Test Bank for Organizational Behavior Core Concepts 1st Edition Kinicki Multiple Choice Questions Kamal hates to say anything negative about anybody He always evaluates everybody in an extremely positive fashion Kamal seems to be committing which of these perceptual errors? A)Self-serving bias B)Central tendency C)Contrast effects D)Leniency E)Halo Mental depositories for storing information refers to A)Schema B)Cognitive categories C)Stereotype D)Attention E)Attribution is NOT a component of the internal dimension in the diversity wheel A)Age B)Ethnicity C)Marital status D)Sexual orientation E)Gender Which of the following is NOT a common barrier to implementing successful diversity programs? A)Inaccurate stereotypes and prejudice B)Poor career planning C)Development and accountability practices D)Ethnocentrism E)Fear of reverse discrimination _ are suspected or inferred causes of behavior A)Causal attributions B)Encoding events C)Personalities D)Diversity activities E)Cognitive categories If a student rates all his professors average on all dimensions of performance regardless of their actual performance, he is committing which of these perceptual errors? A)Self-serving bias B)Central tendency C)Contrast effects D)Recency effects E)Halo It is important to remember that relates to other people, relates to other tasks, and relates to time A)Consensus; consistency; distinctiveness B)Distinctiveness; consistency; consensus C)Consensus; distinctiveness; consistency D)Consistency; consensus; distinctiveness E)Consistency; distinctiveness; consensus _ entails enabling people to perform up to their maximum potential A)Affirmative action B)Central tendency C)Managing diversity D)Glass ceiling E)Perception As of March 2004, women received % of men's earnings A)33 B)50 C)80 D)94 E)41 Stage of the social information processing model is: A)Selective attention; comprehension B)Encoding C)Simplification D)Storage and Retention E)Retrieval and Response _ practices focus on preparing diverse employees for greater responsibility and advancement A)Recruitment B)Development C)Ethnocentric D)Accountability E)Central tendency The final stage of the social information processing model is: A)Selective attention; comprehension B)Encoding C)Simplification D)Storage and Retention E)Retrieval and Response Which of these represents the first stage of the social information processing model? A)Selective attention and comprehension B)Encoding C)Simplification D)Storage and Retention E)Retrieval and Response The _ represents one's tendency to take more personal responsibility for success than for failure A)Self-serving bias B)Glass ceiling C)Contrast effects D)Fundamental attribution bias E)Recency effect _ is the process of becoming consciously aware of something or someone A)Personality B)Attention C)Attitude D)Ethics E)Diversity People in _ cultures tend to think of time as ; this is called _ A)North American, linear, monocronic B)Latin American, cyclic, monocronic C)Middle Eastern, cyclic, monocronic D)North American, linear, polycronic E) Middle Eastern, linear, monocronic is a cognitive process that enables us to interpret and understand our surroundings A)Personality B)Attitude C)Perception D)Ethics E)Diversity represents the multitude of individual differences and similarities that exist among people A)Self-serving bias B)Central tendency C)Contrast effects D)Fundamental attribution bias E)Diversity EMU Airline has had the worst record of flight arrivals It is always late However, because of the on-time or early arrival of all flights of EMU Airlines in the last two weeks of November, Elian, the Airline Analyst of CBA Investments rated the Airline very favorably on arrival times in his annual report he publishes every December Elian appears to have committed which of these perceptual errors? A)Self-serving bias B)Central tendency C)Contrast effects D)Recency effects E)Halo practices relate to managers' responsibility to treat diverse employees fairly A)Recruitment B)Development C)Ethnocentricity D)Accountability E)Central tendency Women are expected to represent _% of the labor force by 2010 A)21 B)79 C)66 D)33 E)48 _ refers to a personal characteristic that leads an individual to consistently evaluate other people or objects in an extremely positive fashion A)Leniency B)Central tendency C)Contrast effects D)Recency effects E)Halo is determined by judging if the individual's performance on a given task is consistent over time A)Consensus B)Distinctiveness C)Schema D)Consistency E)Cognitive category A(n) _ is an individual's set of beliefs about the characteristics or attributes of a group A)Schema B)Cognitive category C)Stereotype D)Attention E)None of these Research identified all but one of the following strategies as critical in breaking the glass ceiling Which one? A)Consistently exceeding performance expectations B)Developing a style with which male managers are comfortable C)Seeking out difficult or challenging assignments D)Having influential mentors E)All of the above are critical In the diversity wheel, _ is not a component of the organizational dimension A)Union affiliation B)Work experience C)Management status D)Seniority E)Work location Bryan, a store manager at Grocers R Us, tends to make more internal attributions about worker accidents than his workers Bryan is engaging in which of these? A)Self-serving bias B)Central tendency error C)Contrast effects D)Fundamental attribution bias E)Halo error Beverly has $11,000 for investment She speaks with various friends and neighbors to find out what they have invested in (stocks or bonds and which stocks) She also interviews four different investment advisors at local brokerage companies to understand what they recommend Beverly can be described as being on which stage of the social information processing model? A)Selective attention; comprehension B)Encoding C)Simplification D)Storage and Retention E)Retrieval and Response A(n) represents a person's mental picture of an event or object A)Schema B)Cognitive category C)Stereotype