., PAPER Writing PAPER Use of English Part Part Part For questions 1-18, read the three texts below and decide which answer (A, B, C or D) best fits each gap PAPER listening ¥ PAPER Speaking sse tia tips ~ Read each text quickly to understand its general meaning before you attempt the task ~ The gapped word or phrase may be part of a fixed expression, collocation or phrasal verb, or it may be a discourse marker which affects the meaning of the text as a whole ~ Check the words before and after the gap carefully to decide what type of word you are looking for ~ Once you have finished the task, read the whole text again to check that your choices make sense in the text as a whole In ancient times the egg was a symbol of life, birth and fertility, and it featured prominently in several creation myths, representing the (1) beginnings of time and the birth of the universe It was also believed that the egg had magical powers: it could (2) off storms, illnesses and the evil eye In many societies decorated eggs were at the centre of rituals and ceremonies that (3) with the spring - a time of new life and growth after the long hard winter Today eggs continue to be important in many cultural and religious events - such as Easter - and shell decoration is an effective (4) for demonstrating artistic skills The symmetrical form of the egg - often (5) one of the most aesthetically pleasing shapes in nature - (6) itself to a great variety of decorative techniques: it can be dyed, painted and embellished and precious jewels A total A ward A A A A occurred method regarded helps B B B B B B complete put happened means considered lends with leaves and flowers, and even gold, silver C C C C C C absolute fend resulted vehicle viewed offers D D D D D D very send coincided drive seen provides Question 2: Which of the options forms a phrasal verb with 'off', meaning 'do something to protect yourself from'? Question 3: The preposition after the gap is regularly used with one of the options Question 4: The sentence talks about the activity of decorating egg shells and how this can demonstrate artistic talent Which option can be used to describe how something is conveyed? Question 6: One of the options is often used with a reflexive pronoun and the preposition 'to' to mean 'be suitable for being used in a particular way' Question 7: One of the options often collocates with 'collections' that are on display in museums and art galleries Question 9: The correct option is often used to express that someone or something possesses something impressive Question 12: The correct option must mean 'open a building officially for the first time' The Burlington Museum was recently re-opened after an extensive development programme that aims to make the collections (7) there more appealing to a wider public The Museum's fine collections can now be seen in more inspiring (8) , and exhibitions include a wide range of innovative displays which allow visitors to make use of the latest interactive information technology The Museum also (9) an excellent new education centre and art room, as well as a gift shop Finally, ramps and wider doorways offer improved (10) for the disabled and people with limited mobility The Museum worked closely with community groups to achieve its goals One of the (11) of this collaboration is a Buddhist shrine created with the assistance and advice of the local Buddhist community A priest (12) this significant exhibition and more than two hundred people of different faiths attended the event A A A 10 A 11 A 12 A set backgrounds boasts entrance effects installed B B B B B B placed contexts prides access outputs presided C C C C C C housed frameworks scores admission fruits commenced D D D D D D homed circumstances acquires admittance benefits inaugurated Question 14: The correct option must mean 'unexpected' Question 15: There is a 'trap' , here, so think carefully about the structure of the sentence and the meaning intended! Question 17: The correct option must mean 'lift something heavy' Peter's plane was due to leave at 8.40 am My father, having little (13) in my brgther's ability to get himself to the airport on time, had offered to drive him there A punotual man himself by nature, he detested the thought of any (14) delays, and so roused Peter as early as he dared (15) ,they arrived at the airport well in advance of the recommended two hours prior to departure They made their way over to the check-in desk, where a queue was only just starting to (16) up When his turn came, Peter handed over his passport and ticket and (17) his bags onto the conveyor belt The check-in attendant frowned 'I'm sorry, sir, but you aren't on the passenger list,' she said Then she took a closer look at his ticket and her eyes widened in surprise 'Now I see the problem You're booked on tomorrow's fli-9~t! You've come a day too early!' She turned to my father, who was temporarily (18) for words, and asked, 'Does he this often?' 13 A credit 14 15 16 17 18 A A A A A improper Subsequently build settled stunned B faith B unfounded B Duly B gather B hoisted B shocked C C C C C C belief groundless Consequently collect elevated lost 0 0 0 assurance untoward Finally grow handed struck CPE TEST PAPER Writing PAPER Use of English You are going to read four extracts which are all concerned in some way with the sense of touch For questions 19-26, choose the answer (A, B, C or D) which you think fits best according to the text PAPER4 listening PAPER Speaking E sential lips In touch with machines ~ This part of the exam tests your understanding of the whole short text or text organisation, and some questions may also focus on the details in sections of the text Engineers are finally beginning to recognise the value of the human touch with regard to the operation of mechanical devices Until recently, the makers of automated machinery seemed bent on rendering operators redundant by reducing their involvement with the machine to the touch of ~ Readeach text quickly to understand its general meaning before you attempt the questions a button This theoretically made the user's job easier, but in practice, they felt they had no connection with the machine or how it functioned The relatively new field of haptics is changing all that It focuses on ~ Readthe questions carefully and decide which part of the text they refer to ensuring that an operator can 'feel' what a machine is doing Haptic principles, which have been applied very successfully to cars and aircraft, ~ Look at key words in the questions and see how they relate to the relevant part of the text The text will probably express ideas using different words from those that appear in the questions and options are now being applied to earth-moving equipment with excellent results By programming haptic feedback into the electronic control system, engineers are helping operators to enhance their understanding of how a machine is responding to a particular terrain through feel, and by doing so, achieve optimum performance It is also hoped that operators will be able ~ Checkthat the option which answers the question or completes the question stem conveys the same meaning as that expressed in the text to anticipate possible hazards in the ground, such as hidden water or gas pipes, by means of haptic warning sensations transmitted through the controls and so take evasive action Question 19: What did the manufacturers before that is now changing? Question 20: Readthe second paragraph and think carefully about how haptic feedback helps the machine operator Which option describes this most successfully? 