23.11.2016 GRAMMAR OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE LECTURERS LOGO Ph.D Pham Thi Thanh Thuy  Faculty of Foreign Languages  Room 104 Building 6B, NEU  Mobile: 0912953737  Email: thuyflc@gmail.com Nguyen Thi Phuong Thu, MA  Faculty of Foreign Languages  Room 104 Building 6B, NEU  Mobile: 0989736067  Email: legendofthefall@yahoo.com 23.11.2016 Warm up LOGO For 5‟ please share with your friend your thought about grammar What are your strengths and weakness in grammar Introduction LOGO Course objectives:  To provide students theoretical knowledge about main areas of English grammar (morphemes, words, phrases, clauses and sentences)  To provide students exercises so that they can apply the theories into practice  To get the students practice skills in analyzing and explaining grammar- related phenomena  To develop for students critical thinking in judging one grammatical usage in reality 23.11.2016 LOGO Introduction Learning outcomes:  Understand some basic concepts of morphology and syntax  Use terminology necessary for the description of word formation, parts of speech, and sentence elements and structures  Master basic concepts of clauses and sentences  Analyze and explain grammatical phenomena related to syntax  Reflect understanding of the main areas of English grammar on the implications for language learning and teaching, translation and interpretation Course description      Inputs Grammar theory Seminar skills Writing skills Applicable research Presentation skills LOGO Outputs  Productive discussion sessions  research project carried out  2000-3000-word written reports on the research projects (discourse analysis)  15-minute group presentations on the research project (excluding time for questions) 23.11.2016 Organization LOGO  Class time: Inputs provided by teacher  Facebook: kellypham  Email address: thuyflc@gmail.com  Individual work: Group-projects (8 groups)  Deadlines (see more the syllabus)-might be adjusted  By Friday: submit the outline  By Monday: submit raw materials (collected word files)  By Wednesday: submit slides  Friday: Presentation * Cross-check groups: Check the submitted materials (online) and provide detail comments NO LATER than day after submission Evaluation LOGO Attendance, Progress outcomes, individual comments: 10% Assignments 20% Midterm 10% Final 60% 100% 23.11.2016 Objectives LOGO Understand of varieties of English Define a language Some ways of thinking about grammar Grammar development Grammatical units Brainstorming LOGO How many kinds of English? How many people use English? What are some reasons/ factors making English different? 23.11.2016 English is… LOGO  Native language: Approximately 400m (374m) native speakers in Britain, Ireland, the USA, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, the Caribbean, India, and Africa  Second language: Millions of speakers in Africa, and India  Foreign language: or billion speakers  Official and national language in Britain, Ireland, Canada, USA, Australia, New Zealand, India, Kenya, Singapore English is… LOGO 80% of all computer information is stored in English 75% of the world‟s mail, telex, and cable traffic is in English 50% of the world‟s technical and scientific publications are printed in English Used as spoken and written language The largest vocabulary of the major languages (500,000 English words; only 185,000 German, 100,000 French) 23.11.2016 Varieties of English LOGO  Regional variation:  Geographical difference is the classic basis for linguistic variation  “Dialects” is resulted from • • • • Regional separation of English-speaking communities Socioeconomic Ethnic Gender  Regional variation is predominantly in phonology, lexical, grammar (less extensive, less obtrusive)   + North America can distinguish Canadian, New England, Midland, and Southern   + British Isles, Irish, Scots, Northern, Midland, Welsh, South-western, London- similar varieties Education and Social Differences LOGO Speech in educated and uneducated people:  Educated speech: refer to Standard English of learned professions, the political parties, the press, the law court and the institutions: formal; impersonal (one, it, this);  Uneducated speech: = substandard English (e.g I don’t want no cake)  British & American English: predominant standard English 23.11.2016 Varieties according to Subject Matter LOGO  Different discourse  “registers”  Register: National standard vs regional dialect  Same speaker: Different lexical items habitually: law, engineering, football  Registers:  