in sun; Lung cancer is one of most preventable cancers—not smoking or quitting smoking reduces risk Possible answer: I would use my learning log in which the material has been summarized and queried in my own words, making review easier Possible answer: How does secondhand smoke affect one’s risk of getting lung cancer? ■ PAGE the applicant’s philosophy of life satirical; exaggerated descriptions such as “treasured values” and “learned teachers” and “I actually stumbled upon.” Possible answer: Yes, the applicant has set up an essay that will be fun to follow as he or she explains and applies a philosophy of life Possible answer: Details of how this person balances book learning with hands-on experience serious Yes, the applicant opens the essay with a meaningful quotation and refers to the remark/topic as powerful Possible answer: an anecdote about viewing a person in a new light after a troubling disagreement ■ PAGE Part A Guidelines: Student’s resume should be clearly organized and contain appropriate information in each of the categories given Part B The second choice is better because it is more formal and concise ■ PAGE superbly written, tragic story The stoic old man “settled comfortably against the wood [of the boat] and took his suffering as it came.” by looking into his eyes understated; writing expressed with restraint or lack of emphasis, especially ironically or for dramatic impact ■ PAGE Guidelines: Be sure the student’s parody reflects Shakespeare’s style, while adding a unique or humorous twist to what is said ■ PAGE Guidelines: Student should demonstrate careful analysis of a completed piece of writing and an understanding of the recursive nature of the writing process Writer’s Choice: Composition Practice, Grade 12 53 Composition Practice Guidelines: Each cluster should have a recognizable central bubble connected to subtopics Each bubble should contain one word or a very short phrase The clusters should reflect quick associations The first cluster should demonstrate wide-ranging thoughts in the search for topics; the second should be focused on collecting ideas and details about the chosen topic ■ PAGE 11 Part A Guidelines: Brainstorming or freewriting should demonstrate free association within the boundaries of the essay title Part B Guidelines: Brainstorming or freewriting should be restricted to the person chosen as a topic A wide range of details and thoughts about that person should be explored ■ PAGE 12 Guidelines: Each student should demonstrate an understanding of the possible purposes of writing and of which characteristics of audience to consider Each student should make an appropriate match of purpose, audience, and main idea Possible answers: classmates:—main idea: friendship purpose: describe; guests—main idea: funny story purpose: entertain; magazine:—main idea: your relative’s recent publication purpose: inform purpose: persuade audience: classmates considering a trip to the local museum purpose: inform audience: art magazine readers audience: town council; purpose: persuade main idea: four-wheel drive vehicles should not be allowed on beach audience: nature lovers purpose: narrate main idea: a day of watching birds in the dunes ■ PAGE 13 Part A compare and contrast cause and effect chronological order order of importance spatial order Part B Guidelines: Student paragraph should demonstrate an understanding of how each type of organizational pattern can be used most effectively Possible paragraph: The first thing to when you pitch a tent is to look for dry ground Once that is done, unfold the tent (bottom down) and be sure the door is facing the desired direction Then secure the bottom of the tent by driving stakes through the four corner loops Now you are ready to raise the tent by slipping in the supporting poles in 54 Writer’s Choice: Composition Practice, Grade 12 the walls Complete the process by securing the supporting poles with the leader lines and remaining stakes ■ PAGE 14 Part A Underlined topic sentence: New Orleans welcomes visitors with a feast for the senses Circled words should include: High on the list, Second, third, and Last, but not least Part B Guidelines: The paragraph should have a clear, comprehensive topic sentence that guides the paragraph All details and succeeding sentences should be clearly related to the topic sentence and should proceed logically Transitional words and phrases should indicate the connections between ideas and sentences ■ PAGE 15 Part A Possible answers: For instance for example such as Part B Guidelines: The paragraph should have a strong topic sentence, although it need not be placed at the beginning of the paragraph Student should use transitional words appropriately to link ideas and to indicate relationships, such as examples or contrasts ■ PAGE 16 Writers of spy stories need to find new villains because of the fall of the Berlin Wall and the end of the Cold War The rather sedate English country-house murder mytery—made famous by Agatha Christie, Ngaio Marsh,and Margery Allingham—is as popular as ever Possible answer: More details are needed regarding the other issues that the new thrillers address Possible answer: Yes The opening invites the reader to find out why the fall of the Berlin Wall has affected spy-story plots Possible answer: Yes The last sentence is catchy and explains why many people like to read and write spy stories ■ PAGE 17 Guidelines: Look for coherent writing with ideas and details presented in a logical order and a good use of transitions Possible answer: It’s generally not a good idea to use slang terms in your writing Slang terms are to be avoided for several reasons First, like