19 The writer says that until recently, the manufacturers of automated A intended to make the users of machines redundant machinery B felt no connection with the machine they were operating C largely ignored the human need for physical contact with a machine D used haptic principles to develop machinery 20 Haptic feedback A reduces the operator's understanding of how his or her machine operates B enables the operator to manoeuvre machinery over the ground C makes the operator's job less complex D makes the operator more aware of how his or her machine is performing fia f· Chiropractic Question 21: Readthe question stem and answer options Here, you are being asked in what way :; iropractors treat patients Find" - e part of the text which c swers this question Which otion expresses the same idea in other words? - - - - - - - - •.- , -Are you suffering from back pain or inexplicable headaches? Any strained muscles from playing sport or perhaps whiplash from a recent accident? Then what you may need is to visit your local chiropractor estion 22: Read the question =:-Bmcarefully Note that the er implies that a person who 'shes to visit a chiropractor ::~ould something; however, -'" does not give this advice =mlicitly Chiropractors diagnose and then treat problems musculoskeletal nature by making specific adjustments of the body - the spine in particular function of a neuroto the joints - in order to improve the of the nervous system, and thereby enable the body's natural healing processes to their work No drugs or surgery, just gentle manipulation Chiropractic is a primary for a doctor's regulations, at the hands of a trained specialist! health-care profession, referral Registered chiropractors negating the need are subject to rigorous and high standards of practice are maintained Patients enthuse about the wonderful feeling of release they experience after treatment, movement becomes So why not give it a try? Chiropractic and how much easier and more supple may change your life! 21 22 Chiropractors treat patients A by employing gentle massage techniques B by altering the alignment of bones in the body C by adjusting the position of nerves and muscles in the body D by manipulating the nervous system Before visiting a chiropractor, the writer implies you should A visit a doctor who can diagnose your problem B obtain a referral from your doctor C stop taking any medication D ensure they are a member of a recognised chiropractic organisation Question 23: Look for a word or phrase in the text that means 'realise' and what the writer say~ after this Which option expresses the same idea in other words? Also, think about the words in the options For example, if you 'conform' to something, what does that mean? Question 24: Think about the overall meaning of what the writer says in the second paragraph What does 'abstract images from forms' mean? What artists try to and how they it? How might the sense of touch help them to this? Art and Visual Impairment Ks a student artist with a minor visual impairment I had spent years trying to keep up with my peers, struggling to master the principles of colour, form and perspective, until it dawned on me one day that perhaps the skills I was attempting to develop need not necessarily be visual I started to re-examine the way in which I worked and realised that I could change my perspective, so to speak I started to devise a tactile approach to recording the world that would complement the way I experienced it - rather than merely trying to reproduce it Touch is far more meaningful to the visually impaired - blind people in particular - than it is for the majority of people It can offer an alternative means of observation that increases one's sense of perception and it provides a unique, non-visual way for artists to abstract images from forms Visual artists are taught to understand light I have been learning to understand space and distance, volume and dimension, form and substance, and to work with materials that occasionally dwarf me 23 What did the artist realise about herself? A She had been trying to conform to established ideas about art B She needed to improve her visual skills C She wasn't as talented as the other students in her class D She could improve her sight by changing the way she worked 24 How can touch be used in art? A It can improve one's powers of observation B It facilitates the power of sight C It enables artists to create without needing to see D It helps visual artists to experience large objects Question 25: Readthe question stem carefully You need to find the 'main' reason, which implies ¥ there may be other reasons too : just less important ones! Question 26: Be careful not to read too much between the lines You may think that a text implies something, but what does it actually say? Which of the options is stated explicitly in the text? In touch with the child Touch is the first sense to develop in the embryo Only a few weeks after conception a primitive nervous system linking skin cells to a rudimentary brain has already developed Throughout the gestation period the foetus's tactile system develops and it will remain a potent form of communication throughout the course of a person's life Essentially, touch aids psychological, intellectual and physical development while its absence can cause undeniable harm Touch is a child's first language Long before he can see, smell, taste or hear, he experiences others and himself through touch, the only reciprocal sense In our consumer based society, we misguidedly try to meet the sensory needs of the newborn by providing artificial stimulation and security, so that we can keep ourselves 'at a distance We put our children down to sleep in cots, monitoring their breathing with alarms while we sleep in the next room Instead of holding them close to our bodies, we push them around at arms' length in prams We suspend them in baby bouncers in an attempt to reproduce the experience of being jogged around in human arms But babies need their mothers, not machines and contraptions No invention can substitute for the direct physical contact that forms the basis of the mother and child bond 25 The main reason why touch is important A B C D it it it it is because is the first sense to develop facilitates healthy development improves our communication skills teaches us how to reciprocate 26 What is the writer's main point in the second paragraph? A B C D Children should never be left to sleep alone Most people fail to provide the right kind of security for their children Man-made objects cannot replace nature in providing tactile stimulation People should take a more active part in bringing up their children PAPER Writing PAPER Use of English You are going to read an article about palaeoanthropology Seven paragraphs have been removed from the article Choose from the paragraphs A-H the one which fits each gap (27-33) There is one extra paragraph which you not need to use PAPER4 Listening PAPER5 Speaking If these bones could talk To a palaeoanthropologist, the past is an open book, but one that fails to tell the whole story The covers are missing The first chapters may never be found There are hardly any pages, and most are so smeared and crumpled, so foxed and faded, that the text could mean almost anything The cast of characters is confusing and narrative thread anybody's guess Is it a detective story, a clifThanger, or a romance? Can there be a happy ending? CEJ _ Homo floresiensis was the mysterious survivor unearthed from a cave on the island of Flores in Indonesia: a pygmy descendant, perhaps, of Homo erectus, perhaps even connected to an earlier human