formality;  mode of communication  Genre  Occupation  Topic Varieties according to Medium LOGO Written medium: presumes the absence of the addresser  frank/ explicit; careful; precise sentence; Spoken medium: face-to-face talk: acceptable odd words, supported by gesture; long explanation; + effect of stress, rhythm, intonation, tempo 23.11.2016 Varieties according to Attitude LOGO Different attitudes toward the hearer/ reader  different styles  Stiff >< relaxed  Formal >< informal  Cold >< warm  Impersonal >< friendly  E.g It would be hard to address all uncomfortable factors…  It’s stuffy to tell all disgusting stuffs Varieties according to interference LOGO Interference = the trace left by someone‟s native language upon the foreign language he/she has acquired  Singlish; VietnameseEnglish; E.g:  French: I am here since Thursday  Vietnamese: I was come here yesterday/ I comed here yesterday 23.11.2016 Concepts of Language LOGO Language = a means to communicate meaning  Literal meaning/ What is meant  Referential meaning/ What is expressed  Literal meaning/ Direct meaning  Nonliteral meaning/ Indirect meaning E.g It is 12:00 noon Concept of Language LOGO A language uses sound as its primary means of expression  Children learn to talk before learning to write  Language exist when there is no writing system  Spoken language existed 30,000 years ago vs writing is only a few thousand years old  Language is a mean to relate sounds to meanings 10 23.11.2016 LOGO Nominal clauses Subject That you loved me is a joke That-clauses Direct object She told me that she loved me Wh-interrogative clauses Yes-No interrogative clauses Nominal relative clauses Appositive Your opinion, that grammar lessons are easy, is different from me To-infinitive nominal clauses Adj complement Nominal-ing clauses Bare infinitive and verbless clauses I am pleased that you are studying noun clauses LOGO Nominal clauses Subject Why they did that remains a secret That-clauses Wh-interrogative clauses Yes-No interrogative clauses Nominal relative clauses Direct object I don’t know where Mai is Subject Complement The problem is who will be responsible for the work To-infinitive nominal clauses Adj complement Nominal-ing clauses Bare infinitive and verbless clauses I am not sure what you mean Appositive Your first question, what the appositive means will be answered later Prep complement Yen talks about who won the game 313 23.11.2016 LOGO Nominal clauses Yes-No interrogative clauses That-clauses Wh-interrogative clauses Yes-No interrogative clauses -Formed with “if” or “whether” E.g Do you know if/ whether the teacher has come yet? Nominal relative clauses To-infinitive nominal clauses Nominal-ing clauses Bare infinitive and verbless clauses LOGO Nominal clauses Subject What he is looking for is a wife That-clauses Wh-interrogative clauses Yes-No interrogative clauses Nominal relative clauses To-infinitive nominal clauses Nominal-ing clauses Bare infinitive and verbless clauses Direct object I want to meet whoever deals with problems Appositive Tell me your nickname, that is, the way your friends often call you Prep complement Believe in whatever I say Subject Complement Class is where you learn Object Complement You can call me whenever you want 314 23.11.2016 LOGO Nominal clauses To-infinitive nominal clauses That-clauses Wh-interrogative clauses Yes-No interrogative clauses Nominal relative clauses To-infinitive nominal clauses Nominal-ing clauses Bare infinitive and verbless clauses -S: To become an MC has always been my dream -Od: John wanted her to open the door -Cs: My wish is to stay here one more week -Ap: His ambition, to be a famous writer, was fulfilled -C adj: I‟m glad to help you LOGO Nominal clauses That-clauses Wh-interrogative clauses Yes-No interrogative clauses Nominal relative clauses To-infinitive nominal clauses Nominal-ing clauses Nominal-ing clauses - Function as S, Od, Cs, Appositive, C prep & C adj - Genitive case in formal style E.g I‟m surprised at his making that mistake Objective or common case: E.g I‟m surprised at him making that mistake Bare infinitive and verbless clauses 315 23.11.2016 LOGO Nominal clauses Bare infinitive and verbless clauses That-clauses - „to‟ is optional in case of „do‟ proform E.g All I did was (to) turn off the gas Wh-interrogative clauses Yes-No interrogative clauses Nominal relative clauses To-infinitive nominal clauses Nominal-ing clauses Bare infinitive and verbless clauses - bare infinitive is obligatory when the infinitive clause is initial E.g Turn off