some clothing fads, many slang expressions are short-lived They soon go out of style Teacher and critic Jacques Barzun thinks that even Sir Arthur Conan Doyle occasionally fell victim to slang When Sherlock Holmes asked Dr Watson what his drawbacks were as an apartment mate, Watson answered, “I keep a bull pup.” Watson wasn’t saying that he liked dogs He Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc ■ PAGE 10 Composition Practice was simply using 1880s army lingo for “a bad temper.” The original readers of Sherlock Holmes probably had no difficulty with that expression Today, however, almost no one knows what it means Outdated slang expressions create images that jolt and distract the reader Because writers should always aim to say what they mean as clearly and briefly as possible, they should avoid slang ■ PAGE 18 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Guidelines: Accept any well-revised paragraph Possible answer: Twentieth-century people would be envious of the amount of leisure enjoyed by a medieval serf An average worker today has about 126 days off each year including sick days, holidays, and vacation time By contrast, the serf worked only about 180 days a year Holidays for serfs were part of the rhythm of life and a cause for community and family celebration Whole communities enjoyed their leisure together While the men competed in sports and games, the women shared confidences over their needlework Part B Guidelines: Student should note the tone of sarcasm, scorn, and mild disgust Words that convey these attitudes include growth, snout, egg-breaking guess, and gargle They might also note the title: “That Gull” instead of “The Gull.” ■ PAGE 22 touch, sight; order of impression sight, touch; order of importance sight; spatial order ■ PAGE 23 Some Gethenians, I thought, are like such animals, with deep bright eyes that not change expression when you speak The topic sentence is implied Possible topic sentence: Tom watched the lighting on the landscape change as dawn approached The nature of the countryside changed slowly as we walked north, away from the sea ■ PAGE 19 ■ PAGE 24 Possible answer: For a long time, the place of garlic in cookery was eclipsed by its medicinal role A medieval chronicler named Boorde attested to its popularity in the French duchies He credited garlic with clearing the chest and killing parasites Garlic’s role as a medicinal herb, however, extends far beyond Boorde’s France For example, consider some of its uses in Russian folk medicine One garlic preparation is reputed to cure nervous spasms and prevent seizures The nervous person is supposed to drink a hot mixture of crushed garlic boiled in milk To this day, some people swear that a mixture of crushed garlic, onions, barley, oats, roots, and honey— cooked to the consistency of very thick cream—fights aging Others say that a potion of finely ground garlic in lemon juice fights obesity First, however, the mixture must be left standing in a cheesecloth-covered jar One wonders about cause and effect Does the smell drive the dieter out of the kitchen? Part A Guidelines: Main idea: This year I decided it would be a good idea to get involved in school activities Irrelevant Details: There are many after-school activities in which a student can participate outside of school; Most of my teammates have an after-school job, too; My friend Gary makes friends easily ■ PAGE 20 Guidelines: The publicity plan should be appropriate to the purpose and audience, and include catchy words and phrases and attention-getting graphic devices ■ PAGE 21 Part A Possible answer: The Optiva is the first compact car designed to satisfy the requirements of ecologically concerned drivers From the moment you open the door, the heavy-duty upholstery and functional control panel convey a practical approach that announces you as a member of an aware group of new car owners—those who appreciate value Part B Guidelines: Possible answers: Sentence 2: Therefore; Sentence 4: Then or Next; Sentence 10: What’s more; Sentence 11: As it turned out or Suddenly ■ PAGE 25 Part A Possible answers: a fur coat (simile) playing a game of tag (personification) tornado raging through a Kansas town (simile) a cold, iron chain binding my legs to the ground (metaphor) sighed as she slowly settled on her side (personification) Part B Possible answers: They leaped into the air and then alit gracefully on the stage (continuation of the metaphor comparing dancers to butterflies) Handing out the papers, the teacher determined the verdict and passed sentence at the same time She decided who would pass and who would fail (continuation of the simile comparing the classroom to a courtroom) Writer’s Choice: Composition Practice, Grade 12 55 Composition Practice ■ PAGE 26 ■ PAGE 30 Part A Life is compared to a play Exits might be changes to new stages of life, or they might be death Entrances might be new stages or roles, or they might be births Possible answer: Men and women go through stages of development in the course of their lifetimes that are common to everyone Step 1: Possible answer: taking a driver’s license test Step 2: Guidelines: Outline should be a solid structure from which to write a draft Step 3: Possible answer: The most suspenseful aspect of the outline could be waiting for the results, being asked something that presented a problem before, etc Any of the suspense devices would be acceptable Step 4: Possible answer: My sweaty palms clenched the steering wheel I tried not to let my clutch foot tremble as I slowly lifted it to press the clutch in and slide the gear shift into first I had to get the car moving from a standstill