American Tradition 000i-00vi_Gr11_vocab&spelling-FM.indd 4/15/09 12:46:27 PM Exceeding the Standards: Vocabulary & Spelling, American Tradition Care has been taken to verify the accuracy of information presented in this book However, the authors, editors, and publisher cannot accept responsibility for Web, e-mail, newsgroup, or chat room subject matter or content, or for consequences from application of the information in this book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to its content Trademarks: Some of the product names and company names included in this book have been used for identification purposes only and may be trademarks or registered trade names of their respective manufacturers and sellers The authors, editors, and publisher disclaim any affiliation, association, or connection with, or sponsorship or endorsement by, such owners Cover Image Credits: Scene, Dennis Ackerson, 2007, Rocky Mountains, CO; liberty bell, © Tetra Images/Tetra Images/CORBIS ISBN 978-0-82194-357-1 © 2009 by EMC Publishing, LLC 875 Montreal Way St Paul, MN 55102 E-mail: educate@emcp.com Web site: www.emcp.com All rights reserved No part of this publication may be adapted, reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher Teachers using Mirrors & Windows: Connecting with Literature, American Tradition may photocopy complete pages in sufficient quantities for classroom use only and not for resale Printed in the United States of America 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 09 000i-00vi_Gr11_vocab&spelling-FM.indd 2 10 4/15/09 12:46:27 PM Contents Introduction v Unit 1: Word Study Skills and PAVE Lesson 1: Word Study Notebook Lesson 2: Word Study Skills in Reading Lesson 3: PAVE Time Out for Test Practice: Word Study Skills Unit 2: Word Parts Lesson 4: Affixes and Roots Lesson 5: Suffixes 11 Lesson 6: Prefixes 13 Time Out for Test Practice: Recognizing Word Parts 15 Unit 3: The Evolution of Language Lesson 7: Archaic Language 17 Lesson 8: Compound Words 19 Lesson 9: Manipulating Language 21 Lesson 10: Technology-Related Words 23 Time Out for Test Practice: Defining Archaic Language and Technology-Related Words 26 Unit 4: Determining Meaning Lesson 11: Denotation and Connotation 27 Lesson 12: Literal vs Figurative Language 29 Lesson 13: Homophones 31 Time Out for Test Practice: Words with Multiple Meanings and Homophones 33 Unit 5: Context Clues Lesson 14: Context Clues 35 Lesson 15: Providing Context Clues in Your Writing 37 Time Out for Test Practice: Using Context Clues 39 Unit 6: Spelling Lesson 16: Spelling Review 41 Lesson 17: Contractions 43 Lesson 18: Common Spelling Errors 45 Time Out for Test Practice: Spelling Patterns 47 © EMC Publishing, LLC 000i-00vi_Gr11_vocab&spelling-FM.indd Exceeding the Standards: Vocabulary & Spelling Am Tradition iii 4/15/09 12:46:28 PM Unit 7: Word Origins Lesson 19: Borrowed Words 49 Lesson 20: Greek and Latin Words 51 Lesson 21: French and Spanish Words 53 Lesson 22: Native American Words 55 Lesson 23: Eponyms and Toponyms 57 Time Out for Test Practice: Borrowed Words 59 Unit 8: Formal and Informal Language Lesson 24: Register 60 Lesson 25: Colloquial Language 62 Lesson 26: Academic Language 64 Time Out for Test Practice: Register, Colloquialisms, and Academic Language 66 Unit 9: Choosing Your Words Lesson 27: Synonyms and Antonyms 68 Lesson 28: Semantic Families 70 Lesson 29: Celestial Words 72 Lesson 30: Varying Word Choice 74 Lesson 31: Euphemisms, Doublespeak, and Clichés 76 Lesson 32: Expanding Your Word Knowledge 78 Time Out for Test Practice: Synonyms and Antonyms 80 Answer Key 82 iv Am Tradition 000i-00vi_Gr11_vocab&spelling-FM.indd Exceeding the Standards: Vocabulary & Spelling © EMC Publishing, LLC 4/15/09 12:46:28 PM Introduction The Exceeding the Standards resource books provide in-depth language arts instruction to enrich students’ skills development beyond the level of meeting the standards Exceeding the Standards: Vocabulary & Spelling offers meaningful ways to incorporate word study into the language arts classroom Vocabulary & Spelling presents thirty-two lessons, designed to be used weekly, that cover a broad range of topics from etymology to context clues to spelling patterns These lessons are aligned with the units of the Mirrors & Windows: Connecting with Literature program and may be used alone or as supplements to the Vocabulary & Spelling workshops in the Student Edition Each lesson incorporates words from selections in the corresponding unit of the textbook By using these lessons in conjunction with the literature program, you will help your students become better readers, writers, speakers, and spellers Each lesson in Vocabulary & Spelling includes the following components: • A Word of the Week, selected from the corresponding textbook unit, highlights a word that students may find particularly meaningful or interesting • Grammar instruction on one or more topics is followed by a Try It Yourself section that allows students to practice what they are learning • Just For Fun activities encourage students to play with words, reminding them that language can be fun and interesting • Tip boxes in the margin throughout the lesson clarify definitions, offer additional information, and give helpful suggestions • A Time Out for Test Practice at the end of each unit provides students with the opportunity to assess what they have learned and to practice test-taking skills by answering sample standardized test questions in a multiple-choice format It is essential that vocabulary instruction include a variety of strategies to develop students’ word-study skills Lessons in Vocabulary & Spelling provide many different ways of exploring and studying words, word parts, semantic families, and spelling patterns and rules Activating students’ prior knowledge of words and of essential concepts related to words helps students make associations between new terms and words they already know The activities in Vocabulary & Spelling will help you actively engage students in working with words As their curiosity about word exploration grows, your students will become increasingly confident in their ability to attack, learn, and experiment with new words Related Program Resources For more vocabulary and spelling instruction, including charts of common prefixes, suffixes, and word roots, refer to the Mirrors & Windows Student Edition Language Arts Handbook, Section 2: Vocabulary & Spelling Additional vocabulary development activities integrated with the literature selections are included in the Meeting the Standards unit resource books and in Differentiated Instruction for English Language Learners Teaching Tips Word study encompasses not only vocabulary and spelling, but also the strategies language users employ to unlock meanings and internalize spellings Effective instruction in word study gives students tools for learning new vocabulary and spelling independently in the long term The following teaching