D)Attention E)Attribution Long-term memory is made up of three compartments: A)Events, semantic, and person B)Encoding, decoding, and processing C)Individual, group, and organization D)Storage, retention, and response E)Perception, personality, and attitude _ memory refers to general knowledge about the world A)Event B)Group C)Semantic D)People E)Stereotype Which of these is (are) managerial implication(s) of perception? A)Interviewers with racist and sexist schemata can undermine the accuracy and legality of hiring decisions B)Faulty schemata about what constitutes good versus poor performance can lead to inaccurate performance appraisal, which can erode work motivation, commitment, and loyalty C)Research demonstrates that employees' evaluations of leader effectiveness are influenced strongly by their schemata of good and poor leaders D)Managers need to remember that social perception is a screening process that can distort communication, both coming and going E)All of these Which of these exists at the core of diversity? A)Personality B)Perception C)Attitude D)Internal dimensions E)External dimensions belongs to the external dimensions of the diversity wheel A)Union affiliation B)Religion C)Sexual orientation D)Ethnicity E)Seniority A is a number of objects that are considered equivalent A)Schema B)Category C)Stereotype D)Central tendency E)Semantic Something is when it stands out from its context A)Schema B)Cognitive C)Salient D)Self-serving bias E)Encoded All of the following are layers of diversity wheel except A)Personality B)External dimensions C)Organizational dimensions D)External dimensions E)Group dimensions Personal characteristics that are believed to cause behavior are called: A)Schematics B)Internal factors C)Distinctiveness D)External factors E)Consensus From 2000 to 2050, one of these groups will account for the greatest net percentage increase in new workers in the U.S Which one? A)Caucasians B)African-Americans C)Asian-Americans D)Asians & Hispanics E)Africa Americans & Hispanics Connor, a production manager at XYZ Manufacturing, evaluated Darlene's overall performance very high, every specific performance attribute Connor's rationale was that Darlene is the first to show up every day and therefore she is extremely hardworking Which of these perceptual errors is Connor committing? A)Self-serving bias B)Central tendency C)Contrast effects D)Recency effects E)Halo Gloria believes that she has always performed at her best at World Class Computers She has also received the best performance ratings from her supervisor every year However, she has not been promoted for the last five years Many of her male counterparts have been promoted Gloria is facing which of these? A)Self-serving bias B)Glass ceiling C)Contrast effects D)Stereotyping E)Recency effect Francesca has had stable performance and high quality from one task to another This refers to: A)Low consensus B)High distinctiveness C)High consensus D)Low consistency E)Low distinctiveness Hilda has always had the tendency to take the credit when she meets the deadline for her work However when she fails, she blames the project or other external factors Hilda is engaging in which of these? A)Self-serving bias B)Central tendency error C)Contrast effects D)Fundamental attribution bias E)Halo error If Judy acts like the rest of her group at work then there is: A)Low consensus B)High distinctiveness C)High consensus D)Low consistency E)High consistency Between 1995 and 2020, the number of individuals in the United States over age 65 will increase by _% A)33 B)60 C)76 D)94 E)41 The tendency to evaluate people or object by comparing them with characteristics of recently observed people or objects is: A)Leniency B)Central tendency C)Contrast effects D)Recency effects E)Halo True - False Questions In the U.S., even though people of color earn less than whites, Asians had the highest median income True False Diversity is primarily an issue of race, age, and gender True False Accountability practices in managing diversity focus on preparing diverse employees for greater responsibility and advancement True False When an object stands out from its context, it is salient True False Perception is the innermost layer of diversity because it represents a stable set of characteristics that is responsible for a person's identity True False The tendency to avoid all extreme judgments and rate people average or neutral is the perceptual error called leniency True False Semantic memory refers to the general knowledge about the world True False Stereotyping begins by categorizing people into groups according to various criteria True False A stereotype is a mental picture of an event or object True False Managers tend to disproportionately attribute behaviors to internal causes True False Research reveals that individuals can be trained to be more accurate raters of performance True False Women constituted 46% of the labor force in 1996 and are expected to represent 67% by 2010 True False According to research on performance appraisal, managers should use more subjectively-based measures of performance as much as possible because objective measures are prone to bias and inaccuracy True False According to Kelley, a person is exhibiting high distinctiveness when he; she acts like the rest of the group True False Religion is one of the primary dimensions of diversity True False Unfortunately, stereotypes are always negative True False Affirmative action focuses on achieving equality of opportunity in an organization and is legally mandated in the United States by the Equal Opportunity laws True False It is important to remember that in attribution theory, consensus relates to other tasks, consistency relates to other people, and distinctiveness relates to time True False Unstable performance of a given task over time, according to Kelley, would mean low consistency True False “Encoding and simplification” is the first stage of the social information processing model True False The first stage of the social information