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OracCertPrs5.5 / OCA Oracle Database 12c / Roopesh Ramklass / 182028-0 / Front Matter ® OCA Oracle Database 12c: SQL Fundamentals I Exam Guide (Exam 1Z0-061) 00-FM.indd 2/26/14 11:32 AM OracCertPrs5.5 / OCA Oracle Database 12c / Roopesh Ramklass / 182028-0 / Front Matter ABOUT T HE AUTHOR Roopesh Ramklass (Canada) is an Oracle Certified Master with expertise in infrastructure, middleware, and database architecture He has worked for Oracle Global Support, Advanced Customer Services, and Oracle University He has run an IT consultancy and is experienced with infrastructure systems provisioning, software development, and systems integration He has spoken at numerous Oracle User Group conferences and is the author of several technology books About the Technical Editor Cecil Strydom has been working exclusively as an Oracle DBA for the last 13 years, covering everything from performance tuning to disaster recovery He has worked with Oracle database versions through 11g and has experience with RAC, Data Guard, eBusiness, Portal, Apex, and various other Oracle applications Cecil is an OCP-certified Oracle DBA and is currently a systems consultant for a multinational company based in Johannesburg, South Africa 00-FM.indd 2/26/14 11:32 AM OracCertPrs5.5 / OCA Oracle Database 12c / Roopesh Ramklass / 182028-0 / Front Matter ® OCA Oracle Database 12c: SQL Fundamentals I Exam Guide (Exam 1Z0-061) Roopesh Ramklass McGraw-Hill Education is an independent entity from Oracle Corporation and is not affiliated with Oracle Corporation in any manner This publication and CD-ROM may be used in assisting students to prepare for the OCA Oracle Database 12c: SQL Fundamentals I exam Neither Oracle Corporation nor McGraw-Hill Education warrants that use of this publication or CD-ROM will ensure passing the relevant exam New York Chicago San Francisco Athens London Madrid Mexico City Milan New Delhi Singapore Sydney Toronto 00-FM.indd 2/26/14 11:32 AM OracCertPrs5.5 / OCA Oracle Database 12c / Roopesh Ramklass / 182028-0 / Front Matter Cataloging-in-Publication Data is on file with the Library of Congress McGraw-Hill Education books are available at special quantity discounts to use as premiums and sales promotions, or for use in corporate training programs To contact a representative, please visit the Contact Us pages at www mhprofessional.com OCA Oracle Database 12c: SQL Fundamentals I Exam Guide (Exam 1Z0-061) Copyright © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education (Publisher) All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America Except as permitted under the Copyright Act of 1976, no part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written permission of Publisher, with the exception that the program listings may be entered, stored, and executed in a computer system, but they may not be reproduced for publication Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its affiliates All other trademarks are the property of their respective owners, and McGraw-Hill Education makes no claim of ownership by the mention of products that contain these marks Screen displays of copyrighted Oracle software programs have been reproduced herein with the permission of Oracle Corporation and/or its affiliates 1234567890 DOC DOC 10987654 ISBN: Book p/n 978-0-07-182027-1 and CD p/n 978-0-07-182026-4 of set 978-0-07-182028-8 MHID: Book p/n 0-07-182027-2 and CD p/n 0-07-182026-4 of set 0-07-182028-0 Sponsoring Editor Stephanie Evans Technical Editor Cecil Strydom Production Supervisor James Kussow Editorial Supervisor Jody McKenzie Copy Editor Lunaea Weatherstone Composition Cenveo Publisher Services Project Manager Tania Andrabi, Cenveo® Publisher Services Proofreaders Emily Rader, Claire Splan Illustration Cenveo Publisher Services Indexer Ted Laux Art Director, Cover Jeff Weeks Acquisitions Coordinator Mary Demery Information has been obtained by Publisher from sources believed to be reliable However, because of the possibility of human or mechanical error by our sources, Publisher, or others, Publisher does not guarantee to the accuracy, adequacy, or completeness of any information included in this work and is not responsible for any errors or omissions or the results obtained from the use of such information Oracle Corporation does not make any representations or warranties as to the accuracy, adequacy, or completeness of any information contained in this Work, and is not responsible for any errors or omissions 00-FM.indd 2/26/14 11:32 AM OracCertPrs5.5 / OCA Oracle Database 12c / Roopesh Ramklass / 182028-0 / Front Matter With love to Ameetha for sharing your journey with me 00-FM.indd 2/26/14 11:32 AM OracCertPrs5.5 / OCA Oracle Database 12c / Roopesh Ramklass / 182028-0 / Front Matter 00-FM.indd 2/26/14 11:32 AM OracCertPrs5.5 / OCA Oracle Database 12c / Roopesh Ramklass / 182028-0 / Front Matter CONTENTS AT A GLANCE Relational Database Design Using Oracle Data Retrieval Using the SQL SELECT Statement 55 Restricting and Sorting Data 109 Single-Row Functions 175 Using Conversion Functions and Conditional Expressions 233 Reporting Aggregated Data Using