tips can help you ensure that your students get the most from the lessons in Vocabulary & Spelling © EMC Publishing, LLC 000i-00vi_Gr11_vocab&spelling-FM.indd Exceeding the Standards: Vocabulary & Spelling Am Tradition v 4/15/09 12:46:28 PM Teach Word Attack Strategies There are a number of strategies good readers employ when they are confronted with an unfamiliar word These strategies include: • using the context as a clue • gleaning hints from pictures, charts, graphs, and other text support • examining word parts: prefixes, suffixes, and roots • combing through memories for associations with the word • consulting dictionaries and other reference materials • asking an authority, such as a teacher or other expert in the field For many of us, these strategies have become second nature, and we are hardly conscious of using them To students, however, they are not so obvious; strategic word decoding takes place mostly internally and silently, word attack strategies are largely invisible, and uninitiated students may never witness them in action Research suggests that students need explicit instruction in these strategies to become proficient readers and effective writers The lessons in Vocabulary & Spelling provide such explicit instruction Create a Word-Rich Environment The essential backdrop to an effective word study program is a classroom where words are clearly valued The following are some ideas for creating such a classroom • Word Wall Post a variety of vocabulary words and/or words of the week in your classroom to provide students with repetition and recycling of the terms you want them to internalize Use it as the basis of word games such as bingo, Jeopardy, and twenty questions, as well as collaborative storytelling • Class Dictionary Have students keep a class dictionary by taking turns entering words studied in class, providing definitions, illustrating terms, writing contextual sentences, and searching for realworld uses of the words • Classroom Library Provide a broad range of reading materials, giving students time for sustained silent reading, and modeling avid reading yourself, to build students’ vocabularies • Word Processing Language Tools Encourage students to make use of language features built into word processing programs, such as dictionaries and thesauruses • Online Word Games Schedule time for your students to learn new vocabulary with online word games and other technology tools • Language Mentor Share your own interest in words by drawing students’ attention to interesting words in the news or in pop culture and by modeling how you approach words that are new to you Foster Curiosity The key to incorporating meaningful word study into your language arts classroom is to encourage dialogue with your students about how words create meaning Your own curiosity about language is infectious and will encourage your students to become inquisitive “word detectives” motivated to solve the mystery of word meanings About Spelling “Rules” Some students benefit from memorizing what are sometimes called spelling rules; others are frustrated by the number of exceptions to each rule To reflect the prevalence of exceptions, the term spelling pattern has been used instead of spelling rule in this resource In addition to introducing students to spelling patterns, you can help them become stronger spellers by following the same teaching tips mentioned above: modeling the use of strategies, creating a word-rich classroom, and fostering curiosity vi Am Tradition 000i-00vi_Gr11_vocab&spelling-FM.indd Exceeding the Standards: Vocabulary & Spelling © EMC Publishing, LLC 4/15/09 12:46:28 PM Name: Date: _ LESSON Word Study Notebook Understand the Concept With more than one million words and growing every day, English has the largest vocabulary of any language in the world Most of us know only a small percentage of those words and use even fewer of them in our daily life So, no matter what, you are bound to run into unfamiliar words from time to time Keeping track of these words and their definitions can help you enrich your vocabulary and therefore become a better reader, speaker, and writer A good way to collect new words is to keep a word study notebook In it, you can record each new word with its definition, pronunciation, and origins, along with an example sentence or drawing to help you remember it Here is a sample page from a word study notebook Word: vestige Pronunciation: \ves´ tij\ Origins: French, from Latin vestigium, meaning “footstep, footprint, track, vestige” Definition: trace, mark, or visible sign left by something vanished or lost Contextual sentence: The ruins of Chichén Itzá are vestiges of the vanished civilization of the ancient Maya © EMC Publishing, LLC 0001-0081_Gr_11_vocab&spelling-L1-32.indd Exceeding the Standards: Vocabulary & Spelling Word of the Week martial (>m5r sh@l) adj., relating to military matters Because of his many years spent as an army officer, Colonel Thompson tended to view relationships between countries from a martial perspective—which country had the best equipped army, which country could best defend itself in the event of an invasion, and which country held its military officers in the highest esteem Martial is derived from the name of the Roman god of war, Mars Synonyms of martial include military, soldierly, warlike, belligerent, aggressive, hostile, and bellicose, though these words can be used in somewhat different ways Military music, such as the famous marches written in the late nineteenth century by John Philip Sousa, is also referred to as martial music Add a picture or catchy saying to help you remember the meaning of a word Tip AM TRADITION, UNIT 1 4/15/09 12:47:21 PM The origins of a word are known as its etymology Many words in English come from Latin and Greek In a good dictionary, you will find the etymology of each word along with its meaning and pronunciation Tip Try It Yourself Fill in this sample page of a word study notebook Word: pulchritude Pronunciation: Origins: Definition: Tip To write the pronunciation of a word, you need to use special phonetic symbols such as the following: Sentence using the word: Drawing: \ä\ (as in star) \e–\ (as in me) \8\ (as in my) \ô\ (as in paw) \u\ (as in foot) and \@\ (as in extra and civil) You can find these and many other symbols in a dictionary or glossary You may think of books, newspapers, and magazines first, but you’ll also see new words on signs, in instructions, and in restaurant menus You may hear unfamiliar words on the radio, in songs, or in movies Keep your eyes and ears open—words are everywhere! Tip Many words in the dictionary have more than one definition When looking up a new word, you will often have to decide which definition best fits Skim a newspaper or magazine article until you find a word you don’t know Use the sample notebook page below to create a word study notebook entry If there is more than one definition, decide which one is most