processing model describes how specific information is observed and stored in the memory, and the last three stages involve turning mental representation into real-world judgments and decisions True False The U.S Census Bureau predicts that minority groups will constitute almost 50% of the U.S population by 2050 True False True - False Questions In the U.S., even though people of color earn less than whites, Asians had the highest median income True False Diversity is primarily an issue of race, age, and gender True False Accountability practices in managing diversity focus on preparing diverse employees for greater responsibility and advancement True False When an object stands out from its context, it is salient True False Perception is the innermost layer of diversity because it represents a stable set of characteristics that is responsible for a person's identity True False The tendency to avoid all extreme judgments and rate people average or neutral is the perceptual error called leniency True False Semantic memory refers to the general knowledge about the world True False Stereotyping begins by categorizing people into groups according to various criteria True False A stereotype is a mental picture of an event or object True False Managers tend to disproportionately attribute behaviors to internal causes True False Research reveals that individuals can be trained to be more accurate raters of performance True False Women constituted 46% of the labor force in 1996 and are expected to represent 67% by 2010 True False According to research on performance appraisal, managers should use more subjectively-based measures of performance as much as possible because objective measures are prone to bias and inaccuracy True False According to Kelley, a person is exhibiting high distinctiveness when he; she acts like the rest of the group True False Religion is one of the primary dimensions of diversity True False Unfortunately, stereotypes are always negative True False Affirmative action focuses on achieving equality of opportunity in an organization and is legally mandated in the United States by the Equal Opportunity laws True False It is important to remember that in attribution theory, consensus relates to other tasks, consistency relates to other people, and distinctiveness relates to time True False Unstable performance of a given task over time, according to Kelley, would mean low consistency True False “Encoding and simplification” is the first stage of the social information processing model True False The first stage of the social information processing model describes how specific information is observed and stored in the memory, and the last three stages involve turning mental representation into real-world judgments and decisions True False The U.S Census Bureau predicts that minority groups will constitute almost 50% of the U.S population by 2050 True False Free Text Questions Describe in detail the managerial implications of perception in any two areas Give an example of each Answer Given A wide variety of managerial activities are affected by perception The text talks about the following four: hiring, performance appraisal, leadership, communication and interpersonal influence, physical and psychological well-being and designing web pages Briefly describe the four stages of the social information processing model Answer Given Selective attention; comprehension; encoding and simplification; storage and retention; and retrieval and response Briefly describe Kelley's model of attribution Using an example, explain how attributions can be made internally or externally and what impact it may have on the employees and organizations Answer Given Students should address the three dimensions: consensus, distinctiveness, and consistency Managerial implications of attributions are discussed in the text Define “glass ceiling” What strategies can be employed by women to break the glass ceiling? A#Glass ceiling refers to the invisible barrier blocking women and minorities from top management positions At least four strategies have been identified by research that are critical in breaking the glass ceiling for women: consistently exceeding performance expectations, developing a style with which male managers are comfortable, seeking out difficult or challenging assignments, and having influential mentors Answer Given Discuss the commonly found perceptual errors Define each error and provide an example Answer Given Commonly found perceptual errors are halo, leniency, central tendency, recency, and contrast Briefly explain the four layers of diversity Identify at least four components of any two layers Answer Given The four layers of diversity are personality, internal dimensions, external dimensions, and organizational dimensions Identify and briefly describe the common barriers to implementing successful diversity programs Answer Given The common barriers to implementing successful diversity programs include: 1) inaccurate stereotype and prejudice, 2) ethnocentrism, 3) poor career planning, 4) an unsupportive and hostile environment for diverse employees, 5) lack of political savvy on part of the diverse employees, 6) difficulty in balancing career and family issues, 7) fears of reverse discrimination, 8) diversity is not seen as an organizational priority, 9) the need to revamp the organization's performance appraisal and reward system, and 10) resistance to change  ... evaluated Darlene's overall performance very high, every specific performance attribute Connor's rationale was that Darlene is the first to show up every day and therefore she is extremely hardworking... she has always performed at her best at World Class Computers She has also received the best performance ratings from her supervisor every year However, she has not been promoted for the last five... attribute behaviors to internal causes True False Research reveals that individuals can be trained to be more accurate raters of performance True False Women constituted 46% of the labor force in