while parked on a hill ■ PAGE 27 The student should find and analyze these three images: the personification of the jetliner as a human athlete; the metaphor comparing the sky to the sea; the metaphor comparing the stars to lights in a chandelier ■ PAGE 28 Guidelines: Both Paragraph A and Paragraph B should convey distinctly different moods Possible Answer for Paragraph A: Mood: suspense; Word choice in order of use: gray, worn, ancient, broken, far, tangled garden, stair, house appeared deserted, nearest, slowly, opened, pale, crimson gown, putrid gift ■ PAGE 29 Possible Answers: Step 1: Getting up, dressing, eating breakfast, and getting to school in time Step 2: How tired or refreshed the student felt, observations about what the student wore or ate, etc Step 3: Student should circle items listed in Step that seem most significant—oversleeping, wearing a new outfit, eating something new for breakfast, or having transportation problems, for example Step 4: The ringing bell signaling the end of first class brought me out of my stupor The good news was just too unbelievable after the morning I had been through First it was my alarm It never went off Then I spilled my breakfast over my favorite white shirt It was either don’t change it or miss the bus I had spent the entire first class trying to hide the stain from breakfast when Mrs Baxter decided to return our midterm exams Just as I read the “A” on my exam the bell rang ■ PAGE 31 another traveler from a higher social standing not all-knowing first person Accept answers such as the following: snobbish and bored, jaded, depressed, tired of life, arrogant Guidelines: the student should realize that the story’s impact hinges on sudden self-recognition Therefore, the girl could not tell the narrator’s story, nor would third person be appropriate By using a limited firstperson point of view, Akutagawa blinds his readers, forcing us to see little more than the narrator sees This technique heightens the flash of insight that wraps up the story ■ PAGE 32 Guidelines: Be sure that punch line, conflict, characters, and point of view appear in both the draft and the revision Review the draft to be sure student used most effective details in revision of the short-short story ■ PAGE 33 Part A The point of view in the excerpt is that of a narrator from outside the scene describing it The narrator seems to be all-knowing Possible answer: Ammi Pierce is an old man with a long beard and beady eyes; he may recall “the strange days.” Answers will vary, but student will probably focus on the details of the landscape/setting Wind in the shot of the mountainside; off-key church bells rung by the wind; weird or scary music to help the audience experience the feeling of the place (“not good for the imagination”) Part B Guidelines: Be sure student screenplay includes sensory details that can be portrayed on screen 56 Writer’s Choice: Composition Practice, Grade 12 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Part B Guidelines: Look for apt characterization of each age or role through use of an article of clothing, a prop, and a typical behavior Paragraph should include the basic analogy in the Shakespeare quotation as well as the three ages developed by the student Composition Practice ■ PAGE 34 Part A comparing and contrasting showing cause-and-effect relationship dividing and classifying defining Part B Possible answers: Changing a tire can be a quick and easy task if a person performs the following steps carefully Most school activities can be grouped into three basic categories: academic, athletic, and creative ■ PAGE 35 Part A 2 8 Part B Guidelines: Make sure that the student did not leave out any steps, organized the steps in chronological order, began his or her essays with a thesis sentence, and used transitional words where necessary and appropriate ■ PAGE 36 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Part A Transitional words for cause and effect: Because, Therefore, Due to, As a result because these animals were tended by members of the lower class, who continued to speak English after the Norman conquest because the people who ate this meat spoke French, not English Part B Guidelines: A student’s paragraph should contain at least three logically related causes and effects with appropriate transitions ■ PAGE 37 Part A The student’s answers should present a further comparison of the items in each analogy Possible answers: Throngs of people, dressed for work or play, dash along the noisy streets, buying food from vendors, and hurrying in and out of shops and large buildings She steered purposefully and quickly in and out between children and slides and swings until she reached her destination Part B Guidelines: Check that the student has stated a topic sentence, used transitional words, and included each similarity in his or her analogy ■ PAGE 38 Part A b a a a Part B Guidelines: Check that the student’s thesis statement relates to the aging of the U.S population Possible answers: Improved medical practices may explain the expanding numbers of people who are sixty-five and older in the United States ■ PAGE 39 The student’s essay would focus on the solutions because the graphic organizer gives more information about the possible solutions than it does about the specific problem The student’s thesis statement should stress that cleaning up toxic waste sites presents a problem Check that a student’s solution is practical and supported by facts or evidence Possible answer: To put a stop to the dumping of toxic wastes, state and local authorities must search out the offenders, who can be traced by studying the kinds of waste produced