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Every time you communicate in writing, you need solid capitalization and punctuation skills. As you noticed in comparing the two paragraphs, these skills help you get through to your reader. Proper punctuation ensures that your message and meaning will be delivered without confusion. To clarify your meaning even further, proper use of capital letters draws attention to words that need to be emphasized.
ENGLISH in context CAPITALIZATION AND PUNCTUATION GRAMMAR AND USAGE READING COMPREHENSION SPELLING VOCABULARY WRITING N O I T A Z I L A T CAPI N O I T A U T C N PU AND ENGLISH in context N O I T A Z I L CAP ITA N O I T A U T PU NC AN D ENGLISH in context CapPund 001-025 3/1/07, 7:45 PM ENGLISH iin n ccontext o n te x t CAPITALIZATION AND PUNCTUATION GRAMMAR AND USAGE READING COMPREHENSION SPELLING VOCABULARY WRITING Development and Production: Laurel Associates, Inc Cover Art: Elisa Ligon SADDLEBACK EDUCATIONAL PUBLISHING Three Watson Irvine, CA 92618-2767 Website: www.sdlback.com Copyright © 2000 by Saddleback Educational Publishing All rights reserved No part of this book may be reproduced in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without the written permission of the publisher ISBN 1-56254-350-4 Printed in the United States of America 05 04 03 02 01 00 2 CapPund 001-025 3/1/07, 7:45 PM CONTENTS Introduction UNIT Capitalization Overview LESSON First Word in a Sentence First Word in a Direct Quotation Greetings and Closings in Letters 10 UNIT Names of Things 42 16 Brand Names 42 17 Organizations and Religions 44 18 Titles of Works 46 19 Days, Months, and Holidays 48 The Personal Pronoun I and Interjection O 12 Unit Review 50 Outlines 14 Proper Nouns 16 Unit 1–4 Review: Capitalization in Context 52 Unit Review 18 UNIT Names of People 20 Names and Initials 20 Personal and Professional Titles 22 Titles of Relationship 24 10 Nationalities and Languages 26 UNIT End Punctuation 58 20 Periods 58 21 Question Marks 60 22 Exclamation Points 62 23 Periods with Abbreviations and Initials 64 Unit Review 66 Unit Review 28 UNIT Commas 68 24 Separating Items in a Series 68 UNIT Names of Places 30 11 Names of Cities and Towns 30 25 Separating Parts of Addresses and Dates 70 12 Names of States, Countries, and Continents 32 26 Connecting Parts of Compound Sentences 72 13 Geographic Names 34 27 Setting Off Introductory Words 74 14 Words Formed from Place Names 36 15 Direction Words 38 28 Setting Off Separate Thoughts or Explanations 76 Unit Review 40 Unit Review 78 CapPund 001-025 3/1/07, 7:45 PM UNIT Apostrophes and Quotation Marks 80 29 Apostrophes to Show Ownership 80 35 Ellipses and Slashes 94 30 Apostrophes for Missing Letters 82 36 Parentheses and Brackets 96 Unit Review 98 31 Quotation Marks for Direct Quotations 84 32 Special Uses of Quotation Marks 86 Unit Review 88 UNIT Special Punctuation 90 33 Colons and Semicolons 90 34 Hyphens and Dashes 92 Units 5–8 Review: Punctuation in Context 100 Units 1–8 Review: Capitalization and Punctuation in Context 104 Reference Guide CapPund 001-025 3/1/07, 7:45 PM 106 INTRODUCTION Why are capitalization and punctuation important? The answer will be clear when you try to read the following paragraph what makes a good rodeo rider great you could take ten champions all with determination and heart what youd find in all of them is a lot of try thats it theyve got to put forth a lot of effort theyve got to have try said ty murray the youngest man ever to be named world champion rodeo cowboy Notice how much easier it is to read the paragraph when the words have been correctly capitalized and punctuated What makes a good rodeo rider great? “You could take ten champions, all with determination and heart What you’d find in all of them is a lot of try That’s it They’ve got to put forth a lot of effort They’ve got to have try,” said Ty Murray, the youngest man ever to be named world champion rodeo cowboy Every time you communicate in writing, you need solid capitalization and punctuation skills As you noticed in comparing the two paragraphs, these skills help you get through to your reader Proper punctuation ensures that your message and meaning will be delivered without confusion To clarify your meaning even further, proper use of capital letters draws attention to words that need to be emphasized CapPund 001-025 3/1/07, 7:45 PM UNIT CAPITALIZATION OVERVIEW FOR HELP WITH THIS UNIT, SEE THE REFERENCE GUIDE, RULES 1–6 1 FIRST WORD IN A SENTENCE Each letter in the alphabet has two forms, capital and lowercase CAPITAL LETTERS: A BC D E F G H I J K L M N O PQ R S T U V W X Y Z A BC D E F GHI JK L M N O PQ R ST UVW X Y Z LOWERCASE LETTERS: a bc d e f gh i j k l mn o pq r s t u v w x y z a bc d e f g h i j k l mn o pq r s t uv w x y z Begin the first word in every sentence with a capital letter A If the sentence is capitalized correctly, write correct on the line If you find an error, rewrite the sentence correctly the appearance of the sky can change very quickly Storm clouds can rapidly turn the sky dark big f luffy clouds remind me of pillows once I saw a cloud that looked like a waterfall Yesterday the sunset was especially beautiful CapPund 001-025 3/1/07, 7:45 PM ! TROUBLESHOOTER How you show that a lowercase letter should be capitalized? A proofreader draws three lines under it, like this: t here are about ten different kinds of clouds B Circle the word that correctly completes each sentence Write it on the line ( Clouds / clouds ) that are wispy, curly, or stringy are called cirrus clouds ( If / if ) a cloud is layered and flat on the bottom, it is called a stratus cloud ( Cumulus / cumulus ) clouds look lumpy, puffy, or heaped ( Usually / usually ) , cirrus clouds mean that fair weather is ahead ( Gray / gray ) layers of stratus clouds can stretch across the