120 Test Bank for Organizational Behavior Core Concepts 6th Edition Robert Vecchio Multiple Choice Questions When Ben was interviewing a candidate for a job, he felt that the “right” candidate should nonverbally behave in particular ways What might Ben think is the “right” kind of nonverbal behavior? a substantial eye contact b little eye contact c rapid eye blinking d finger fidgeting e all of the above Which of the following are helpful clues in determining the sincerity of one’s facial expressions? a A reaction may be dishonest if there is too much time between an emotionally arousing event and one’s facial reaction b Dishonesty may be suspected if all the aspects of one’s facial expressions agree c Micro expressions are more likely to expose genuine emotions than those which occur just before one exercises facial control d In most people, facial expressions are not good indicators of true feelings Although Glenn views himself as shy, unintelligent, and unattractive, he attributes these traits to Don Glenn’s feelings about Don are probably indicative of a stereotypes b a halo effect c projection d perceptual distortion Jesse wants to use a projective technique In terms of reliability of measurement, which of the following would be most appropriate? a TAT b Sentence completion c Roget’s projective inventory d The Rorschach test Manny is given a scale that asks him to rate himself At one end of the scale is the word “lazy,” while at the other end of the scale is the work “hard-working.” This scale is an example of a a personality rating b situational test c personality inventory d projective technique Ted strongly believes that he can control events; John strongly believes that he (John) cannot These two men differ on their a Machiavellianism b authoritarianism c locus of control d risk-taking The idea that sex, race, or occupation determines one’s behavior is most characteristic of which barrier to accurate perception? a projection b perceptual distortion c the halo effect d subliminal influences e stereotyping Which of the following is a cognitive style that might be identified by the Myers-Briggs type indicator? a sensing/intuiting b sensing/feeling c thinking/feeling d acting/feeling e acting/thinking In order to find out more about Frank’s personality, A1 asks him to complete the sentence “If I had a chance, I would ” A1 is using an example of a personality ratings b situational tests c inventories d projective techniques Which of the following BEST describes attribution theory? a The components of personal power and trying are the most important aspects of attribution theory b People perceive behavior as being caused by the individual being observed c External causality, the crux of attribution theory, states that behavior is a reaction to the environment d Attribution theory focuses on the inference process used to deduce the traits of someone from observations of behavior The barrier to accurate perception that occurs when a perceiver’s evaluation of specific traits of an individual is influenced by an overall impression is referred to as: a projection b stereotyping c perceptual distortion d the halo effect e subliminal influences Which of the following is the most widely used method of assessing personality characteristics? a personality inventories b personality ratings c situational tests d projective techniques When we attribute the behavior of others to internal factors, what type of error are we making? a A self-serving bias error b A fundamental attribution error c A halo error d A central tendency error e None of the above Lola said that a person’s facial reactions provide her with cues that a person is probably acting deceptively Which of the following cues might she use? a the difference in time between an event and the person’s facial reaction b inconsistent facial expressions c very brief expressions on the person’s face d all of the above George always takes credit for things when they go right, but always blames his advisors when things go wrong What type of error is George making? a a stereotype b a halo effect c projection d a fundamental attribution error e a self-serving bias Which of the following best describes situational or behavioral tests? a Situational tests are more subjective than rating scales b In situational tests, personality traits are observed in an artificial setting c Situational tests involve the direct observation of behavior in a designed setting d The results are usually less valid than those obtained with other measures e Most traits are easily measured with situational tests Which of the following is characteristic of people who are good judges of others? a There is a strong orientation toward the social sciences b They are very sensitive to small differences among people c They are highly intelligent and possess good emotional adjustment d They tend to dislike crowds and social situations e They tend to prefer working with other people Dr Amiri is the first-born child in her family Based on this knowledge, what might you conclude about Dr Amiri? a She is less likely to be schizophrenic than her siblings b She is likely to be very independent c She is likely to be less cooperative than her siblings d She is more likely to be influenced by social pressure Which of the following can be concluded regarding eye contact? a When people avoid eye contact, it is due to being shy b The less eye contact