the Group Functions 277 Displaying Data from Multiple Tables 315 Using Subqueries to Solve Problems 365 Using the Set Operators 395 10 Manipulating Data 423 11 Using DDL Statements to Create and Manage Tables 475 A About the CD-ROM 513 Glossary 517 Index 533 vii 00-FM.indd 2/26/14 11:32 AM OracCertPrs5.5 / OCA Oracle Database 12c / Roopesh Ramklass / 182028-0 / Front Matter 00-FM.indd 2/26/14 11:32 AM OracCertPrs5.5 / OCA Oracle Database 12c / Roopesh Ramklass / 182028-0 / Front Matter CONTENTS Acknowledgments xix Preface xxi Introduction xxv Relational Database Design Using Oracle Position the Server Technologies The Oracle Server Architecture The Oracle WebLogic Server Oracle Enterprise Manager Cloud Computing Exercise 1-1: Investigate Your Database and Application Environment Development Tools and Languages Understand Relational Structures Real-World Scenarios Data Modeling Entities and Relations Exercise 1-2: Design an Entity-Relationship Diagram for the Geological Cores Scenario Rows and Tables Summarize the SQL Language SQL Standards SQL Commands A Set-Oriented Language Use the Client Tools SQL*Plus SQL Developer Create the Demonstration Schemas Users and Schemas The HR and OE Schemas Demonstration Schema Creation 3 10 11 11 12 12 20 22 26 27 27 28 29 30 37 42 42 43 46 ix 00-FM.indd 2/26/14 11:32 AM Index equfllicy rests, 255-258 foreign key constraints, 499 OR opcracor, 136 sets, 405 single-row functions, 181 sorting, 144 subqueries, 7l unique constraints, 497-498 ULLABLE columns, 88-91 NULLIFfunccion, 181, 255-258 ULLS FIRST keywords in sores, l4'1 ULLS LAST keywords in sores, 144 numbers and NUMBER data lype, 485 columns, 59 COU T, 280 precision and scale, 487 query con: invalid number of arguments error, 253 O RA-00918: column ambiguously defined error, 324 ORA-00923: FROM ket.vord not found where expecce, statemen t, 70-71 testing dnrnbase connections, 34-36 text dn te formm masks, 244 substituting, 155-157 T H in date formar m;isks, 244 th ird -generation languages (3GLs), 10 th ird normal form, 15, 333 three-t ier en\lironmcnt, 6-7 THSP in date format masks, 244 time, system, 211 T IM ESTAMP darn type, 59, TIMESTAMP W ITI I LOCAL TIMEZO NE data type, 485 T IM ESTA MP \'VIT I I T IMEZONE d:ira type, 485 TNS (Transparent etwork Substrate) layer, 36 Index TNS Connecrion Type sening, 40 msnames.ora file, 35 TO_CHAR function, 237 dmes, 241-246 description, 181 numbers, 238-241 TO_DATE function, 212, 237 characters, 247- 248 description, 181 TO_ UMBER functio n, 237 characters, 248-249 description, 18 Tool for Application Developer: (TOAD), Tools menu in SQL Developer, 39 totals in columns, 285-286 trailing characters, rrimming, 195 Tran action Conuol Language (TCL) commands, 28 trans.1crions, 451 control statements, 455-456 database, 451-455 isolation, 461 su:irts and ends, 453-455 with TRUNCATE, 429 Transparent Network Subsm1te (TNS) layer, 36 uansposition errors, 430 TRIM functio n, 178, 194- 196 TRUNC function, 179 elates, 222-223, 487 numbers, 205-206 TRUNCATE command, 429, 438, 446, 449-450 TRUNCATE TABLE commiind, 493 truncating tables, 493-494 tntLh cahles AND, 134 OT, 137-138 O R, 136 wples in logical models, 13 two-dimensio nal model, 482-483 two-tier processing, rype ciistinj? aucomacic, 487-488 errors from, 430-432 with row insertion, 434 U in number format masks, 240 UML (Universal Markup L'lnguage), 12 unhounded data t)•pc , 483 UNDEFINEco mmands, 158-161 underscore characters (_) in pattern comparisons, 127-128 umon of sets, 397 UNIO, o perator description, 396, 399 working with, 401-403 UNION ALL operator description, 396, 399 working with, 401-402 uniq ue constraints, 497-498 umq ue keys in logical models, 13 Univelbal Markup Language (UML), 12 updating and U PDATE command :momalies, 15 overview, 426-427 rows in cables, 441-445 UPPER function, 177, 185-186 uppercase conversions co, 185-186 SELECT Statement, 69 UPS ERT command, 428 US7 ASCII database character set, 122 user interface in SQL Developer, 38-39 USER_O BJECTS ,·iew, 478 user processes in client tier, User S YS, 479 usemames databases, 34 SQL Developer 39 users, 42-43 client tier, schemas, 478-479 USI G keyword mner joins, 18 JOIN clause, 330-33 l JO IN US ING cl11usc, 328-330 549 SS O OCA Oracle Database I2c: SQL Fundamentals I Exam Guide V in number format masks, 240 VALUES clause INSERT INTO, 436, 438 subqueries, 374 VARCHAR data type 484 VARCHAR2 dnca rypc, 59 COU T, 280 description, 4 TO_CHAR, 238 v11rinhles, substitution, 150 column names, 154-155 double ampersand subslitution, 152-154 exercise, 163-164 cxprcs:.ions and text, 155-157 single ampersand substitution, 150-152 VARIA CE function, 282 Venn Diagrams 396-397 VERIFY command 162 Versioninf! menu in QL Developer, 39 View menu in SQL Developer, 39 views, inline, 372-373 W in dtue formnt masb descripuon, 243 precision, 22 web 11pplica1ions, 5-6 weeks in in dGo to oracle com/technetwork ORACLE Co;iv11gh10 2Cd a local area network vc~ion you may u:.c the: Prod uct n w11imitcd worl ,lations localed in 1l11t; single huilding selected by you that is Sef''OO hy ~uch local arua ne1'~'1rk If you have licensed a wide area network version you may u~e the t>roduct