Header Page of 258 B GIO DC V O TO TRNG I HC BCH KHOA H NI HONG TH VN ANH PHẫP BIN I TCH PHN KIU TCH CHP SUY RNG HARTLEY V NG DNG Chuyờn ngnh: Toỏn gii tớch Mó s: 62460102 LUN N TIN S TON HC NGI HNG DN KHOA HC: PGS TS NGUYN XUN THO H Ni - 2016 Footer Page of 258 Header Page of 258 LI CAM OAN Tụi xin cam oan õy l cụng trỡnh nghiờn cu ca riờng tụi, di s hng dn ca PGS TS Nguyn Xuõn Tho Cỏc kt qu lun ỏn l trung thc v cha tng c cụng b cỏc cụng trỡnh ca cỏc tỏc gi khỏc Cỏn b hng dn PGS.TS Nguyn Xuõn Tho Footer Page of 258 Tỏc gi Hong Th Võn Anh Header Page of 258 LI CM N Lun ỏn c nghiờn cu v hon thnh di s hng dn ca PGS TS Nguyn Xuõn Tho, ngi luụn quan tõm, ng viờn v ch dn tỏc gi nghiờn cu khoa hc Tỏc gi xin c by t lũng bit n sõu sc v s quý mn i vi thy Tỏc gi xin c by t lũng bit n sõu sc n cỏc giỏo s, cỏc thy-cụ v cỏc ng nghip seminar Gii tớch - i s, Trng i hc Khoa hc T nhiờn-HQGHN, seminar Gii tớch, Trng i hc Bỏch khoa H Ni Nhng ý kin ca cỏc giỏo s v cỏc ng nghip tham d cỏc semina ny ó giỳp tỏc gi trng thnh hn nghiờn cu khoa hc c bit, nhng ng viờn, nhn xột quý bỏu v ý kin úng gúp sõu sc ca GS TSKH Nguyn Vn Mu, PGS TS Trn Huy H, PGS TS Nguyn Thy Thanh, PGS TS H Tin Ngon, TS Nguyn Vn Ngc, PGS TS Trnh Tuõn, TS Nguyn Thanh Hng, TS Nguyn Minh Khoa, TS Nguyn Hu Th, l nhng kinh nghim quý bỏu tỏc gi hon thnh lun ỏn mt cỏch thun li Tỏc gi xin c by t lũng bit n chõn thnh n cỏc thy cụ B mụn Toỏn c bn, Ban lónh o v cỏc thy cụ, cỏc ng nghip ca Vin Toỏn ng dng v Tin hc ó to mt mụi trng hc v nghiờn cu thun li giỳp tỏc gi honh thnh lun ỏn ny Tỏc gi xin chõn thnh cm n s quan tõm v ch dn tn tỡnh v cỏc th tc hnh chớnh ca Lónh o v cỏc anh ch cụng tỏc ti vin Sau i hc, quỏ trỡnh tỏc gi hc v nghiờn cu ti Trng i hc Bỏch khoa H Ni Tỏc gi xin by t lũng ngng m v bit n sõu sc n GS TSKH V Kim Tun, trng i hc West Georgia, Carrollton, GA 30118, USA, ngi ó luụn cú nhng ch dn, gúp ý chõn thnh v sõu sc quỏ trỡnh nghiờn cu khoa hc v hon thnh lun ỏn ca tỏc gi Tỏc gi xin c by t lũng bit n n Ban giỏm hiu, cỏc phũng ban v cỏc ng nghip ca Trng Cao ng Cụng nghip Thc phm ó khuyn khớch, ng viờn v to iu kin thun li quỏ trỡnh tỏc gi hc tp, nghiờn cu, cụng tỏc v hon thnh lun ỏn Gia ỡnh luụn l ng lc to ln i vi tỏc gi Cụng sc v s ng viờn ca i gia ỡnh l nhng úng gúp thiờng liờng ó giỏn tip giỳp tỏc gi vt Footer Page of 258 Header Page of 258 qua nhiu th thỏch hon thnh lun ỏn Tỏc gi xin c by t lũng bit n n b m, chng, hai trai v anh em hai bờn ni - ngoi Tỏc gi Footer Page of 258 Header Page of 258 MC LC LI CAM OAN LI CM N MC LC CC Kí HIU DNG TRONG LUN N M U Chng KIN THC CHUN B 1.1 Tớch