species, but with this special feature: the bones were only 18,000 years old So Homo sapiens, Homo erectus, Homo neanderthalis and Homo floresiensis must have all shared the planet at the same time, tantalisingly recently: within the last 100,000 years perhaps Now only Homo sapiens survives Q!J_ Stringer, 57, is head of human origins at the Natural History Museum in London One of palaeoanthropology's big players, he has spent his career in pursuit of Homo neanderthalis and is also one of the great proselytisers of the Out-of-Africa theory, the one that says the human story begins on just one continent Homo floresiensis, however, astonished him ~ -'Nature is constantly experimenting I think a lot of people thought that humans were somehow different; that we had this all embracing culture and this unifying adaptation, which meant that human evolution progressed in a somewhat different way, because of our technology and the way we probably vainly think we are partly controlling the world now So people project backwards and think that humans are somehow special The evidence shows us that our evolution was as complex and as undirected, I suppose, as that of any other species we have studied.' ~ -Modern humans probably popped up within the last 200,000 years, but the things that make modern humans so distinctive in the fossil record - symbolic art, pottery and jewellery - bloomed only about 50,000 years ago Nobody in the world of palaeoanthropology considers modern humanity to be the flower of creation, either A temporary bloom, maybe QIJ_ Genetic evidence suggests humans may have come close to extinction a number of times in the past Modern humans shared the Middle East with Homo neanderthalis 120,000 years ago, and as Cro-Magnons became the sole tenants of Europe 30,000 years ago, a terrain held successfully by the Neanderthals for more than 100,000 years Did they compete? Did they co-exist? Did they trade, or cohabit? [E]~ _ 'I still tend to the view that the primary message would have been: different They would have had a different body language, a completely different way of communication; they would have had different behaviours.' @] -He and his co-author Peter Andrews - a former head of human origins at the Natural History Museum, and an expert on the early part of the human story - tried to tell the story of human evolution not just through time, but through its context, Stringer says: how you set about excavating a site, what a piece of tooth or jaw can tell you about ancient human behaviour In that, the title of the book means what it says: complete A It's humbling, Stringer says.'We shouldn't see ourselves as the summit of the pel{ection of whatever evolution is trying to achieve We seem to be very successful at the moment in terms of our numbers but, looking at it on a geological timescale, how ~uccessful will we look in 50,000 years, which is a very short time, geologically speaking?' E These B 'Neanderthals were certainly human and evolved as us in their own way, but they were different They had several hundred thousand years of evolving their own anatomy and behaviour But when these people met in Europe would they have seen each other as people? Or as someone different?' he says F There is a story-so-far, but that potted version of events is forever being revised, and nobody knows that better than Chris Stringer, one of the authors of a book published today called The Complete World of Human Evolution Complete? Stringer spent eight years on the text Then, late last year, he had to sit down in one night and compose an entirely new chapter to incorporate the discovery of Homo floresiensis, also known as the Hobbit C What stories could these bones tell? And who could have dreamed, before their discovery that some tree-climbing, pygmy-elephant-hunting human candidate could have survived on a tropical island while Homo sapiens moved into the Fertile Crescent, preparing to invent agriculture, civilisation and global terrorism? D He thinks the Neanderthals perished at a moment of maximum stress in the stop-go, hot-cold pattern of climate during the last ice age Though they left their mark in the Pyrenees, they never got to Britain at all But then the human occupation of Britain itself is a bit of a riddle There is evidence of it, most of it indirect, of little pulses of human occupation, and then a gap of 100,000 years when no humans appeared to have visited Britain at all Modern humans finally moved in and stayed only 12,000 years ago people were capable of making tools and butchering large beasts like rhinos They may not have killed these beasts themselves - they were, after all, dangerous animals - but even if they were just scavenging, it must have taken some degree of cooperation and organisation to have driven off the lions or wolves, and secured the carcass for themselves G Here is the orthodm,'Y, pieced together over a century or more by Darwin's disciples: primate creatures with a capacity for walking upright emerged perhaps twenty million years ago From these emerged the ancestors of all gorillas, all chimpanzees and all humans There is no line of evolution: think, instead, of foliage, and the surviving humans and two species of chimpanzees are just nearby buds at the ends of twigs dose together on the tree oflife H 'Until that turned up, we had no idea that ancient humans had ever reached as far as Flores We certainly had no idea that there was a completely new kind of human - or is it even human? That is still being argued about - living there, and the fact that it was still around there when modern people passed through the region Each of those is astonishing and that shows how little we knew about human evolution in that part of the world We are building up the pieces of a huge, complex jigsaw, and we still have a lot of spaces to fill in,' he says ~ This part of the exam tests your understanding of how a text is organised and, in particular, how paragraphs relate to each other ~ Underline time references and notice any changes in tense within a text The writer may be comparing a past situation with the present ~ Read the main text through first to get an idea of what it is about and how the writer develops his or her subject matter ~ When you have finished the task, read through completed text to make sure it makes sense ~ Read the paragraphs before and after each gap carefully to see how they are connected ~ Underline the names of people, organisations or places Also, underline reference words such as 'this', 'it', 'there', etc They will help you see connections between sentences and paragraphs ~ Read paragraphs A-H and the same, noting how each may be linked to the subject matter of the main article the Question 30: Compare the paragraph before the gap with that which comes after it Notice that in the paragraph after the gap, the writer makes use of a metaphor Look for an option which employs a similar use of language Question 32: In the paragraph before the gap, Homo neanderthalis is mentioned and questions are asked Look for an option which addresses these questions in some way You are going to read an extract from a short story For questions 34-40, choose the answer (A, B, C or D) which you think fits best according to the text PAPER3 Use of English PAPER4 Listening PAPER5 Speaking 'Time to go, Joe: Officer Dicks stands in the now open doorway to freedom I hesitate and contemplate this fact with some trepidation, oscillating between a feeling of excitement and one of utter dread I suddenly feel as if I am standing at the top of a precipice, parachute attached and ready to jump, but tortured by the