appropriate to the way the word is used in the article Add a second definition if there is one, and write a sentence illustrating the second meaning Word: Sentence it was used in: Pronunciation: Definition: Another definition: Sentence illustrating second definition: AM TRADITION, UNIT 0001-0081_Gr_11_vocab&spelling-L1-32.indd Exceeding the Standards: Vocabulary & Spelling © EMC Publishing, LLC 4/15/09 12:47:21 PM Name: Date: _ LESSON Word Study Skills in Reading Understand the Concept When reading, you will often encounter words that are new to you These unfamiliar words should not stop you from understanding and enjoying what you read Here are several strategies you can use to figure out the meaning of unknown words Use Context Clues If you encounter a new word in a passage you are reading, you can often figure out the meaning of the word by using context clues— information in the passage that hints at the meaning of the word Look at the following passage: The town was considering building a tunnel under the Grace River Environmental concerns threatened to derail the subfluvial road An alternate plan called for a bridge instead You may not know the word subfluvial, but, by looking at some of the clues in the passage, you can figure out what the word means The word subfluvial describes the road that is also called a tunnel A tunnel goes under something Since this tunnel goes under a river, you can guess that subfluvial means “put or located under a river.” Try It Yourself Word of the Week pilfer (pil> f3r) v., steal Her daughter would pilfer coins out of the wishing well The word pilfer comes from the Middle-French word pelfrer, which comes from the word pelfre, meaning “booty” or “treasure.” The first recorded use of this word in English occurred in 1548 Tip • • • • • Try these strategies to attack new words: look for context clues find text support examine word parts use a dictionary ask for help If one strategy doesn’t work, try a different one Some context clues use comparison These types of clues help you understand the meaning of a word by showing what the word is similar to Tip EXERCISE A Look at the following passage Use context clues to figure out the meaning of the word acerbic American author Ambrose Bierce is well known for his somber tale “An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge.” However, he is perhaps best loved for the acerbic wit he displays in some of his other works His acid tongue shows up well in the satirical Devil’s Dictionary, which contains many stinging barbs aimed at people and conventions of nineteenth-century American society Other context clues use contrast These types of clues help you understand the meaning of a word by showing what the word is not like What you think acerbic means? What clues in the passage helped you determine the word’s meaning? © EMC Publishing, LLC 0001-0081_Gr_11_vocab&spelling-L1-32.indd Exceeding the Standards: Vocabulary & Spelling AM TRADITION, UNIT 4/15/09 12:47:22 PM Examine Text Support The use of context clues is one strategy to understand new words Using other items on the page can help too These items may include pictures, diagrams, maps, charts, captions, headings, and sidebars These text features are designed to clarify or provide additional information about a subject Consider the passage below Context clues in the text help explain the term salt box, but the picture gives you even more information One example of New England colonial architecture is the salt box With its steeply sloped rear roof, this style of home resembled the boxes used for storing salt The first salt box homes came about in the early 1700s when people added lean-tos to the back of the house Later, the design caught on and many houses were built with the lean-to already part of the original structure Find Meaning in Word Parts A prefix is a letter or group of letters added to the beginning of a word to change its meaning Tip A suffix is a letter or group of letters added to the end of a word to change its meaning Many suffixes indicate the part of speech of the word For example, the suffix -ly often denotes an adverb A word root is a word part that is neither a prefix nor a suffix Some unfamiliar words may contain parts that you have seen in other words These parts, or morphemes, may be prefixes, suffixes, or roots Prefixes come at the beginning of the word Suffixes come at the end of the word Roots make up the core part of the word Knowing the meaning of common prefixes, suffixes, and roots can help you decipher the meaning of many words Take a look at the following sentence: Fatima lay awake, plagued by incertitude What does incertitude mean? If you don’t know the word, you can get a good sense of the meaning by looking at the word parts You might notice cert and think of certain, so you know the word has something to with being sure Then you look at the prefix, in-, which means “not,” like un- Now you know the word has something to with being unsure or uncertain Since the word is a noun, you can guess the word means something like uncertainty, which happens to be one of the dictionary definitions of incertitude You know many word parts already Learning others will help you attack new words Your teacher may provide you with Word Parts Charts containing common prefixes, suffixes, and word roots Familiarize yourself with these word parts and their meanings When you encounter an unfamiliar word, break it down to see if you recognize any of its parts Try It Yourself Record unfamiliar words you encounter in your word study notebook Tip EXERCISE B Use your knowledge of word parts to define each of the following words Write your answers in your notebook apathetic resounding malediction AM TRADITION, UNIT 0001-0081_Gr_11_vocab&spelling-L1-32.indd 4 triennial convivial Exceeding the Standards: Vocabulary & Spelling © EMC Publishing, LLC 4/15/09 12:47:23 PM Name: Date: _ LESSON 31 Word of the Week downsize (da1n> s8z) v., to reduce the size of a business or organization, especially by cutting the workforce The dot-com company downsized by sixty percent Downsize, a compound word, is a euphemism for the firing or laying off of employees Euphemisms, Doublespeak, and Clichés Understand the Concept Euphemisms are inoffensive words or phrases that are substituted for words or phrases that may be considered offensive Many euphemisms exist for death, body parts and functions, and abnormalities The phrase passed away is a euphemism for died Consider carefully the use of euphemisms, as they are less precise and direct than the words they are intended to replace In some cases, however, you may want to use euphemisms to avoid upsetting your audience examples misspeak; tell an untruth (euphemisms for lie) incident; unfortunate situation (euphemisms for accident or tragedy) The word euphemism literally means “to speak with good words.” It comes from the Greek roots eu-, meaning “pleasant, well, or good” and pheme, meaning “word.” Tip