the gas was all I did LOGO OUTLINE A Nominal Clauses Adverbial clauses B Adverbial Clauses -A dependent clause that modifies a verb, an adjective, or another adverb -Every adverb clause is introduced by a subordinating conjunction An adverbial clause tells when, where, why, how, to what extent, how much about the word it modifies Direct and indirect speech C 316 23.11.2016 The Complex Sentence LOGO Time Place Nominal Clause Condition and concession Adverbial clauses Circumstance Reason or Cause Purpose Direct and indirect speech Result Manner and comparison Proportion and preference Adverbial Clauses LOGO Time Clauses Time Place Condition &concession Circumstance Reason or Cause Purpose -Used to say when something happens by referring to a period of time or to another event -After, before, since, until, when… E.g: When Ms Thuy came in the class, everyone looked at her Result Manner & comparison Proportion & preference 317 23.11.2016 Adverbial Clauses Time LOGO Place Clauses -Used to talk about the location or position of something Place Condition &concession -Where, wherever Circumstance Reason or Cause E.g: I can go wherever you want Purpose Result Manner & comparison Proportion & preference Adverbial Clauses LOGO Condition & concession Clauses Time - State the dependence of one circumstance or set of circumstances on another Condition & concession If, unless, provided that, providing that… E.g: If we are hard-working, Ms Thuy will Circumstance give us good marks -Alternative conditional-concessive Reason or Cause clauses: combine conditional meaning Purpose with the disjunctive meaning E.g: Whether she’s beautiful or not, I still Result love her -Universal conditional-concessive Manner & comparison clauses: indicates a free choice from among any number of conditions Proportion & preference E.g: She looks pretty whatever she wears Place 318 23.11.2016 Adverbial Clauses Time LOGO Circumstance Clauses Place - Express a fulfilled condition or Condition & concession relation between a premise (in the subordinate clause) and the Circumstance conclusion (in the main clause) - Conjunctions: since, because, Reason or Cause seeing (that)… E.g: Seeing that the weather has Purpose improved, we shall enjoy our game Result Manner & comparison Proportion & preference Adverbial Clauses Time Place LOGO Reason or Cause Clauses - indicate the reason for something Condition & concession Circumstance Reason or Cause Purpose Because, since, as -E.g: I didn’t lend him the book because I needed it for my assignment Result Manner & comparison Proportion & preference 319 23.11.2016 Adverbial Clauses LOGO Time Place Condition & concession Purpose Clauses Circumstance Reason or Cause -Indicate the purpose of the action Purpose -In order to, so as to, so that Result E.g: I tiptoed into the room so as not to wake the baby up Manner & comparison Proportion & preference Adverbial Clauses LOGO Time Place Condition & concession Result Clauses Circumstance Reason or Cause -Indicate the result of something So that, so Purpose Result E.g: We planted many flowers, so (thatt) the garden soon looked beautiful Manner & comparison Proportion & preference 320 23.11.2016 Adverbial Clauses LOGO Time Place Condition & concession Manner and comparison Clauses Circumstance Reason or Cause -Talk about someone‟s behavior or the way something is done As, just as, as if, as though Purpose Result Manner & comparison E.g: He looks as if he is going to faint He treated me as though I were a child (unreal) Proportion & preference Adverbial Clauses LOGO Time Place Condition Circumstance Reason or Cause Proportion and preference Clauses - Express a “proportionality” or equivalence of tendency or degree between two circumstances Purpose The more…the less, rather than, sooner than Result E.g: Manner & comparison As he grew older, (so) his enthusiasm for the cause Proportion & preference decreased 321 23.11.2016 LOGO Direct and Indirect speech Direct and Indirect speech * indirect speech * direct speech - Refer to what a person said by repeating the exact words they used Use speech mark in this speech -Refer to a sentence by reporting what someone has said with unexact words -don‟t use speech mark in this speech LOGO Changes in indirect speech Pronoun and possessives I /you She/he My/ your We/you they Mine/yours Me/you Him/her His/hers Us/you them Our,yourTheir Ex: „‟I feel hungry‟‟,Mary said  Mary said she felt hungry but : I said „‟I never drink beer” I said that I never drunk beer M U e/ / yo o u She/h th Hi t e ey m/ e he