chp v tớch chp suy rng 1.1.1 Mt s tớch chp ó bit 1.1.2 Tớch chp suy rng 1.1.3 Mt s nh lý quan trng 1.2 Bt ng thc tớch chp 1.2.1 Cỏc bt ng thc tớch phõn 1.2.2 Bt ng thc tớch chp 1.3 Mt s hm c bit 11 24 24 24 27 29 29 30 31 33 Chng TCH CHP SUY RNG HARTLEY 2.1 Tớch chp suy rng Hartley-Fourier sine 2.1.1 nh ngha v cỏc tớnh cht 2.1.2 Tớch chp suy rng liờn quan n phộp bin i Hartley 2.1.3 ng dng 2.2 Tớch chp suy rng Hartley-Fourier cosine 2.2.1 nh ngha v cỏc tớnh cht 2.2.2 Phng trỡnh v h phng trỡnh Toeplitz-Hankel 37 37 37 45 48 58 58 62 Chng BT NG THC TCH CHP SUY RNG V NG DNG 3.1 Bt ng thc kiu Hausdorff - Young 3.2 Bt ng thc tớch chp suy rng Hartley-Fourier cosine 3.3 Bt ng thc tớch chp suy rng Hartley-Fourier sine 3.4 ng dng 72 72 75 85 88 Footer Page of 258 khụng gian Header Page of 258 3.4.1 3.4.2 3.4.3 3.4.4 Phng trỡnh tớch phõn kiu Toeplitz-Hankel Phng trỡnh vi phõn Bi toỏn Dirichlet trờn na mt phng Bi toỏn Cauchy cho phng trỡnh truyn nhit 88 89 91 92 Chng PHẫP BIN I TCH PHN KIU TCH CHP SUY RNG HARTLEY 4.1 Cỏc tớnh cht toỏn t 4.1.1 nh lý kiu Watson 4.1.2 nh lý kiu Plancherel 4.1.3 Tớnh b chn ca toỏn t vi-tớch phõn 4.1.4 Vớ d 4.2 ng dng 4.2.1 Phng trỡnh vi-tớch phõn 4.2.2 Phng trỡnh parabolic tuyn tớnh 4.2.3 H phng trỡnh vi-tớch phõn KT LUN KIN NGH HNG NGHIấN CU TIP THEO DANH MC CC CễNG TRèNH CễNG B CA LUN N TI LIU THAM KHO Footer Page of 258 95 96 96 100 103 105 108 108 112 112 117 118 119 120 Header Page of 258 CC Kí HIU DNG TRONG LUN N a Kớ hiu tớch chp, tớch chp suy rng v phộp bin i tớch phõn Cỏc tớch chp, tớch chp suy rng (ã ã) l tớch chp i vi phộp bin i Fourier (ã ã) l tớch chp i vi phộp bin i Laplace (ã ã) l tớch chp i vi phộp bin i Fourier cosine (ã ã) l tớch chp i vi phộp bin i Fourier sine (ã ã), (ã ã), (ã ã) l tớch chp, cỏc tớch chp suy rng i vi cỏc phộp F L Fc Fs H H11 H12 bin i tớch Hartley (ã ã) l tớch chp suy rng i vi cỏc phộp bin i Fourier sine v Fs Fc Fourier cosine (ã ã) l tớch chp suy rng vi hm trng (y) = sin y i vi cỏc phộp Fc Fc bin i Fourier sine v Fourier cosine (ã ã) l tớch chp suy rng i vi cỏc phộp bin i Fourier cosine v Fs Fs sine (ã ã) l tớch chp suy rng i vi cỏc phộp bin i Hartley, Fourier HF (ã ã) l tớch chp suy rng i vi cỏc phộp bin i Hartley, Fourier sine (ã ã) l tớch chp suy rng i vi cỏc phộp bin i Hartley, Fourier cosine Cỏc phộp bin i tớch phõn Phộp bin i cosine, phộp bin i sine (Tc f )(y) := (Ts f )(y) := f (x) cos(xy) dx, y R, f (x) sin(xy) dx, y R Footer Page of 258 Header Page of 258 Phộp bin i Hartley (H1 f )(y) = f (x) cas(xy)dx, (H2 f )(y) = f (x) cas(xy)dx, ú cas u := cos u + sin u l nhõn ca