perspiration; glow (euphemisms for sweat) Try It Yourself EXERCISE A In you notebook, make a list of euphemisms related to death In you notebook, make a list of euphemisms for job titles For example, the word custodian is a euphemism for janitor Doublespeak Just for Fun Classified advertisements often contain euphemisms or doublespeak designed to downplay flaws or unattractive aspects of an item for sale Look through some classified ads for examples Write your own ad for an old, beat-up car or a cramped, dingy apartment, or another questionably desirable object Use euphemisms or doublespeak to make the item sound desirable 76 AM TRADITION, UNIT 0001-0081_Gr_11_vocab&spelling-L1-32.indd 76 Doublespeak is the use of euphemisms to obscure meaning and mislead people Doublespeak is language that does not really communicate, makes negative seem positive, and avoids responsibility Replacing the word killing with the euphemism unlawful or arbitrary deprivation of life is an example of doublespeak Using the phrase regime change to mean “overthrow of a government” is an example of doublespeak, as is the the use of the term conflict or operation to mean war Governments and corporations are often guilty of doublespeak Government uses of doublespeak are generally designed to avoid reference to actions or issues that may be unpopular, such as war or taxes Companies may use doublespeak to downplay their responsibility in an accident, to make a negative financial situation sound like less of a problem, or to put a more positive spin on firing employees Advertisements often contain euphemistic doublespeak as well Learn to recognize doublespeak You will often find it in news reports, advertisements, and political speeches Take time to interpret doublespeak and respond to the meaning of what is being said You should generally avoid doublespeak in your speech and writing Exceeding the Standards: Vocabulary & Spelling © EMC Publishing, LLC 4/15/09 12:47:53 PM Try It Yourself Spin is a technique used to slant public perception of the news Spin often uses doublespeak to create a more favorable opinion or an event or to divert blame or responsibility from a person or organization Tip EXERCISE B Skim newspapers and Internet pages or listen to news reports and political speeches Make a list of doublespeak terms you find Then translate the doublespeak into more direct language Write your work in your notebook Clichés Euphemisms and doublespeak are similar in that they both veil the meaning of language that may be offensive Clear, strong writing contains no doublespeak and only carefully chosen euphemisms Careful writers also avoid the overuse of clichés, or tired, overused expressions, like “tried and true” or “crystal clear.” Other examples include the following: examples like a fish out of water, fit as a fiddle, flat as a pancake, bright and early, in the nick of time Clichés, like euphemisms, have a place in speech or writing, but they should not be used indiscriminately First decide if the cliché is necessary If it is not, delete it In some cases, a cliché may be the easiest way to express yourself, but you should be aware of clichés and replace them with fresher language when possible Write a paragraph or dialogue using as many clichés as you can Tip Try It Yourself EXERCISE C Edit the sentences below to remove clichés and replace them with more original language Howard was sick as a dog after he caught the flu Mrs Carrington kept her home as neat as a pin From dawn until dusk, Imana worked on her paper Napoleon sought to reign over all of Europe, but that was easier said than done Harriet Tubman faced many dangers, but she was as sly as a fox and remained as cool as a cucumber when the going got tough © EMC Publishing, LLC 0001-0081_Gr_11_vocab&spelling-L1-32.indd 77 Exceeding the Standards: Vocabulary & Spelling AM TRADITION, UNIT 77 4/15/09 12:47:53 PM Name: Date: _ LESSON 32 Word of the Week recondite (r@ k5n> d8t) adj., difficult or impossible for the average person to understand; deep I attended the seminar but the subject was too recondite for me The word recondite is from the Latin word reconditus, the past participle of recondere, meaning “to conceal,” from re- + condere, meaning “to store up,” and com- + -dere meaning “to put.” This lesson will explain how you can add this and other unknown words to your own vocabulary Keep a word study notebook to record your new words Tip Use PAVE to learn and practice using new words Expanding Your Word Knowledge Understand the Concept Reading and listening actively can help you build your vocabulary Remember that you can become a better reader and improve your vocabulary by keeping track of new words you discover and their definitions You have learned many techniques for building your vocabulary Keep using these tips as you continue to expand your word knowledge: • Keep a word study notebook • Use PAVE to learn and practice using new words • When you encounter an unfamiliar word, use the following techniques to determine its meaning: – Examine context clues – Break the word into its parts – Check for diagrams, footnotes, and other text support – Look up the word in a dictionary – Ask for help Try It Yourself EXERCISE A Use one or more of the strategies above to determine the meaning of the underlined word below Then, in the space provided, create a word study notebook page for the word Many young people find it difficult to imagine themselves in middle age, never mind senectitude Just for Fun Make up a song, jingle, silly poem, or slogan using words you have learned recently Share your writing with a partner 78 AM TRADITION, UNIT 0001-0081_Gr_11_vocab&spelling-L1-32.indd 78 Exceeding the Standards: Vocabulary & Spelling © EMC Publishing, LLC 4/15/09 12:47:54 PM Using the new words you learn in your writing and speech will help you understand the words even better and will reinforce what you have learned Remember to determine the connotations of new words in addition to their denotations Also, if you plan to incorporate the words into your speaking vocabulary, make sure you know how to pronounce them correctly Try It Yourself Many suffixes indicate the function of the word Learn variations of words you know already Tip adore (verb), adoration (noun), adoring or adorable (adjectives), adoringly (adverb) EXERCISE B Choose ten words from your word study notebook Write a speech using these words Then practice and deliver your speech to the class Tip To determine the meaning of a word, first: • use context clues • break the word into its parts • look for text support then: • look up the word in a dictionary • ask for help Each week, pick five to ten new words to incorporate into your active vocabulary Choose words from your word study notebook and make an effort to use these in your speech or writing at least three times during the week Tip Just for Fun Crossword puzzles and other word games are a great way to explore new words! Most