that occurs between two people, the more favorable they perceive their relationship to be c Eye contact is possibly the most important nonverbal cue used in perceiving and judging others d All of the above The tendency to perceive trait X in an individual, because we assume that trait Y exists, is known as: a implicit personality theory b attribution theory c central traits d contingency theory e balance theory Twenty years ago, Val’s mother had a nervous breakdown Although there has been no problem with Val’s mother’s work habits at any time, James considers her “unreliable.” James’ belief is similar to a stereotypes b a halo effect c projection d perceptual distortion Which of the following is an advantage to using ratings for measuring personality attributes? a Ratings are sometimes less biased b Results discriminate among individuals c The meanings associated with the anchors need not be clearly defined d Raters need not directly observe the traits in question e Ratings are well known and frequently used Studies of identical twins separated at birth seem to indicate that: a heredity influences personality b culture is not very significant in determining personality c the environment is the predominate determining factor of one’s personality d parents determine the personalities of the children even when the children are adopted e heredity plays little or no part in the determination of personality Jane thought it best not to hire Ashley because she has red hair “Redheads,” Jane said, “are short-tempered.” Jane’s beliefs exemplify a a stereotype b a halo effect c projection d perceptual distortion Story-telling devices and sentence completions are examples of: a situational techniques b projective techniques c personality ratings d personality inventories The most widely used storytelling technique is the a Thematic Apperception Test b Sentence completions technique c Internal-external control scale d Myers-Briggs Type Indicator Felicia tends to be sympathetic, to prefer social harmony, and to get along well with others Her cognitive style is likely to be: a feeling b thinking c intuiting d sensing Bill always blames people’s problems on some internal character flaw What type of error is Bill making? a a stereotype b a halo effect c projection d a fundamental attribution error e a self-serving bias Eric left a ten dollar bill on his desk one day, and went home, leaving only Chris there Eric wanted to see if Chris was honest, or if he would take the bill Eric’s action is similar to a personality ratings b situational tests c inventories d projective techniques Due to environmental influences, first-born children are more likely to than later born children a be independent b demand attention c be listed in Who’s Who d be less ambitious e be less influenced by social pressures The barrier to accurate perception that arises from the tendency to be influenced by our own interests is known as: a stereotyping b halo effect c projection d perceptual distortion e selective perception Internally oriented individuals, that is, individuals with a high internal locus of control, are characterized by: a high susceptibility to group pressures b membership in the upper class (i.e., better educated, higher income level) c preferring rewards such as pay and job security d remaining static on the career ladder Joshua wants to hire a personnel manager who will be a good judge of prospective employees Which one of the following traits should he look for in the manager, according to research findings? a a background in psychology b a background in anthropology c an interest in physics d a background in counseling Tonya is accepting of authoritarian leadership and prefers concrete jobs Tonya is likely to score high on a Machiavellianism b authoritarianism c risk-taking d the work ethic When we take credit for successes and place the blame for failure on external, environmental causes, what type of error are we making? a self-serving bias error b fundamental attribution error c halo error d central tendency error e none of the above Kathy said that it is very important to be able to accurately assess the emotions and personality of her workers Why is this true? a It helps us to gauge the effects of our words and actions b It helps us to be passive observers of behavior c Most people try to hide their true feelings d It helps us to be able to read their thoughts A popular model of moral judgment was developed and tested by a Carl Gustav Jung b Katherine Briggs c Lawrence Kohlberg d Charles Darwin e None of the above True - False Questions When people try to predict another’s behavior from subjective assessments of personality, they are surprisingly successful True False Research findings indicate that most of us are able to identify certain emotional states from facial expressions since several of these expressions are universally recognized True False Personality can be defined as relatively short-lived traits and dispositions that form a pattern that distinguishes one person from all others True False Research shows that physically attractive people are perceived to be more sociable, mentally healthy, intelligent, and socially skilled than less attractive people despite evidence that shows they are lonely and less sexually active True False Personality ratings are often uninformative due to the reluctance of raters to use extremely negative ratings on the