phộp bin i tớch phõn Hartley Phộp bin i Fourier (F f )(x) = eixy f (y)dy, y R Phộp bin i Fourier ngc (F g)(x) = eixy g(y)dy, y R Phộp bin i Fourier cosine (Fc f )(y) = f (x) cos(xy) dx, y R+ Phộp bin i Fourier cosine ngc (Fc1 g)(x) = g(y) cos(xy) dy, y R+ Phộp bin i Fourier sine (Fs f )(y) = f (x) sin(xy) dx, Footer Page of 258 y R+ Header Page of 258 Phộp bin i Fourier sine ngc (Fs1 g)(x) = g(y) sin(xy) dy, y R+ Th , Th1 l phộp bin i tớch phõn kiu tớch chp suy rng Hartley-Fourier cosine v phộp bin i ngc ca nú d2 (h f )(x), dx2 (Th f )(x) := d2 (h g)(x) dx2 Tk , Tk1 l phộp bin i tớch phõn kiu tớch chp suy rng Hartley-Fourier sine v phộp bin i ngc ca nú f (x) = Th1 g (x) := d2 (k f )(x), dx2 (Tk f )(x) := f (x) = Tk1 g (x) := d2 (k g)(x) dx2 b Cỏc khụng gian hm R+ = {x R, x > 0} Lp (R+ ), p < l hp cỏc hm s f (x) xỏc nh trờn R+ cho |f (x)|p dx < f Lp (R+ ) l chun ca hm f khụng gian Lp (R+ ), xỏc nh bi f Lp (R+ ) p |f (x)| dx := p f Lp (R) l chun ca hm f khụng gian Lp (R), xỏc nh bi f Lp (R) p |f (x)| dx := Footer Page of 258 p Header Page 10 of 258 L (R+ ) l hp cỏc hm s f (x) xỏc nh trờn R+ cho sup |f (x)| < xR+ f L (R) l chun ca hm f khụng gian L (R), xỏc nh bi f L (R) := sup |f (x)| R Lp (R+ , ), cho p < l hp cỏc hm s f (x) xỏc nh trờn R+ |f (x)|p (x)dx < , ú l mt hm trng dng f Lp (R+ ,) l chun ca hm f khụng gian Lp (R+ , ), xỏc nh bi f Lp (R+ ,) p |f (x)| (x)dx := p (R) l khụng gian ba tham s, xỏc nh bi L,, p L,, (R) := Lp R, |x| e|x| p f L,, (R) p , R, < < 1, > (R), xỏc nh bi l chun ca hm f khụng gian L,, p f L,, (R) p 1/p := |f (x)|p |x| e|x| dx c Cỏc hm c bit Erf(z), Erfi(z) tng ng l hm sai s (error function) v hm sai s o (imaginary error function) (z) l hm Gamma Gm,n p,q (ã) l hm Meijer G J (x), Y (x) tng ng l hm Bessel loi mt, hm Bessel loi hai I (z), K (z) l cỏc hm Bessel suy bin pF q(a; b; z) l hm siờu bi suy rng 10 Footer Page 10 of 258 Header Page 111 of 258 Vy phng trỡnh (4.40) tr thnh (H1 f )(y) = (Fc l)(y) (H1 g) = (H1 g)(y) H1 (l g)(y) Suy nghim nht ca phng trỡnh bi toỏn (4.33) cú dng (4.36) Vỡ g L1 (R), l L1 (R+ ) v theo tớnh cht ca tớch chp suy rng HartleyFourier cosine, suy f L1 (R) nh lý c chng minh Nhn xột 4.2.1 T bi toỏn (4.33), ta xột trng hp riờng k = 1, ú n k=1 d2 d2 + (2k 1) = dx dx Do ú, bi toỏn (4.33) tr thnh f (x) + (Th f )(x) = g(x), x R, (4.44) vi iu kin nh sau f (0) = 0, lim f (x) = lim f (x) = 0, x x ú f l n hm, g L1 (R), h L1 (R+ ) l nhng hm ó bit Ta d dng chng minh c nghim ca bi toỏn ny bi nh lý sau õy nh lý 4.2.2 Gi s hm h1 L1 (R+ ) tha iu kin 1+ y sech y + (Fc h1 )(y) = 0, y R+ , 2 (4.45) l L1 (R+ ) l hm c xỏc nh nh sau (Fc l)(x) = 1+ sech y y + (Fc h1 )(y) y + (F h )(y) sech y c 2 (4.46) Khi ú, phng trỡnh vi-tớch phõn (4.44) cú nghim nht L1 (R) xỏc nh bi cụng thc f (x) = g(x) (l g)(x), x R 111 Footer Page 111 of 258 (4.47) Header Page 112 of 258 4.2.2 Phng trỡnh parabolic tuyn tớnh Xột phng trỡnh parabolic sau õy u(x, t) u(x, t) = Th (u)(x, t) t x2 (4.48) ú, u(x, t) l hm cha bit, ta chn hm nhõn h(y) cho (Fc h)(y) = , + y2 ú tha iu kin (4.3) p dng phộp bin i Hartley i vi x cho c hai v ca phng trỡnh (4.48), v t (H1 u)(y, t) = U (y, t) ta nhn c phng trỡnh vi phõn sau d U (y, t) = y U (y, t) (1 + y )(Fc h)(y)U (y, t), dt tng ng vi d U (y, t) = (1 + y )U (y, t) dt Khi ú, nghim ca phng trỡnh ny cú dng U (y, t) = e(1+y )C(y)t (4.49) Chn C(y) v ỏp dng phộp bin i Hartley ngc, ta nhn c nghim ca phng trỡnh (4.48) nh sau u(x, t) = x2 2et 4t x + Erfi t t , (4.50) õy Erfi(t) l hm sai s o 4.2.3 H phng trỡnh vi-tớch phõn Xột h hai phng trỡnh vi-tớch phõn i vi phộp bin i tớch phõn kiu tớch chp suy rng Hartley-Fourier cosine cú dng f (x) + (Th g)(x) = p(x), g(x) + (Th f )(x) = q(x), 112 Footer Page 112 of 258 (4.51) Header Page 113 of 258 vi cỏc iu kin ban u f (0) = 0, g (0) = 0, lim f (x) = lim f (x) = = lim g(x) = lim g (x) x x x (4.52) x Trong ú, cỏc toỏn t Th , Th xỏc nh bi d2 1 (Th g)(x) := dx [g(x + u) + g(x u)]h(u)du , d2 Th f (x) := dx [f (x + u) + f (x u)]h(u)du , v cỏc hm h, h L1 (R+ ) xỏc nh nh sau h(x) = h1 ( ) sech (x), h(x) = h1 ( ) sech (x), Fc Fc (4.53) vi f, g L1 (R) l cỏc n hm; h, h1 , h, h1 , p, q l cỏc hm ó bit, v cỏc hm h1 , h1 L1 (R+ ); p, q L1 (R) nh lý sau õy cho phộp ta xỏc nh c iu kin cú nghim v cụng thc nghim ca h phng trỡnh vi-tớch phõn (4.51) nh lý 4.2.3 Gi s rng iu kin sau c tha y (1 + y )2 sech2 |(Fc h1 )(y)|2 = 0, y R, 2 (4.54) v gi s hm l L1 (R+ ) xỏc nh nh sau y (1 + y )2 sech2 |(Fc h1 )(y)|2 (Fc l)(y) = y 2 (1 + y ) sech |(Fc h1 )(y)|2 2 (4.55) Khi ú, h phng trỡnh vi-tớch phõn (4.51) vi iu kin ban u (4.52) cú nghim nht khụng gian L1 (R) ì L1 (R) xỏc nh bi f (x) =p(x) + (l p)(x) (h1 sech3 ) q (x) l (h1 sech3 ) q Fc 113 Footer Page 113 of 258 Fc (x) Header Page 114 of 258 g(x) =q(x) + (l q)(x) (h1 sech3 ) p (x) l (h1 sech3 ) p 2 Fc Fc (x) (4.56) Chng minh p dng phộp bin i Hartley H1 cho c hai v ca phng trỡnh th nht h (4.44) v ng thc nhõn t húa (2.46), ta cú (H1 p)(y) = (H1 f )(y) + (1 + y )H1 (h g)(y) 2 = (H1 f )(y) + (1 + y )(Fc h)(y) ã (H1 g)(y) Theo cụng thc (4.53), (1.11) v (1.9.4) [10], ta nhn c (H1 p)(y) = (H1 f )(y) + (1 + y )[(Fc h1 )(y) ã Fc (sech )(y)](H1 g)(y) = (H1 f )(y) + (1 + y )(Fc h1 )(y) ã Fc (sech )(y) ã (H1 g)(y) y = (H1 f )(y) + (1 + y ) sech (Fc h1 )(y) ã (H1 g)(y) 2 = (H1 f )(y) + 2Fc (sech )(y)(Fc h1 )(y) ã (H1 g)(y), tng ng vi (H1 p)(y) = (H1 f )(y) + 2Fc (h1 sech3 )(y) ã (H1 g)(y) Fc (4.57) Bng k thut tng t ta cú (H1 q)(y) = (H1 g)(y) + (1 + y )H1 (h f )(y), suy (H1 q)(y) = (H1 g)(y) + 2Fc (h1 sech3 )(y) ã (H1 f )(y) Fc (4.58) T cỏc cụng thc (4.57) v (4.58) suy h (4.51) vit c di dng (H1 f )(y) + 2Fc (h1 sech3 )(y) ã (H1 g)(y) = (H1 p)(y), Fc 2Fc (h1 sech3 )(y) ã (H1 f )(y) + (H1 g)(y) = (H1 q)(y) Fc 114 Footer Page 114 of 258 (4.59) Header Page 115 of 258 Xột h (4.59) ta nhn c = 4Fc (h1 sech3 ) (h1 sech3 ) (y) Fc Fc Fc y = (1 + y )2 sech2 |(Fc h1 )(y)|2 2 (4.60) T iu kin (4.54), theo nh lớ Wiener-Lộvy 1.1.1 tn ti hm l L1 (R+ ) cho cụng thc (4.55) tha Do ú, ta nhn c 4Fc (h1 sech3 ) (h1 sech3 ) (y) Fc Fc Fc =1+ 4Fc (h1 sech3 ) (h1 sech3 ) (y) Fc Fc Fc y (1 + y )2 sech2 |(Fc h1 )(y)|2 =1+ = + (Fc l)(y) y 2 2 (1 + y ) sech |(Fc h1 )(y)| 2 Khi ú, gii h (4.59) i vi (H1 f )(y) v (H1 g)(y), ta cú = (H1 p)(y) 2H1 (h1 sech3 ) q) (y), Fc = (H1 q)(y) 2H1 (h1 sech3 ) p) (y) Fc T ú, nhn c h sau (H1 f )(x) =(H1 p)(x) + H1 (l p)(x) 2H1 (h1 sech3 ) q (x) Fc 2H1 l (h1 sech3 ) q Fc 2 (x) (H1 g)(x) =(H1 q)(x) + H1 (l q)(x) 2H1 (h1 sech3 ) p (x) Fc 2H1 l (h1 sech3 ) p Fc 2 (x) Nhn thy rng, cỏc biu thc trờn l ỳng vi mi x R, iu ny tng ng vi nghim cn tỡm ca h phng trỡnh vi-tớch (4.51) l cụng thc (4.56) Do cỏc hm p, q thuc khụng gian L1 (R), cỏc hm h, h1 , h, h1 , l L1 (R+ ), nờn theo nh lý 2.2.1, suy f L1 (R), g L1 (R), v chỳng tha iu kin (4.54) nh lý c chng minh 115 Footer Page 115 of 258 Header Page 116 of 258 Kt lun chng Trong chng ny ó nhn c mt s kt qu sau: Xõy dng hai phộp bin i tớch phõn kiu tớch chp suy rng HartleyFourier cosine, Hartley-Fourier sine v nhn c cỏc toỏn t ngc tng ng Nhn c cỏc nh lý kiu Watson, kiu Plancherel L2 (R) Chng minh c tớnh b chn ca cỏc toỏn t tớch phõn ny khụng gian Lp (R), p Xõy dng c cỏc vớ d c th minh cho s tn ti ca cỏc toỏn t tớch phõn kiu tớch chp suy rng ó nghiờn cu, lm rừ hn s tn ti ca cỏc phộp bin i tớch phõn trờn ng dng gii phng trỡnh v h phng trỡnh vi-tớch phõn, nhn c cụng thc biu din nghim ca lp phng trỡnh o hm riờng parabolic 116 Footer Page 116 of 258 Header Page 117 of 258 KT LUN Cỏc kt qu chớnh ca lun ỏn ó t c: Xõy dng c cỏc tớch chp suy rng Hartley mi nh: Hartley-Fourier sine, Hartley-Fourier cosine, Hartley-Fourier, Hartley H1 v H2 Nhn c cỏc ng thc nhõn t húa, ng thc Parseval v nh lý kiu Titchmarch, nh lý kiu Wiener-Levy Nhn c cỏc bt ng thc tớch chp suy rng kiu Saitoh, kiu Saitoh