overwhelming fear that when I jump the chute won't open After dreaming of this moment for years, endlessly counting off the days, over and over - ever since I came here, in fact - I am now gripped with a sense of terror at the thought that the time has actually arrived Bill, my soon-to-be erstwhile neighbour, notices my sudden reluctance and smiles, nodding sagely 'Hard, isn't it?' he says 'You spend all your time waiting for your release only to find that when it comes down to it, you don't want to go Much as you hate to admit it, this dump has become your home, and the lads, even the warden, bless him, welt they've become family: A sarcastic quip in response to this last remark dies in my throat It strikes me that this motley bunch of miscreants with whom I have co-existed for the last five years have indeed come to mean something to me, and that in spite of myself I will miss them Like a worn-out old coat that you can't throwaway, we have moulded together, an unlikely yet close-knit group, not particularly fond of each other, perhaps, but comfortable in the familiarity of each other's presence Bill, with his weather-beaten, pock-marked face and his infuriating habit of whistling the same tune over and over again has become like a brother to me He may irritate me to screaming point several times a day, and no doubt if you were to ask him about me, the feeling would be mutual, but we have grown used to sharing a fag and talking about nothing in particular It suddenly dawns on me that he understands me in a way nobody else ever has and I never have to pretend to be something I am not with him He just seems to know what is going on in my head and doesn't question it, but rather accepts it philosophically I realise there is something comforting about waking up every morning to the sounds of Bill moving around his domain next door Sighing, I take a last look around the walls of my cell Not much to look at because I never really bothered to decorate it, my mind determinedly focused on the temporary nature of my stay Even so, it is amazing how we unwittingly leave traces of ourselves wherever we go, stamping our self on everything we touch There is the rubber mark on the wall above my bed, made by my throwing a small ball at it every day, an activity which grated on Bill's nerves but which helped me calm my own Then the wall against which my bunk stands is spattered with writing: the lyrics of songs and the lines of poems that I have struggled not to forget Wherever I look, I see things that are familiar They define me in some way and give me my identity by which others recognise me Out there the unknown waits to engulf me, and the loneliness of being marginalised by society; I will be branded by the fact that I have done time - just another bad apple It occurs to me that we convicts spend all our time cooped up and trapped, longing for the moment we will be free again, not realising that there is a perverse freedom to being inside: a freedom from all forms of responsibility Your accommodation, food, clothing and essentials are all provided free of charge There is no need to work and you can spend all day reading or just doing nothing if you want to Such luxuries are hard to come by on the outside because out there you are' forced to fend for yourself and perhaps for others in an unforgiving society, and it's tough Out there, you must face life Here, you can turn your back on it, and that seems cosy and appealing to me right now Reaching the door, my threshold to freedom, I look over at Bill and say wryly: 'I1l be back before you know it: I I,· r " !lmp"""J' ssentia tips 34 In the first paragraph, how does the writer allude to his situation? A He has mixed feelings about it B He is afraid of heights C He thinks there may be disastrous consequences D He regrets wasting so much time 35 How did the writer react to Bill's comment? A He couldn't think of anything clever to say B He realised that Bill would miss him C He suddenly saw the warden as a member of his family D He thought Bill had made a good point ~ This part of the exam tests your detailed understanding of a text, including the views an;J attitudes expressed ~ Readthe whole text quickly for its general meaning - the gist ~ The questions follow the order of the text, although the last question may refer to the text as a whole or ask about the intention or opinion of the writer ~ Readeach question or question stem and try to identify the part of the text which it relates to Then read the relevant part of the text carefully and think of the meaning of what you are reading Look for the option that expresses this meaning, probably in other words ~ Be careful: some options may state facts that are true in themselves but which not answer the question or complete the question stem correctly; others may include words used in the text, but this does not necessarily mean that the meaning is correct; yet others may be only partly true 36 The writer and Bill A have nothing much in common B dislike each other C find solace in each other's company D have developed some peculiar habits 37 The writer finds it surprising A B C D he he he he that didn't decorate his cell after all these years has left evidence of his personality in the cell has spoiled the wall near his bed has forgotten the words to some songs 38 ~ Checkthat the option you have chosen is correct by trying to find out why the other options are incorrect How does the writer feel about leaving prison? A He is aware that there will be nothing familiar around him B He is worried that people won't recognise him any more C He is afraid that he will be ostracised as an ex-convict D He is concerned about leaving his old friends behind 39 Question 34: An option may be a 'rue statement in itself, but this does not necessarily mean it answers the question correctly Nhat does the writer actually tell liS about his feelings in this oaragraph? In the penultimate paragraph, what does the writer imply is ironic? A that prison offers certain liberties B that free people have many responsibilities C that luxuries are rare in the outside world D that prison life is more comfortable than life outside 40 Overall, the writer implies that leaving prison Question 38: If you not know - e meaning of the words in the options, guess For example, if ou not know what 'ostracised' eans,imagine how someone o has done time in prison ight be treated by the rest of A is an event that is long overdue B is a reason for celebrating C is not as joyful as he thought it would be D is only a temporary situation society estion 39: Make sure you ~ow what 'ironic' means Irony anbe difficult to detect in a text _ d you must be alert to the er's intentions Question 40: This question refers to the whole of the text Some of the options may be mentioned somewhere in the text and so appearto be correct, but this does not mean that they expresswhat the writer is implying overall Extract Three root of it all However, whether you believe in them or not, it Woman: Dad's been a bit lost since he retired last October Feels like he's out on a limb Mum says he just gets in the way and that he should go and join a golf club or something It must be pretty tough for him, though I mean, you give up your whole life serving your country and then suddenly, that's it - you're not needed any more is true that the vast majority of ancient temples, castles, churches, stone circles, megaliths and shrines tend to align in straight lines Anyone with a comprehensive tourist map, a pencil and a ruler can verify this For example if we consider a significant site in British folklore - the