scales True False Staring is often disruptive and carries undertones of hatred and potential aggression True False Increased eye blinking is associated with psychological stress in that people blink more often when excited or angry True False First-born children tend to receive more attention at first but are then expected to behave more responsibly in looking after younger children True False Individuals at stage six of Kohlberg’s stages of moral development engage in stereotypical good behavior, living up to what is expected of them True False Attribution theory generalizes from one individual’s behavior to groups of others True False The term attribution is used to describe the process people go through to explain the causes of the behavior of others True False The perceptual process is one that is passive, receptive, and determined by the attributes of the observed object True False Projection is the tendency to ascribe our own feelings and attributes to others True False Subtle shifts in the tone or pitch of a person’s voice may indicate deception True False The only instance in which the halo effect occurs is when a perceiver uses a general impression of favorableness as the basis for judgments about more specific traits True False When you begin to notice a particular type of car on the street much more frequently you are experiencing selective projection True False Knowing something about an individual’s personality traits can be highly useful in interpersonal relations True False Even though heredity may predispose an individual to certain patterns of behavior, it can be concluded that the environment is the sole determinant of personality True False Students sometimes manifest the self-serving bias when they attribute their success on tests to their intellectual prowess or having studied hard, and attribute their poor test performance to unfair test construction by the teacher True False Unverified beliefs about people based on their membership in some readily identifiable group are termed stereotypes True False Through environmental forces, it is relatively easy to alter an individual’s personality True False When we make a fundamental attribution error, we attribute behaviors of others to external factors True False People with an intuiting/ thinking cognitive style tend to be logical, but ingenious True False Typically, evaluators are not reluctant to use the extreme negative positions on rating scales, allowing the rating results to be very informative True False Situational tests offer many advantages, especially in that they are more subjective than rating scales True False Perception is a relatively simple process that involves the perceiver participating in selecting, structuring, and interpreting experiences True False Text Questions - Page One who feels that he has no control over his own destiny has a high _ locus of control Answer Given external When using a rating system for assessing personality, the ratings will often be found to group around the _ end of the scale Answer Given positive During one test of honesty, soldiers were given a series of numerical problems with access to the answer book, but instructions not to use it This is an example of a(n) _ Answer Given situational test In addition to story-telling devices, is a second type of projective technique Answer Given sentence completion Examples of projective techniques include and Answer Given story-telling devices, sentence completions If one believes that the origins of an individual’s personality are primarily determined genetically at conception, then one is taking a point of view Answer Given hereditary A physician, accountant, or computer programmer may be predicted to be _, according to Carl Jung’s model of cognitive styles Answer Given sensing/ thinking _, a device used for assessing personality, use point scales with adjectives at the endpoints Answer Given Personality ratings According to Carl Jung’s model of cognitive styles, types prefer to deal with new possibilities and dislike routine activities Answer Given intuitive The question, “Do you find it easy to make friends?” is one that could be used in a personality assessment technique known as a(n) _ Answer Given personality inventories _and relate to the process of knowing and understanding others Answer Given Perception, personality People who believe that they are in control of the events happening around them have a high _ locus of control Answer Given internal _ is the individual generally associated with the personality trait known as locus of control Answer Given Julian Rotter At the level of Kohlberg’s stages of moral maturity, the individual largely strives to live up to what is expected by people close to him Answer Given conventional _ are references that may be used to aid in finding suitable personality inventory tests Answer Given Mental Measurement Yearbook, or Tests in Print The _ embodies a cluster of beliefs centered on the notion that if you work hard, you will be rewarded Answer Given work ethic Story-telling and sentence completions are examples of designed to explore an individual’s personality Answer Given projective techniques _ are those involving the direct observation of an individual’s behavior in a setting designed to provide information about personality Answer Given Situational tests _ are the most widely-used method of assessing personality characteristics Answer