m r W I /you e/ yo u 322 23.11.2016 LOGO Changes in indirect speech Tenses - if the reporting verb is in present -> no change in tense - if the reported verb is in the past -> go back a tense as in the table below Simple present Simple past Present continuous Past continuous Simple past Past perfect Past continuous Past perfect continuous Simple future Conditionnal(wuold) Present perfect Past perfect Past perfect No change May/can/shall/will Might/could/should/would M Us e/ /y yo ou u LOGO Ex: „‟I feel hungry‟‟, mary said mary said she felt hungry but : I said „‟I never drink beer‟‟ I said that I never drunk beer Tenses She/h th Hi th e ey m/ e he m r W I /you e/ yo u Changes in indirect speech Ex: She said „‟I‟ve learned english for 10 years‟‟  She said that she had learned english for 10 years He said „‟ I will visit my hometown this summer‟‟ He said that he would visit his hometown that summer 323 23.11.2016 Changes in indirect speech LOGO Time and place Ex: I will go shopping tomorrow She said that she would go shopping the following day now then Today That day Here There This That This week Next week tomorrow The following day Next week The following week Yesterday The day before Last week The week before Ago Previously Tonight That night Changes in indirect speech LOGO Reported command, request Expressed by a verb of command + object + infinitive E.g the teacher told me to the exercises - in negative command „‟not‟‟ is placed before infinitive E.g don‟t look at me like that‟‟ she said she told him not to look at her like that 324 23.11.2016 Changes in indirect speech LOGO Indirect question -use reported verb for question such as asked, wondered, inquired… -use question words such as when, where, why… instead of „‟that „‟ E.g „‟Which country you like?‟‟ Yen asked yen asked me which country I liked - With Yes/No question, use “if” or “whether” instead of that E.g „‟ you like listening to music‟‟ she asked -> she asked me if/whether I liked listening to music Changes in indirect speech LOGO Reported verb - Indicate the speaker‟s attention: a suggestion, an advice, an offer… + use some verb like: admit, warn, remind, suggest, claim, explain, say, insist… E.g “you should buy this car‟‟, they said They suggested that they should buy this car + verb+ subject+ to infinitive : ask, advise, beg, invite, want, order, offer… Ex : “ if I were you, I would take this job‟‟ he said -> he advised me to take this job + -ing form: suggest, insist on, remind, recommend… Ex: “have lunch with me‟‟, she said -> he invited us to have lunch with her 325 23.11.2016 Exercise 1: Underline the nominal clause in each sentence and say which function of each clause That he should refuse to pay his share was annoying After sitting in the dark for 45 minutes, I finally realized that the electricity was not going to come back on The fact is that I quickly grow bored watching television Your opinion, that he will love her, is unbelieveable I‟m sure that we will will No one congratulated on who won the prize Exercise 2: Underline the adverb clause in each LOGO sentence, classify the type of adverb clause 1- Wherever there are computers, there is Microsoft software 2- After the fruit is harvested, it is sold at the market 3- I didn't call her because I'm shy 4- She took a computer course so that she could get a better job 5- Rather than sitting at home, she preferred to go shopping with her friends 326 23.11.2016 LOGO Exercise 3: Change from direct speech to indirect speech “I saw Mai in the supermarket yesterday‟‟ she said “Who want some more fruits?‟‟ asked my mother She said: “Be careful with this machine It is very dangerous‟‟ “Mary, help me to clean up the kitchen‟‟ Peter said “How much does it cost?‟‟ asked my sister “You should have extra lesson‟‟ said her teacher “Please, please, don‟t tell anyone‟‟ she said “Why don‟t you buy this dress, Yen‟‟ I said Thanks for your attention!!!! 327 ... for preposition phrase, LOGO 15 23 .11 .2 016 LOGO 4.5 Transformational grammar (TG) TG is a rule which maps one syntacticanalysis tree into another LOGO 16 23 .11 .2 016 LOGO 4.6 Functional grammar... sentence) 19 23 .11 .2 016 Information about syllabus LOGO What you expect from the course? What are you supposed to in this course? Samples of nouns: LOGO ? 20 23 .11 .2 016 LOGO Outline: Part 1: NOUNS... Partitive Universal Demonstrative 10 .Quantifying 37 23 .11 .2 016 WINTER Templat e 38 23 .11 .2 016 LOGO Outline Part • Definition Part • Elements Part • Function I,Definition: 01 LOGO Noun phrase is a word