ngc, kiu Young v kiu Hausdorff-Young ca cỏc tớch chp suy rng mi xõy dng p dng cỏc bt ng thc thu c a cỏc ỏnh giỏ nghim ca phng trỡnh tớch phõn kiu Toeplitz-Hankel v mt s bi toỏn Toỏn-Lý Xõy dng c hai phộp bin i tớch phõn kiu tớch chp suy rng Hartley-Fourier cosine Th , Hartley-Fourier sine Tk v nhn c cỏc toỏn t ngc tng ng Th1 , Tk1 Nhn c cỏc nh lý kiu Watson, nh lý kiu Plancherel L2 (R), tớnh b chn khụng gian Lp (R) vi p ng dng cỏc kt qu nhn c gii mt lp phng trỡnh v h phng trỡnh tớch phõn nhõn Toeplitz-Hankel, phng trỡnh vi phõn, phng trỡnh v h phng trỡnh vi-tớch phõn, phng trỡnh o hm riờng parabolic mt chiu 117 Footer Page 117 of 258 Header Page 118 of 258 KIN NGH HNG NGHIấN CU TIP THEO Mt s cn nghiờn cu tip theo nh sau: Nghiờn cu cỏc tớch chp, tớch chp suy rng i vi phộp bin i tớch phõn Hartley trờn thang thi gian v ng dng vo cỏc bi toỏn toỏn lý M rng cỏc kt qu nghiờn cu lun ỏn cỏc khụng gian n chiu (n 2) Nghiờn cu cỏc ng dng ca lun ỏn vo vic gii mt s bi toỏn thc tin 118 Footer Page 118 of 258 Header Page 119 of 258 DANH MC CC CễNG TRèNH CễNG B CA LUN N Thao N.X., Tuan V.K, and Anh H.T.V (2014), On the Toeplitz plus Hankel integral equation II, Integral Transforms and Special Functions, Vol 25, No 1, pp 75-84, (ISI) Thao N.X., and Anh H.T.V (2014), On the Hartley - Fourier sine generalized convolution, Mathematical Methods in the Applied Sciences, Vol 37, Issue 15, pp 2308-2319, (ISI) Anh H.T.V., and Thao N.X (2015), Hartley-Fourier cosine generalized convolution inequalities, Mathematical Inequalities and Applications, Vol 18, No 4, pp 1393-1408, (ISI) Thao N.X., and Anh H.T.V (2015), Hartley-Fourier sine generalized convolution inequalities, K yu hi ngh quc t v ng dng toỏn hc, nh xut bn Thụng tin v Truyn thụng, pp 120-131 119 Footer Page 119 of 258 Header Page 120 of 258 TI LIU THAM KHO [1] ng ỡnh ng (2009), Bin i tớch phõn, Nh xut bn Giỏo dc, H Ni [2] Nguyn Thy Thanh (2007), C s lý thuyt hm bin phc, Nh xut bn i hc Quc gia H Ni [3] Nguyn Vn Khuờ, Lờ Mu Hi (2010), Giỏo trỡnh gii tớch hm, Nh xut bn i hc S phm H Ni [4] Nguyn Vn Mu (2006), Lý thuyt toỏn t v phng trỡnh 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phộp bin i Hartley 2.1.3 ng... cỏc hm c bit Chng 2, xõy dng cỏc tớch chp suy rng Hartley mi l tớch chp suy rng Hartley- Fourier cosine, Hartley- Fourier sine, Hartley- Fourier, Hartley H1 v H2 Chng minh cỏc ng thc nhõn t húa,... tớch phõn kiu tớch chp suy rng Hartley v ng dng" Mc ớch, i tng v phm vi nghiờn cu Mc ớch: - Xõy dng mt s tớch chp suy rng Hartley Nghiờn cu cỏc tớnh cht ca cỏc tớch chp suy rng ny v ng dng gii