newspapers have a crossword or other word puzzle Find one and give it a try Make a list of new words that you learn while completing the puzzle © EMC Publishing, LLC 0001-0081_Gr_11_vocab&spelling-L1-32.indd 79 Exceeding the Standards: Vocabulary & Spelling AM TRADITION, UNIT 79 4/15/09 12:47:54 PM Name: Date: _ Time Out for Test Practice Synonyms Choose the word that is most nearly the same in meaning as the underlined word Use context clues and your knowledge of word parts to help you _ Mary was aghast when she saw what the vandals had done to her car A astounded B horrified C amazed D delighted _ My application was rejected because I had not filled out all the requisite paperwork A unnecessary B questionable C required D requested _ Mrs Hanson began to revile the student because of his constant tardiness A disgust B awaken C loathe D scold _ Gwen was a voracious reader who devoured several books each week A skilled B insatiable C cruel D enthusiastic _ Yon-gi was a devoted adherent of Buddhist philosophy A priest B follower C listener D teacher _ Swayed by the pernicious influence of his friends, Jared began to commit crimes A false B frightening C destructive D vicious _ After Jenna scored well on the SAT, colleges began to inundate her with colorful brochures inviting her to apply A reward B evaluate C invite D overwhelm _ The art dealer discovered that the painting, which she had believed at first to be a Van Gogh, was in fact spurious A forged B valuable C worthless D authentic _ 10 “Could you me a favor?” Collette asked with an ingratiating smile A irritating B flattering C thankful D gratifying _ One of the lessons my mother tried to inculcate in us was the importance of sharing A instill B develop C increase D calculate 80 AM TRADITION, UNIT 0001-0081_Gr_11_vocab&spelling-L1-32.indd 80 Exceeding the Standards: Vocabulary & Spelling © EMC Publishing, LLC 4/15/09 12:47:55 PM Antonyms Choose the word that means most nearly the opposite of the underlined word Use context clues and your knowledge of word parts to help you _ The capricious cat meowed to go outside, but when I opened the door she decided to stay in A flighty B fickle C decisive D slow _ The archaeologists sought to exhume some of the treasures buried deep in the earth A uncover B inter C hide D discover _ The fort was impregnable A vulnerable B expectant C barren D powerful _ Kevin left ambiguous instructions A vague B cryptic C explicit D detailed _ The blossoms on the plant were ephemeral A seasonal B ugly C fleeting D permanent _ As the knight rode off to seek his fortune, his lady bid him farewell with a heartfelt benediction A prediction B circumlocution C contradiction D malediction _ Our time here is finite A beginning B unlimited C coarse D ending _ The climate of Arizona is quite arid A dry B lush C mild D harsh _ 10 The water in the lake was turbid A clear B motionless C polluted D fast-moving _ It is illegal for gas station owners to adulterate their gasoline with water or other liquids A purify B cheat C weaken D strengthen © EMC Publishing, LLC 0001-0081_Gr_11_vocab&spelling-L1-32.indd 81 Exceeding the Standards: Vocabulary & Spelling AM TRADITION, UNIT 81 4/15/09 12:47:55 PM Answer Key Lesson 1: Word Study Notebook, page Try It Yourself Responses will vary Students should include the pronunciation, origins, definition, and a sentence illustrating the meaning of the word pulchritude, as follows They may also include a drawing Word: pulchritude Pronunciation: (p@l> kr@ t2d) Origins: Middle English, from the Latin pulcher, meaning beautiful Definition: physical beauty Sentence using the word: Pulchritude is only skin deep Lesson 2: Word Study Skills in Reading, page Try It Yourself E x er c ise A Acerbic means “biting or stinging in tone.” The phrases “acid tongue” and “stinging barbs” provide clues to the meaning of acerbic E x er c ise B Apathetic means having or showing little emotion Students may recognize that it contains the root path, meaning emotion, plus the prefix a-, meaning “without,” and the suffix -ic, indicating description Resounding means sounding loudly or echoing Students may recognize that it contains the prefix re-, meaning “again,” plus the base word sound and the suffix -ing, indicating the present participle or gerund Malediction means a curse Students may recognize that it contains the word part (combining form) mal-, meaning “bad,” and the root dict, meaning “speech.” Triennial means “occurring every three years” or “lasting three years.” Students may recognize that it contains the root (combining form) tri-, meaning “three,” along with the root enni, meaning year Convivial means “fond of feasting, drinking, and good company.” Students may recognize that it contains the root viv, meaning “life,” with the prefix con-, meaning “with.” In other words, it is similar to “lively.” 82 Am Tradition 0082-0090_Gr11_vocab&spelling-AK.indd 82 E x er c ise C Responses will vary Possible responses are given In this sentence, affinity means “attraction to or liking for something.” In this sentence, chestnut means an old, often-repeated joke or story In this sentence, discord refers to quarreling or disagreement In this sentence, fustian means “highflown or affected writing or speech.” In this sentence, woof could mean the filling thread or yarn in weaving or a piece of woven fabric Lesson 3: PAVE, page Try It Yourself Students’ predictions and contextual sentences will vary Definitions are provided for each word expedite—accelerate the process or progress of diffident—reserved, lacking self-confidence ambivalence—uncertainty over which path to follow capitulate—surrender to loquacious—talkative Time Out for Test Practice, page Word Study Skills A undertake the risk of D act of yielding; surrendering B sly, crafty B not powerful enough; inadequate C applying to actions that have previously transpired A being independent or self-ruled D All of the above D cacophony Lesson 4: Affixes and Roots, page Try It Yourself deforestation de-, remove forest, area with trees -tion, act or process meaning: the act or process of removing an area of trees Exceeding the Standards: Vocabulary & Spelling © EMC Publishing, LLC 4/15/09 12:48:57 PM retrospective retro-, backward spect, see -ive, tends toward meaning: (n.) comprehensive exhibition of an artist’s body of work; (adj.) based on memory or looking back immutable im-, not mut, move -able, capable of; able to be meaning: not able to be moved synesthesia syn-, at the same time esthe, feel; perceive -sia, act or state of meaning: feeling two sensations at the same time, especially if the sensations are confused subterraneous sub-, under terra, earth -ous, possessing qualities of meaning: existing underground transcriber trans-, across scribe, write -er, one who meaning: one who makes a copy of something or writes it down concurrent con-, together current, flow, happen meaning: happening at the same time equivocal equi, equal voc, voice -al, having or being meaning: having two or more (equally valid) interpretations that are usually used to mislead or confuse fortitude fort, strong -tude, quality or state of meaning: quality or state of being strong 10 uniformity uni-, one form, shape -ity, quality or state of meaning: quality or state of having one shape © EMC Publishing, LLC 0082-0090_Gr11_vocab&spelling-AK.indd 83 Lesson 5: Suffixes, page 11 Try It Yourself E x er c ise A Responses will vary A definition is given for each word precariously—in such a way that is dangerous, or lacks stability earnestness—state of seriousness or sincerity effacement—act of erasing or eliminating fluctuated—shifted back and forth; changed baseless—without a foundation E x er c ise B Responses will vary A definition is given for each word realism—the practice of representing things in art and literature as they appear in reality communism—a doctrine based on Marxist socialism in which goods are owned collectively Stoicism—the philosophy of the Stoics, who believed that a wise person should be free from passion and unmoved by joy or grief pessimism—the inclination to expect the worst possible outcome; the idea that the world is essentially evil racism—prejudice based on race Lesson 6: Prefixes, page 13 Try It Yourself E x er c ise A Sentences will vary Possible definitions are provided collaboration—working together insensible—not sensible excommunicate—cut out of the communication; move away from the community anticlimactic—not climactic; dull introspective—looking inward or within E x er c ise B Sentences will vary Possible explanations are provided extraordinary / ordinary—Extraordinary describes something that goes beyond the normal or everyday, while ordinary describes something that is plain or average underachiever / overachiever—If you are an underachiever, you achieve less than the Exceeding the Standards: Vocabulary & Spelling Am Tradition 83 4/15/09 12:48:57 PM average, but if you are an overachiever, you achieve more than the average quote / misquote—When you quote someone, you accurately report what he or she said, and when you misquote someone, you wrongly report what he or she said market / supermarket—A market is a regularsized store, while a supermarket exceeds a market in size and variety of products for sale culture / subculture—Culture describes the beliefs, practices, and traits of a certain group; a subculture is a culture within, or under, another broader culture Time Out for Test Practice, page 15 Recognizing Word Parts E x er c ise A tongue-in-cheek—adjective blue-collar worker—noun poet laureate—noun photojournalists—noun plowboy—noun counterargument—noun grassroots—adjective or grassroots poet—noun poetic license—noun nine-day-old—adjective 10 sixteenth-century—adjective E x er c ise B Sentences will vary Lesson 9: Manipulating Language, page 21 Try It Yourself Lesson 7: Archaic Language, page 17 Try It Yourself Responses will vary Possible responses are given We must reach the city by nightfall Hurry up at once! I would be willing to lend a hand if you need my aid Although the story sounds crazy, Lena speaks truthfully Approaching the menacing dog, Horace shouted, “Begone!” 84 Am Tradition 0082-0090_Gr11_vocab&spelling-AK.indd 84 Lesson 8: Compound Words, page 19 Try It Yourself B postwar B retrofit D heptathlon A transatlantic C prediction C sextuplets A antiskid C discredited D submersible 10 B interment 11 B teleconferences 12 C hydrophobia 13 B malcontented 14 A introspection 15 A synchronize 16 D allocate 17 B infractions 18 A ambidextrous 19 C superfluous 20 B semitranslucent E x er c ise A “This foul attitude doesn’t suit you, my sweet young daughter,” said Rhianna’s father after she yelled at him I found my shoes between the bookcase and the bedpost It seems to me that Malcolm would get a better grade on his paper if he spent more than two minutes on it I nearly made that winning basket, but the buzzer startled me After he walked under a ladder, he was plagued by bad luck 10 Although she was not responsible for the mess, Ana was asked to clean it up anyway Responses will vary Encourage students to be creative in their manipulation of language Lesson 10: Technology-Related Words, page 23 Try It Yourself E x er c ise A e-tail—selling things over the Internet (a blend of electronic and retail) webcast—broadcast via the web (a blend of web and broadcast) digirati—people interested or well-versed in digital media (a blend of digital and literati) Exceeding the Standards: Vocabulary & Spelling © EMC Publishing, LLC 4/15/09 12:48:57 PM netizen—a citizen of the Internet (a blend of net and citizen) cyberculture—the culture of cyberspace; the realm of interconnected computers (a blend of cyberspace and culture) E x er c ise B Responses will vary A definition is given for each word boot—to start up a computer, or more specifically, to load the first piece of software that starts a computer; comes from bootstrap, as in the expression “pull oneself up by one’s bootstraps” bug—an error or defect in software or hardware that causes a computer program to malfunction surf—to move from site to site on the Internet, browsing for items of interest flame—an e-mail, chat room, or newsgroup message that is intended to attack or insult another person E x er c ise C URL—Uniform Resource Locator (an Internet address) DSL—Digital Subscriber Line; it is faster to connect to the Internet through DSL than through a phone line FAQ—Frequently Asked Questions (and answers) E x er c ise D malware—any kind of software designed to cause harm, such as a virus bookmark—a direct link to a frequently viewed site that is stored in your browser for easy reference clicks and mortar—an online store (as opposed to an actual store made of bricks and mortar) Time Out for Test Practice, page 26 Defining Archaic Language and Technology-Related Words B mad; wild A before A formerly D lengthwise C eyes © EMC Publishing, LLC 0082-0090_Gr11_vocab&spelling-AK.indd 85 C separately A netiquette D netizen C webisode 10 A e-group Lesson 11: Denotation and Connotation, page 27 Try It Yourself Responses will vary Students’ sentences should show the subtle differences in connotation Lesson 12: Literal vs Figurative Language, page 29 Try It Yourself E x er c ise A literal figurative figurative literal figurative E x er c ise B personification simile simile personification metaphor E x er c ise C We—meaning people—is the tenor; bird is the vehicle Spreading one’s wings means taking off on one’s own Leaving the nest means leaving home The metaphor means that at some point in our lives we all must take off and leave home Responses will vary Responses will vary Lesson 13: Homophones, page 31 Try It Yourself E x er c ise A it’s sight Whose site right flair reeks sight your 10 reins E x er c ise B Corrected portions of the passage are underlined If you have to write a report on a famous person, you could start by consulting a reference book