Tor at Glastonburywe see that it sits at the hub of a large number of ley lines which lead off directly through hundreds of other ancient sites Ley lines have been found connecting the stone circles Man: Yeah, but there's a reason why they're called the golden years Retirement needn't be the end of the world It could be the realisation of life's ambitions Take myoid man He always was a bit of an entreprel;leur, and by the time his first pension cheque came through, he and my mum had already invested in a few acres of land in the south of Spain They'd done their research and so their first year turned up a good vintage Now they're making a small fortune out of the vineyard, and living life to the full Extract Four Interviewer: My special guest today is Julia Jones, who set up her own tour agency with a view to catering for all those single females who need to get out a bit more Julia, what was your motivation for starting Travelling Ladies? Julia: Well I was in a dead-end job working anti-social hours and I knew I had to get out I already had some experience in the tourism industry and I thought the gap in the market was for singles Do you know how difficult it is to get a single room in some places? And the cost of a single supplement often puts it out of reach for most people Interviewer: Why concentrate on women only? Surely there are plenty of single men out there too? Julia: Well, I wanted to stay away from the stigma attached to 'singles holidays' I mean, not everyone who goes on holiday alone is going in the hope of some easy match-making It's a sure recipe for disaster anyway No it struck me that many single women don't have the confidence to go abroad or book holidays for themselves That's traditionally a male domain I just thought I could offer them something special that catered just for them of Scotland and there is even a ley line purported to be running right through Buckingham Palace But ley lines are not confined to the British Isles The Nazca lines, which cross the plains of Peru, are just one other example They also occur in China, Greece, Egypt and anywhere ancient peoples constructed their temples In the past thirty years or so there has been a resurgence of interest in ley lines Their existence was discovered, or should I say rediscovered, by a man called Alfred Watkins in 1921, who, while studying an ordnance survey map in Hertfordshire, noticed that a series of geological features and man-made sites appeared to have a most singular alignment He went on to publish a book propounding the theory that the constructions on ley lines were the navigational markers of ancient trade routes This theory was soon discredited, however, as few considered it plausible that a trader would have been willing to scale a high hill and then clamber down to the valley just to follow the straightest line across the land While most people agree that there appears to be a definite arrangement in the placing of these sites many consider them to be a mere coincidence Our own research at the Institute has indicated that an alignment of historical sites does not automatically determine the presence of a ley line, although it often points to one being there Instead, we believe that ley lines are a manifestation of the Earth's geomagnetic energy, which crisscrosses the land creating a network of natural power right under our feet There is compelling evidence to suggest that this energy runs in straight lines, much like the meridians - as any acupuncturist will tell you - that cover our bodies The monuments on them merely serve to reveal this network This would imply that either the peoples of ancient civilisations allover the world were aware of ley lines or they were unwittingly drawn to their power In ancient times, ~ ~ PART You will hear a radio talk about ley lines For questions 9-17, complete the sentences with a word or short phrase Interviewer: Today we're pleased to welcome Ruth Browning of the Gaia Institute, where for the past fifteen years they've been examining a phenomenon known as ley lines Ruth, what can you tell us about ley lines? Ruth: Well first of all it has to be said that there is still a lot of controversy surrounding ley lines with many sceptics doubting their existence altogether One definition of ley lines is that they are imaginary lines marking the alignment of ancient places of worship, but we believe there is nothing imaginary about them, that real geophysical power is at the people were far more in tune with nature and the earth than we are today relying more on their body's natural sensitivity and intuitive powers to locate underground water supplies or a sacred site for a temple or shrine There are other theories about ley lines Some believe that the location of ancient sites along specific lines was based on complex astronomical calculations made by the builders of ancient monuments, whose intention was to mirror the alignment of constellations in the sky And, according to some claims, UFO sightings often occur above ley line intensive areas In recent years, proving the existence of ley lines has been a favourite pastime of New Age enthusiasts, which is why scientists tend to take a dim view of the subject However, scientists who have studied ley lines claim that the places where they are said to intersect seem to have a stronger magnetic intensity than other areas, but the data is currently inconclusive, so the jury is still out on the subject ~ ~ PART You will hear part of an interview with an artist For questions 18-22, choose the answer lA, B, C or OJ which fits best according to what you hear )nterviewer: \Nekome "bacK.r-Dr 't'nose 0\ you w'no 'nave on)y just switched on your radio, we're talking today to artist Brendan Rothschild, whose recent exhibition of sculpture has received mixed reviews Brendan, the question most Brendan: Some of it, though it need not be abstract to be modern Throughout history, art has continued to evolve Those with the most vision, and sometimes - but not always those with the most skill, have found a way to move art forward Just look back over the past one hundred years Towards the end of the nineteenth century, artists like Van Gogh had pushed against the boundaries of what was considered acceptable art Poor old Vincent never sold a painting in his lifetime People weren't ready for his vision, but today his paintings sell for millions Other artists like Gauguin, Picasso, Duchamp and Matisse opened avenues for new ideas, new visions, challenging the notion of what art was supposed to be, and movements such as Cubism, Dadaism, Surrealism, Fauvism, Abstract Expressionism were all born as the result of somebody doing something that had never been done before frequently raised has been about whether your work can even be classified as art How does that make you feel? Interviewer: Do you think other factors influenced the way art was developing? Brendan: Well to tell the truth, I try not to let it get to me My art is meant to be provocative, and if some people are provoked then at least it's having the desired effect After all, the perception of art is in the eye of the beholder, and there will always be someone whose definition of art will differ from mine Brendan: Certainly, the invention of the camera had an impact on the role of art No longer was it necessary for artists to imitate life, and the rich lost their excuse to commission renowned artists to show off their wealth with portraits of thoroughbred horses and greyhounds Technology was suddenly capable of doing that and photography was soon available to everyone This gave artists the freedom to experiment