Given Personality inventories The fact that research has found first-born children to be more dependent, less likely to defy authority, and more cooperative, provides evidence for the viewpoint that personality is influenced by Answer Given environment or culture The most widely used story-telling technique in personality assessment is known as the _ Answer Given thematic apperception test The extent to which people believe they personally control what happens to them, as opposed to believing what happens is due to environmental forces beyond their control, is known as _ Answer Given locus of control Believers in the _ point of view concerning the origins of personality, advocate that the results of experience can shape or alter personality Answer Given environmental _ is the relatively enduring set of individual traits and dispositions that form a pattern distinguishing one person from all others Answer Given Personality 47 Free Test Bank for Organizational Behavior Core Concepts 6th Edition Robert Vecchio Free Text Questions - Page _, one form of perceptual distortion, occur when our perception of something does not reflect its reality Answer Given Illusions When one ascribes his own feelings and attributes to others, he is engaging in a perceptual technique known as _ Answer Given projection Compare two types of projective tests that are most commonly used, in terms of the methods used to gather information and the advantages and disadvantages associated with each technique Answer Given Two types are thematic apperception tests (story-telling) and sentence completions is the error made when you take credit for your successes but blame others for your failures Answer Given Self-serving bias Explain the differences between a fundamental attribution error and a self-serving bias Answer Given Fundamental attribution error is the attributing of someone else’s behavior to internal causes while a self-serving bias is the taking credit for your own successes while blaming the environment for your own failures The tendency to perceive a person as being industrious, given that he is honest, is predicted by Answer Given implicit personality theory The “Big Five” personality dimensions are important because they are associated with antecedents of _ as well as other work-related tendencies Answer Given employee effectiveness Describe each of the barriers to accurate perception Answer Given Students should describe the following: stereotyping, halo effect, projection, perceptual distortion, subliminal influences, and selective perception is a nonverbal cue that is aggressive in nature and conveys a message that is often regarded as hostile Answer Given Staring According to attribution theory, people who initiate actions (rather than react to their environment) exemplify Answer Given internal causality Defending our egos by projecting feelings and attributes onto others, or denying that something occurred or that we have witnessed something is known as Answer Given perceptual distortion If, after purchasing a blue sports car, you begin to notice the appearance of this type of car on the street with a high frequency, you are experiencing Answer Given selective perception The saying, “There’s more to the issue of perception than actually meets the eye” means that the perceiver is in the construction of his or her experiences Answer Given actively involved occurs when one deliberately pays attention only to what he or she wants to see Answer Given Perceptual distortion Present the differing viewpoints regarding heredity vs environment as determinants of personality Answer Given Heredity- personality is determined by genetic factors Environment- personality is determined by culture and environment The _ explains why a subordinate who is liked by a supervisor can no wrong in the supervisor’s eyes, while a subordinate who is disliked may have difficulty obtaining a favorable review from the same supervisor Answer Given halo effect In judging others, is the most important nonverbal cue Answer Given eye contact _ is when you attribute the behavior of others to internal factors Answer Given Fundamental attribution error _ typically convey the same meaning regardless of an individual’s culture Answer Given Facial expressions Eye contact that is carried to extremes, such as staring, however, is socially but disruptive Answer Given arousing Certain , such as shifts in posture and scratching, may indicate nervousness; which in turn, suggest possible deceit Answer Given nonverbal cues One barrier to accurate perception is , which occurs when judgments are made based on group affiliation Answer Given stereotyping At the _ level of Kohlberg’s stages of moral development, the individual follows self-chosen principles, even when laws violate these principles Answer Given principled ... dispositions that form a pattern distinguishing one person from all others Answer Given Personality 47 Free Test Bank for Organizational Behavior Core Concepts 6th Edition Robert Vecchio Free Text... situational or behavioral tests? a Situational tests are more subjective than rating scales b In situational tests, personality traits are observed in an artificial setting c Situational tests involve... tests to their intellectual prowess or having studied hard, and attribute their poor test performance to unfair test construction by the teacher True False Unverified beliefs about people based