by these plants Once the guilty companies are known, they must clean up within a certain time, paying a heavy fine if they not meet the deadline They must also guarantee in writing that they have a solution to the problem of disposal, so that they will no longer dump wastes illegally ■ PAGE 40 Paine does not believe that Americans owe allegiance to Britain, and he thinks Americans should seek independence from her The Loyalists believe they owe allegiance to Britain The student answer should reflect Thomas Paine’s view that America should become independent ■ PAGE 41 Part A The student paragraph should focus on the possible emotional impact of the day on Premila Part B Possible thesis statement: Santha’s name change affected how she related to her school surroundings Guidelines: The student should back up this statement by including details that support it The student can even quote from the excerpt Writer’s Choice: Composition Practice, Grade 12 57 Composition Practice ■ PAGE 42 ■ PAGE 47 Guidelines: Be sure that the student includes the heading, the inside address, the proper salutation, the body, the closing, and the signature The content should reflect the guidelines given for a letter of opinion Part A S or OG FA or OS OS OG OS LW Guidelines: Check to see that the student has stated a topic sentence, has presented accurately both sides of the argument, and has drawn his or her own conclusions about the issue ■ PAGE 44 The biographers agree that Fleming was confident, secure, and dealt calmly and skillfully with problems or challenges, but that Fleming had a difficult time expressing his emotions The accounts disagree about Fleming’s shyness; Maurois’ account says that Fleming was shy, but not for lack of self-confidence; Macfarlane says that Fleming appeared shy, but was just reserved Possible answer: Although Maurois and Macfarlane are generally consistent in their assessments of Alexander Fleming’s character, the biographers differ in their interpretations about the nature of Fleming’s so-called “shyness.” ■ PAGE 45 Part A Guidelines: The student should have at least three arguments on each side of the issue The arguments can be in the form of reasons, facts, or examples More boxes should be added for additional arguments Part B Guidelines: The thesis statement should clearly summarize the arguments for the side of the issue chosen ■ PAGE 46 Guidelines: You might want to remind students that example should be reserved for those cases where other labels not fit Statistic Fact Reason Firsthand observation Firsthand observation Example Informed opinion Example 58 Writer’s Choice: Composition Practice, Grade 12 Part B Guidelines: Student should avoid stereotyping (Anyone who listens to rock music), oversimplification (Banning people from playing rock music will return our city into the serene environment it should be), and loaded words (blares, earsplitting, racket, causes, uproar, serene), in the original paragraph Possible answer: Loud music can often be heard in city streets Since loud music contributes to noise pollution, there should be a law against playing music at high volume Limiting the volume at which people can play music is one way to reduce the noise pollution in the city ■ PAGE 48 I D I D D 10 D I D D D ■ PAGE 49 Part A inductive Sentence Sentences 4–7 Possible answers: Sentence is not valid support for the conclusion because (a) we not know which of those 45,901 dead people were not wearing seat belts, (b) we not know which deaths could have been avoided by the wearing of seat belts, or (c) we not know whether seat belts may have caused some of the deaths Part B Guidelines: The conclusion chosen by the student should make the argument both valid and true Possible answers Juan is a senior The next shuttle flight leaves at 3:00 P.M Lin has enough credits to graduate Leon has gone through intensive training ■ PAGE 50 exaggeration understatement Guidelines: The student should target one incident he or she has observed firsthand or a fictitious incident Note the use of exaggeration, irony, and understatement Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc ■ PAGE 43 Composition Practice ■ PAGE 51 mother, child, and doctor; Symbol: duck; The duck represents television cartoons The mother has taken her child to see the doctor The doctor is telling the mother what is wrong with the child Banning TV food ads Possible answer: Food ads aimed at children, particularly those advertising sugary cereals, should be banned from TV Sugary cereals are not a healthy source of nutrition for children Possible answer: breakfast cereal manufacturers; parents who allow their children to watch cartoons ■ PAGE 52 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Guidelines: Be sure that the evaluation of the review includes reference to the criteria for a good movie review Possible answer: The review is good because it sums up the plot without spoiling the enjoyment, evaluates elements of movie making, and includes relevant personal reactions Writer’s Choice: Composition Practice, Grade 12 59 ... right-hand column list writing ideas suggested by the instance Writer’s Choice: Composition Practice, Grade 12, Unit 1 Composition Practice Name Class Date Writing as Self-Discovery... McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc oth-covered jar One wonders about causeand effect Did the smell drive the dieter out of the kitchen Writer’s Choice: Composition Practice, Grade 12, Unit 19 Composition Practice. .. Writer’s Choice: Composition Practice, Grade 12, Unit 25 Composition Practice Name Class Date 3.4 Using Analogies Key Information An analogy is an extended, point-by-point