with materials, with colour, with perspective to challenge the way we see things and even our notions of what constitutes reality Interviewer: And what is your definition of art, if you don't mind my asking? Brendan: Sure, why not? I believe that art is anything created in the name of art For example, if I stand on this chair and call it art, then it is, because I made it to be art Now whether it is good, bad mediocre or any other adjective you care to attach to it is purely subjective, and everyone's welcome to their opinion Interviewer: Which brings us back to what you were telling us before the break about your own work So where you see your work going in the future? Brendan: Forward, I hope Interviewer: But surely, anybody could stand on a chair and call it art? Brendan: Yes, but they don't, they? That's the point Much of the time, what really succeeds as art is something that hasn't been done before Technical skill rarely comes into it All the skill in the world doesn't necessarily make you an artist Conversely, there are a good number of artists out there that have made a living - even become famous - despite having little or no technical ability They just had an original way of expressing an old idea, or a traditional way of expressing an original one Interviewer: So if I picked up a bucket of paint and threw it at a canvas, that would be deemed art? Brendan: Certainly it would, if that had been your intention It wouldn't be very successful, though, as it's already been done In fact, thinking of something novel and then expressing it successfully is harder than most people think Some say that modern art has reached an impasse, but I think that's narrow thinking Twenty-first century art is just searching for another flash of inspiration Interviewer: Do you believe that abstract art is a reflection of our times? ~ ~ PART You will hear an interview with Mark and Trudy, two zoologists For questions 23-28, decide whether the opinions are expressed by only one of the speakers, or whether the speakers agree Write T for Trudy, M for Mark or for 80th, where they agree Interviewer: The system by which honeybees communicate the location of food sources has fascinated animal behaviourists ever since the 1920s, when eminent Austrian zoologist Karl von Frisch began to research the subject In the studio today we have invited Dr Mark Sherlock and Dr Trudy Collins to reveal more about this mysterious activity Mark, what can you tell us about honeybee communication? Mark: What I can tell you is that honeybees communicate using what is probably the most complex symbolic code system in the animal world The discovery that came to be known as the 'honeybee dance language' is considered by many to be one of the greatest in behavioural science Trudy: What many scientists disagree on is whether the system honeybees use can be called a language or whether these insects instinctively perform dances in order to pass on the aromas of flower patches to other bees which are then guided by their olfactory senses to the food source Mark: Karl von Frisch who received a Nobel Prize for his work on insect communication spent a good part of his life trying to prove that the way honeybees communicate is far more than just an arbitrary use of signals It is almost a conscious choice of symbols made by the 'dancer' and correctly interpreted by the other bees It is in other words a language Trudy: Except that the idea of a non-human language conflicts deeply with what most of us consider to be our own unique achievement, as can be seen from the reaction by some scientists to language experiments involving primates or certain aquatic mammals Mark: Nevertheless, Von Frisch discovered that foraging honeybees could communicate the exact location of food sources, impart the quality of the food and convey other critical information that the colony might need Trudy: Yes, what he observed is that on returning to the hive, a forager bee - one that has been out scouting for rich food sources -will perform a dance in a designated area called the dance floor, and other bees - usually called recruitment bees - will then leave the hive to follow the dancer's instructions to the food source Mark: The dances definitely serve a communicative purpose as they are never performed without an audience Von Frisch noted two kinds of dance: circular dances are used to communicate the existence of food that is in the vicinity of the hive, while waggle dances tend to communicate the existence of a food source which could be several miles distant There is a clear correlation between the angle of the dance and the direction of the food source Trudy: What von Frisch also discovered is that the bees position themselves on the vertical combs of the hive at an angle which indicates the position of the sun while the angle between the vertical and the straight run of the waggle dance is equal to the angle of the sun above the horizon The speed of the dance is thought to indicate the distance from the hive to the food source, as dances slow down when food sources are moved further away Mark: The duration of the dance is also thought to be a factor that indicates distance or perhaps the difficulty involved in getting to the source - for example, flying uphill or against the wind, And the desirability of a food source is indicated by the vigour with which the dance is performed - sluggish dances may indicate a source which will not yield a great reward and they will also attract fewer new recruits than more vigorous dances Trudy: There is certainly enough evidence to suggest that bees communicate to each other using more than just olfactory signals But at the end of the day, if someone doesn't want to believe that animals use a symbolic language, nothing is going to convince them Mark: Well, I for one believe that there's certainly a lot more to these little creatures than we tend to give them credit for ~ ~ PART You will hear four different extracts For questions 1-8, choose the answer (A, B or C) which fits best according to what you hear There are two questions for each extract Man: Now, consider your dining room chairs for a moment More than any other piece of furniture dining chairs need to withstand the wear and tear of daily life, Think about what you to that chair Firstly, you sit on it - obviously! But think about how you sit down No doubt you deposit yourself on it with force You may also lean back in your chair and casually tip it onto its back legs Imagine the strain this places on the chair's rear joints Apart from this, when you change a light bulb, or get that book down from the top shelf, it's usually the good old dining chair that gets dragged across the room to stand on So different parts of the chair experience a great deal of stress and strain at different times Therefore, designing a chair successfully is a matter of engineering first and foremost, and then aesthetics The creation of strong joints between the seat rails and the legs is vital because these come under tremendous pressure There are various ways in which joint reinforcements can be worked into the design of the chair and this is something we'll be looking at over the next few sessions Extract Two Woman: Customer Services Department, can I help you? Man: I hope so, love Bill Rice from Home Delivery Bit of bother with one of the orders The address on the invoice, I can't find it, see Woman: Er it should be at the top Man: No no, love! I mean I can't find the place Drew Top Drive doesn't seem to exist I've been driving round looking for it for the last hour Someone must have got it wrong on the papers, probably