such as an encyclopedia or Who’s Who? These resources will tell you when a person lived, usually the site of his or her birth, and, for a ruler, the years of his Exceeding the Standards: Vocabulary & Spelling Am Tradition 85 4/15/09 12:48:57 PM or her reign Your report may be a compilation of facts, or it may include your opinions about the person You can use visual aids to add flair to an oral presentation However you present your report, make sure you cite the resources you used Time Out for Test Practice, page 33 Words with Multiple Meanings Students should recall the following three strategies: use word parts, consult a dictionary, or ask for help Lesson 15: Providing Context Clues in Your Writing, page 37 Try It Yourself C hack A bargain B field of study D greater in rank or importance D perceived C enrolled A firmly C stuck D sudden inclinations 10 A waves 11 B limb of a quadruped with the adjacent parts E x er c ise A Homophones Using Context Clues: Synonyms B It’s A reign B you’re A chord A flair A cite B their A right C They’re 10 B rite 11 C They’re their 12 B write right 13 D cite rights 14 D Write site 15 B sight their Lesson 14: Context Clues, page 35 Try It Yourself querulous—whining, complaining grabble—grope, search with one’s hands fibula—a bone in the leg cumulus—type of cloud lagniappe—gift E x er c ise B perfidy—disloyalty spelunking—exploring caves gregarious—sociable impecunious—penniless consentaneous—done by consent of all E x er c ise C sangfroid—cold-blooded, able to stay calm in difficult situations misadventures—mishaps exigent—requiring immediate action 86 Am Tradition 0082-0090_Gr11_vocab&spelling-AK.indd 86 E x er c ise B Responses will vary Paragraphs should include specialized language for a particular activity along with clues that help the reader understand specialized terms Time Out for Test Practice, page 39 B coherently D cowardly B ever-changing D active during the day A gaunt C conflict C indecision B talkative A extremely poor 10 B give in to 11 B contrast 12 A apposition 13 D cause and effect 14 A comparison 15 C cause and effect 16 B example 17 D example 18 B contrast Lesson 16: Spelling Review, page 41 E x er c ise A Responses will vary Sentences should contain context clues that indicate the meaning of the given word Try It Yourself E x er c ise A decisively nonnative personally fancily irregularities E x er c ise B proceeds deceive concede interceded seized, grief, friend’s, succeed Exceeding the Standards: Vocabulary & Spelling © EMC Publishing, LLC 4/15/09 12:48:57 PM Lesson 17: Contractions, page 43 Try It Yourself E x er c ise A Corrected words are underlined Do you know whose bag is blocking the door? Despite the dog’s many attempts, it’s not able to get its bone They’re wasting their time with you and your house Who’s watching the kids after school? I think you might be displeased with your results because you’re too picky E x er c ise B Words that replace contractions are in bold I cannot be responsible for the decline of my grade point average Who among you has not encountered a stressful time that caused you to lose focus on your goals? It is complicated, so I would rather not discuss the situation further I hope this does not affect my acceptance into the university I have been waiting to attend the university all my life and I hope that you will accept my application Lesson 18: Common Spelling Errors, page 45 Try It Yourself Responses will vary Time Out for Test Practice, page 47 Spelling Patterns A concede D unnecessary A relieved B noticeable C dissatisfied C pastime B supersede C pierced C misspelled 10 B sincerely 11 A succeed 12 D cheerily 13 B unnoticed 14 D occasionally 15 A rearranged 16 D fulfillment 17 B illuminating 18 B embarrassed 19 D inconceivable 20 A irrelevant Lesson 19: Borrowed Words, page 49 Try It Yourself E x er c ise A Responses will vary © EMC Publishing, LLC 0082-0090_Gr11_vocab&spelling-AK.indd 87 E x er c ise B Responses may vary Students may classify the words as follows: Plants, Animals, and People: bamboo, bonsai, corgi, gnu, kiwi, koala, mamba, guru, intelligentsia, tycoon Food and Drink: chutney, curry, ketchup, sauerkraut, tea Places and Buildings: bazaar, bungalow, fjord, kiosk, sauna Objects: boomerang, caravan, easel, gong, lei Lesson 20: Greek and Latin Words, page 51 Try It Yourself E x er c ise A Responses will vary E x er c ise B apathy—from the Greek word apatheia, from apathēs, meaning “without feeling,” from a- + pathos, meaning “emotion” circumvent—from the Latin word circumventus, from circum- + venire, meaning “to come” dwindle—probably from dwine, meaning “to waste away,” from Middle English, from the Old English word dwīnan; akin to the Old Norse word dvīna, meaning “to pine away,” or deyja, “to die” effigy—from the Middle French word effigie, from the Latin word effigies, from effingere, meaning “to form,” and from ex- + fingere, meaning “to shape” ravine—a French word, from the Middle French words rapine and rush; from the Latin word rapina Lesson 21: French and Spanish Words, page 53 E x er c ise A Responses will vary E x er c ise B vigilante—person who takes the law into his or her own hands incommunicado—out of touch, not communicating renegade—person who rejects lawful behavior pronto—right away aficionado—devotee, person who appreciates and knows about a subject Exceeding the Standards: Vocabulary & Spelling Am Tradition 87 4/15/09 12:48:57 PM E x er c ise C faux pas—social error carte blanche—full power with no restrictions bon voyage—farewell; have a good trip tour de force—feat of skill, strength, or ingenuity joie de vivre—good spirits; love of life Lesson 22: Native American Words, page 55 Try It Yourself E x er c ise A Responses will vary Students should look up five words from the preceding list and give the etymology of each E x er c ise B Responses will vary Students should look up five words from the preceding list and give the etymology of each Lesson 23: Eponyms and Toponyms, page 57 Try It Yourself E x er c ise A Responses will vary slightly Asperger syndrome—In 1944, Hans Asperger, a pediatrician in Austria, described children in his practice who lacked nonverbal communication skills and demonstrated limited empathy toward their peers Marxism—An ideological system named after the German political economist Karl Marx Salisbury steak—An early health-food advocate, Dr James H Salisbury advised his patients to eat this food three times a day and limit their intake of vegetables and starches Ferris wheel—George Washington Gale Ferris, Jr invented this amusement ride for the 1893 Columbian Exposition in Chicago Parkinson’s disease—A disease not formally recognized or documented until 1817, when James Parkinson wrote An Essay on the Shaking Palsy 88 Am Tradition 0082-0090_Gr11_vocab&spelling-AK.indd 88 E x er c ise B Louisiana—Named after Louis XIV of France Washington—Named after George Washington Pennsylvania—Named after William Penn, with