at the loading bay Man: Right you are Hang on a tick 'Ere it is Difficult to see without my glasses 0024 Customer's name, Hicks, A fridge freezer Woman: Just a moment, The address I've got here is 40, Dew Drop Lane Man: There you are What did I tell you? I dunno, These girls in the depot office The paper comes in from the store but they're too busy gossiping to read the address properly before typing it Thanks, love, Best be off I'm running late, Bye, now, Extract Three precisely the location of the ancient citadel Commanding Woman: The truth is we our children a grave injustice by extraordinary skills in engineering and at the same time displaying a deep respect for the landscape, the Incas constructed the city on top of a mountain overlooking the valley of the River Urubamba testing them all the time The purpose of education is not only to teach, but to instil in the child a desire to learn, surely The success of a teacher should be gauged not on what grades her students attain but rather on how many of them enjoy being in her class We need to motivate children instead of highlighting their mistakes and making them hate school by humiliating them in front of their peers Tests serve a useful purpose for the teacher onlv By demonstrating what children not know they allow the teacher to place emphasis on making sure that he or she then learns it No one, child or adult, likes being tested Yet given the chance to show off what we can well, we shine And just as a child longs to see his mother's face light up with pride at his achievements, so the adult craves the admiration of his friends and colleagues What I'm saying is encouraging a child to develop his mind freely will breed more success than forcing him to learn under threat of low marks Extract Four Interviewer: Without doubt your book about the Vendee Globe single-handed round-the-world yacht race not only makes fascinating reading but also restores readers' faith in human nature Personally I felt humbled by the magnitude of what you achieved and in particular the sacrifice you made You were in with a chance to win one of the most prestigious races in the yachting world, yet you gave it all up to go and rescue a fellow competitor who was in distress I cannot imagine what that decision must have cost you Sailor: It's a funny thing, really I won't pretend it wasn't a wrench giving up my chances in the race but there was never any question of my not going back for Roget I was daunted by the enormity of the task that lay ahead of me, for conditions were appalling, with winds of up to sixty knots and ferocious seas But the code of the sea is unequivocal on this point: if someone is in trouble you go to help I couldn't have lived with myself or faced the people I love if I hadn't gone No prize is more precious than human life What's particularly remarkable about the site is the fact that while the citadel perches on the summit the Incas constructed a complex series of agricultural terraces descending the steep irregular slopes of the mountain If you look at photograph B behind me er you can see that these tiers extended over a terrain of varying altitudes which meant that the farmers had to contend with a variety of changeable climatic conditions How they overcame this problem with such success remains a mystery to this day An interesting factor to observe here is the skilful manner in which they constructed these andenes as they are also called in harmony with the landscape The irrigation channels running between them served a dual purpose in providing each terrace with supporting walls as well as supplying it with water Given the diversity of the terrain and environmental conditions, the fact that these terraces are still intact demonstrates the exceptional quality of the Incas' engineering skills This is further illustrated by the extraordinary design and structure of the urban sector When Hiram Bingham made his momentous discovery of Machu Picchu in 1911, it was purely by chance He had been searching for another legendary lost city of the Incas, Vileabamba What he found instead overwhelmed him Separated from the agricultural sector by a large perimeter wall of stone built in a style characteristic of the Incas the urban area consisted of 172 compounds of different shapes and sizes These were connected by 109 stairways Each enclosure appears to have had a specific function, judging from evidence found during excavation For example, one was for storage, no doubt of the crops that had been harvested Another contained a number of mortars and must have been where corn beer was made Several exquisite buildings stand out as being the most important on the site, and these were the Coricancha, or Temple of the Sun, the Aqllawasi - House of the Virgins, and the Temple of the Three Windows, which were involved in rituals and religious ceremonies Then a specially sculpted stone, the Intihuatana, was used for astronomical observations of an advanced kind The ~ ~ PART You will hear part of a lecture on the lost city of Machu Picchu in Peru For questions 9-17, complete the sentences with a word or short phrase Presenter: Good morning, everyone Today's lecture is about a place that is close to my heart - the historic lost city of the Incas, Machu Picchu And here to tell us about it is one of the leading experts in the field, Professor Elizabeth Harrington Professor: Thank you Well, as you can see from the photographs on display behind me, Machu Picchu is indisputably one of the world's most impressive archaeological sites enclosures extended outwards from a large central public square, with two smaller ones a little further out, exemplifying the meticulous design and functional organisation of the city Coupled with this was a deep-rooted desire to blend with the natural surroundings shown by the fact that many sacred rocks and stones were carefully incorporated into the design without being adulterated Built at the end of the fourteenth century and known to have been functioning well into the sixteenth century Machu Picchu stands testimony to the Incas' engineering skills and aesthetic sensitivity Perhaps even more than this, it illustrates the sheer endurance of these people, making their sudden disappearance all the more difficult to explain There is no sign of the Spanish conquerors having ever reached the city and some scholars argue that the city became depopulated before the Spaniards even arrived This offers a possible explanation for the fact that Bingham found no treasures of gold or silver at the site Perhaps the people themselves removed the treasures to a safer location Yet why the people left remains a mystery Were they destroyed by war with a rival tribe? The Incas themselves were known to annihilate a defeated enemy This could have been the fate of the people at Machu Picchu Another possibility is that an epidemic wiped out the inhabitants of Machu Picchu and the city was never re-populated Whatever the explanation, this piece of the puzzle has eluded historians, and as such offers a fascinating challenge to historians of the future ~ ~ PART You will hear part of a radio interview with a member of a language revival action group For questions 18-22, choose the answer (A, B, Cor 0) which fits best according to what you hear Presenter: Good evening This week on Right to Speak, we'll be looking at the revival of some of the British Isles' dying languages, and it gives me great pleasure to welcome the first of tonight's speakers Philip McNair is a teacher of Gaelic and a member of an action group endeavouring to revive Gaelicmedium teaching in Scottish schools