an ending that is Latin for “woodland” Vermont—French for “green mountain” Montana—Spanish for “mountain” Idaho—Shoshone for “light on the mountain” Minnesota—Dakota Sioux for “sky-colored water” Rhode Island—Dutch for “red clay” Massachusetts—Algonquian for “place of the big hill” 10 Hawaii—Hawaiian for “homeland” Time Out for Test Practice, page 59 Borrowed Words D adios bon voyage B parka slalom B siesta plaza A Tango hula D laissez-faire embargo D faux pas savoir faire C aficionado haiku C tête-à-tête incommunicado D guerillas coup d’état 10 B tycoon yacht Lesson 24: Register, page 60 Try It Yourself E x er c ise A Responses will vary Students should write one description of a movie or book using formal English and one using informal English E x er c ise B Responses will vary Possible responses are given We would like to join with several other agencies to start a youth program for teens and preteens The program would provide fun, positive activities for young people and would help make the community safer Students could be referred to us from schools Please look over the contract mentioned earlier (a copy of it is included in this letter, along with a map) Exceeding the Standards: Vocabulary & Spelling © EMC Publishing, LLC 4/15/09 12:48:58 PM Our company has illegally polluted the environment Lesson 25: Colloquial Language, page 62 Try It Yourself E x er c ise A Responses will vary Possible responses are given Rima could no longer tolerate Priti’s constant tardiness What is bothering you? Martine was dumbfounded by Dillon’s demands The pecan pie is out of this world No way! Louis was steamed when Laurel criticized him E x er c ise B Responses will vary The first dialogue should include colloquialisms and slang The second dialogue should convey the same information using standard English Lesson 26: Academic Language, page 64 Try It Yourself E x er c ise A fact opinion opinion E x er c ise B E x er c ise C Responses will vary For each essay prompt, students should write a thesis statement and outline the points they would make to support their thesis Time Out for Test Practice, page 66 Register, Colloquialisms, and Academic Language A formal A formal B informal A formal B informal B informal D Continue working hard! © EMC Publishing, LLC 0082-0090_Gr11_vocab&spelling-AK.indd 89 Lesson 27: Synonyms and Antonyms, page 68 Try It Yourself E x er c ise A Responses will vary Possible responses are given altruistic—charitable, benevolent, humane amicable—friendly, neighborly, peaceable musing—pondering, deliberating, ruminating nomadic—itinerant, roving, vagabond solace—comfort, cheer, consolation E x er c ise B Responses will vary Possible responses are given careful—careless, sloppy healthy—unhealthy, sickly broken—unbroken, complete relevant—irrelevant, unrelated respectful—disrespectful, rude E x er c ise C Responses will vary C I’m not equipped to succeed A argue 10 B stylish 11 B All of you 12 D rushed 13 A consider its characteristics and organize the information into categories 14 D None of the above 15 B Eighty-two percent of local households cancelled their subscriptions 16 D None of the above acrimony—harsh or biting sharpness, especially in words, manner, or disposition intrepid—fearless scurrilous—containing slander vigilant—watchful laconic—concise, using a minimum of words 6.–10. Responses will vary Students should write two sentences using each of the given words The first sentence should contain a synonym and comparison context clue and the second should contain an antonym and a contrast context clue For example, the response for question might be as follows: My brother’s obloquy stung, but I had grown accustomed to hearing such abusive language from him Exceeding the Standards: Vocabulary & Spelling Am Tradition 89 4/15/09 12:48:58 PM for the older term, gravedigger); beautician or cosmetologist for hairdresser; sanitary engineer for garbage hauler; postal worker for mail carrier; day care provider for babysitter; and administrative assistant for secretary The zealous fan shouted praise to the home team, then screeched an obloquy at the opponents Lesson 28: Semantic Families, page 70 E x er c ise B Try It Yourself Responses will vary Verify whether the student completed the semantic feature analysis chart correctly Lesson 29: Celestial Words, page 72 Try It Yourself E x er c ise A Students should have filled out the three charts Each chart should include the word stem, a visual clue, and a verbal clue E x er c ise B Sentences will vary Lesson 30: Varying Word Choice, page 74 Try It Yourself Responses will vary Possible responses are given bold—daring, audacious, intrepid rude—discourteous, abusive, inconsiderate unique—original, unmatched, irreplaceable small—miniature, tiny, little hungry—ravenous, famished, starving E x er c ise B Responses will vary E x er c ise C Lesson 31: Euphemisms, Doublespeak, and Clichés, page 76 Try It Yourself Responses will vary Possible responses are given Common euphemisms related to death include pass away, go to sleep, in his or her final resting place, gone to a better place, left, departed, gone, late, and at rest Euphemisms for job titles include mortician for funeral director or undertaker (undertaker being in turn a euphemism Am Tradition 0082-0090_Gr11_vocab&spelling-AK.indd 90 Responses will vary Possible responses are given Howard was terribly ill after he caught the flu Mrs Carrington kept her house as clean and sterile as an operating table Imana worked on her paper all day long Napoleon sought to reign over all of Europe, but controlling such a large empire was a monumental task Harriet Tubman faced many dangers, but she was quite shrewd and always remained calm and focused under pressure Lesson 32: Expanding Your Word Knowledge, page 78 E x er c ise A Responses will vary Students should complete a word study notebook entry for the word senectitude E x er c ise B Students should write a speech using ten words from their word study notebook Encourage them to use humor Time Out for Test Practice, page 80 Responses will vary 90 E x er c ise C Try It Yourself E x er c ise A E x er c ise A Responses will vary Synonyms B horrified C required D scold B insatiable B follower A instill C destructive D overwhelm A forged 10 B flattering Antonyms C decisive A vulnerable D permanent B unlimited B lush A purify B inter C explicit D malediction 10 A clear Exceeding the Standards: Vocabulary & Spelling © EMC Publishing, LLC 4/15/09 12:48:58 PM ... for Test Practice: Spelling Patterns 47 © EMC Publishing, LLC 000i-00vi_Gr11_vocab &spelling- FM.indd Exceeding the Standards: Vocabulary & Spelling Am Tradition iii 4/15/09...Exceeding the Standards: Vocabulary & Spelling, American Tradition Care has been taken to verify the accuracy of information presented in... 82 iv Am Tradition 000i-00vi_Gr11_vocab &spelling- FM.indd Exceeding the Standards: Vocabulary & Spelling © EMC Publishing, LLC 4/15/09 12:46:28 PM Introduction