Philip, a lot's been happening recently in Scotland with regard to the revival of the Gaelic language Can you tell our listeners a little bit about it? Philip: Certainly, Pamela Well the Scottish Parliament recently passed a bill recognising Gaelic as an official language of Scotland and this constitutes the culmination of a long struggle on the part of many people myself included to cain official support in promoting the teaching of Gaelic in schools Presenter: But you've taken it a step further than that, haven't you? Philip: We have indeed Following the success of the Welsh initiative in using their native language as the teaching medium in schools, we decided to try to the same for Scotland Presenter: And would you say the interest is there, among young people, as well as old? Philip: Oh, aye, definitely There's already a fair number of upils who have been educated in Gaelic throughout primary school and who would like to continue their secondary education in the same vein The problem is facilities are as yet sufficient for them to so Presenter: Why is that? Philip: Well, it all boils down to a matter of staff There's a lack of trained secondary school teachers who are able or even willing to use Gaelic as their teaching medium According to figures, in 2003 there were 152 primary school teachers teaching through the medium of Gaelic, while in secondary education, they numbered only 26 So our action group aims to encourage and recruit more teachers at this level There are intensive language courses available for already qualified teachers, which it is hoped will motivate them to build their knowledge of the language up to the level required for secondary teaching We've also set up several part-time teacher training courses and there are currently two distancelearning courses run by Aberdeen University and Lews Castle College on Stornoway In fact, the first group of trainees from Aberdeen graduated with flying colours in June this year, providing Gaelic-medium schools with twenty new primary teachers and five secondary school teachers And numbers are growing Philip: For the moment, yes, but I think the tide's turning We've secured four million pounds from the government spend on training resources, and are dedicating a large portion of that to secondary teacher training and to the provision of classroom resources for Gaelic medium teaching The important thing is, I think, to encourage people as a whole to want to revive the language, at home as well as at school, not only to prevent it from dying out, but in order to develop it as part of their cultural identity once more Linguistically Scottish Gaelic is a member of the Goidelic branch of Celtic languages along with Irish and Manx In the case of the latter the last native speaker died on the Isle of Man in 1974, and Manx was then officially declared a dead language This sent shockwaves through many Celtic communities and sparked a renewed interest in reviving Celtic languages It's worth noting that today there are several hundred Manx speakers, and I think this is proof that people care about their cultural identity and want to hold onto it Gaelic represents an important part of our cultural heritage as Celts, whether we are Scottish, Irish, Manx or Welsh, and we have a duty to protect and uphold it We are lucky in Scotland because the forming of the Scottish Parliament enabled the Gaelic revival movement to gain political clout and as a result provided us with the financial means to achieve our aims We now have the necessary funds to make our ideas work This in turn has encouraged an increase in interest among the general public because they no longer see the language as a lost cause Presenter: Philip McNair, thank you And on that note, let me introduce our next guest for this evening, from the Isle of Man Dave: Do you really? Oh, give me a live show any day - and work under one roof Who wants the hassle of carting forty ~ ~ PART You will hear two costume designers, Dave and Karen, discussing their work in theatre and film For questions 23-28, decide whether the opinions are expressed by only one of the speakers, or whether the speakers agree Write K for Karen, D for Dave or for 80th, where they agree Karen: Why, I look exhausted? Actually, I've just finished working on a film that's due out in October and, I can tell you, I'm looking forward to getting some sleep! Dave: I thought you didn't like working in film Didn't you once say that nothing compared with theatre work? Karen: I may have done But you know how it is in our business If you get a break, can you honestly pass it up? It's so difficult to get your foot in the door of the film industry, and let's face it, that's where the real money is Dave: Yeah, but is money what it's all about? I mean, the last time I worked on a film, I got up at the crack of dawn, drove fifty miles to the location of that day's shoot only to find myself hanging around most of the day while they struggled to get one scene right You don't get any of that in the theatre! Karen: Oh, come on! Sometimes you're rushed off your feet on a film set Dave: Mmm, but even then, there's a lot of messing about The money may be attractive, but is it worth it? All that time you spend drinking cups of insipid tea while you're waiting for the rain to stop, or some pretty boy protagonist to get his act together Karen: Umm, that is a downside, I must admit Actors in the theatre tend to be more conscientious about learning their lines and so on, and that certainly makes work flow more smoothly Still, there's something about film I can't quite put my finger on it, but it's somehow, well, more challenging Perhaps because of the extra pressure you're under Not only is it tough for a designer to break into film, but once you're in there's no guarantee that you've made it There's no leeway for mistakes One badly done job and you're finished The word goes round and you don't get a second chance So you've got to be on your toes all the time Ready to jump from scene to scene at the drop of a hat having to make sure you've got the right costumes ready for each shoot rushing off to different locations There's a certain edge to it, and I love that costumes in the pouring rain to some godforsaken outdoor location? But it's not just that Don't you feel that things aren't so intense in the theatre? You can get away with minor glitches, and more importantly your hard work gets' recognised You're a part of the team and everyone supports each other It's not so backstabbing Karen: That depends who you work with! I know what you're saying, though There's nothing so exhilarating as a first night with everyone pulling together to make it all happen, followed by the party afterwards, You can let your hair down Dave: Exactly! There's a kind of camaraderie that you just don't get in film Karen: That's possibly down to the fact that a film crew is much larger, and people aren't all working together at the same time You have to admit, Dave, you meet a more diverse range of people working on a film, and that can be inspiring, 1f you're lucky enough to get on a film with a large budget you may even find yourself working at the cutting edge of the industry with some of the most creative people in the business Dave: So would you say you're finished with the theatre, then? Karen: No, of course not! I'm not belittling the work we in the theatre! Far from it, and I'll go wherever there's work I can't believe you'd say no to film work that came your way, either It would be suicide! D UNIVERSITY of CAMBRIDGE ESOL Examinations • I IIII 11111 Candidate Name Candidate Name Ifnotar(~ II not