entire sky C First mark the errors Then rewrite the paragraph correctly we usually think of rainwater as clear and pure the truth is that each raindrop forms around a tiny impurity it might be a speck of salt from the ocean or a tiny grain of sand other possibilities include meteor dust or bits of air pollution raindrops form around each speck _ CapPund 001-025 3/1/07, 7:45 PM FIRST WORD IN A DIRECT QUOTATION Begin the first word in a direct quotation with a capital letter If the quotation is divided, not begin the second part with a capital letter unless the second part is a new sentence EXAMPLES: Kalika said, “Let’s take a nature hike today.” “The skyline trail,” said Pancho, “is very scenic.” “Let’s go,” Kalika said “The weather’s perfect!” A Circle the word that correctly completes each sentence Then write it on the line “Did you know,” asked Jerome, (“ That / “that ) Thomas Edison is sometimes called the world’s greatest inventor?” Ellen answered, (“ Yes / “yes ) , I did.” “In fact,” Ellen continued, (“He / “he ) patented 1,093 inventions in 60 years.” Jerome said, (“No / “no ) other person ever invented so many things.” “I read,” Jerome went on, (“About / “about ) his work habits.” Ellen commented, (“When / “when ) he was working, he would take only short naps.” Jerome asked, (“Wouldn’t / “ wouldn’t ) you think he’d rather have a good night’s sleep?” B Find the word in the box that correctly completes each sentence Then write it on the line Is / is There / there What / what “Genius,” said Edison, “ one percent inspiration and 99 percent perspiration.” He also said, “ is no substitute for hard work.” CapPund 001-025 3/1/07, 7:45 PM Pamela asked, “ Edison the best role model for young scientists?” “I think,” answered Rodney, “ are many good role models.” “Have you ever wondered,” asked Pamela, “ we would without telephones?” “Yes, I have,” Rodney responded “ you think is Edison’s most important invention?” ! TROUBLESHOOTER How you show that a capital letter should be made lowercase? A proofreader draws a slanted line through it, like this: “I heard,” said Sachi, “T hat Edison had little time for social life.” C Mark the errors before rewriting the sentences “All problems,” said Jake, “Interested Edison.” “To find a solution,” Jake continued, “He would try everything.” “Edison was the first,” said Mina, “To establish the team concept of working on problems.” “Before Edison’s time,” she added, “Experts did not usually work together to develop ideas.” “As you know,” Mina went on, “Today it is standard practice to work in teams.” CapPund 001-025 3/1/07, 7:45 PM A UNIT REVIEW Circle the answer that correctly completes each sentence Then write it on the line We had been walking in the heat for _ of us were hot and tired ( hours, all / hours; all ) With encouragement, his might improve ( self assurance / self-assurance ) Please add cup of flour ( one third / one-third ) She was _ a woman who knew too much ( —don’t take this the wrong way— / , don’t take this the wrong way, ) It was an _ situation ( either, or / either/or ) My grandmother said, “Don’t ever forget who you are _ , for you are an Albertson.” B ( (as if I could!) / [as if I could!] ) Rewrite each sentence, punctuating it correctly The following students deserve a round of applause Tonya, Michelle, Miguel, and Tyrone The star said, “I am f lattered that you think I am the best.” The reporter quoted her as saying, “I am the best.” 98 CapPunc 076-099 98 3/1/07, 7:51 PM I stumbled over a rock I skinned my knee The crowd was cheering a wonderful sound as I ran around the bases The teacher said, “For homework, read Chapters and I’ve already done that and answer the questions.” C First read the poem Then rewrite it in paragraph format on the lines Some say the world will end in fire, Some say in ice From what I’ve tasted of desire I hold with those who favor fire But if it had to perish twice, I think I know enough of hate To say that for destruction ice Is also great And would suffice —Robert Frost, 1920 In 1920, Robert Frost wrote “Fire and Ice,” which goes like this: _ 99 CapPunc 076-099 99 3/1/07, 7:51 PM PUNCTUATION IN CONTEXT A Mark the punctuation errors in these paragraphs before rewriting them correctly People raise chickens and turkeys for the meat they also raise chickens for their eggs Both the male chicken called a rooster and the female chicken called a hen have combs The comb is a f leshy red piece of skin I’m sure you’ve seen it on a chickens head Chickens also have extra skin under the beak this skin is called a wattle Males have bigger combs and wattles than females but you already knew that Turkeys larger animals than chickens are also interesting birds Male turkeys are called toms females are called hens The females as is usual in the bird kingdom are smaller and not as colorful as the males Male turkeys have long wattles they not have a comb Instead, they have a long piece of skin it looks so weird called a snood This skin hangs over the toms beak Dave told me this “Male turkeys have a special display to attract females The male follows this procedure: (1) He puffs up his feathers until he is almost round (2) He spreads his colorful tail like a fan He dances in a circle.” I asked Dave why the tom behaves this way Dave said, “Well, haven’t you ever noticed how some boys behave around girls? They strut around and act like big shots of course I’ve noticed this who own the world They’re trying to get attention, just as the tom does Then Dave continued by saying this, “The best example of such behavior, of course, is the peacock such a spectacular bird.” Then Dave he seems so smart started talking about peacocks When he was about three fourths of the way through his speech, I had to leave I had to pick up supplies for my pre Thanksgiving party 100 CapPunc 100-111 100 3/1/07, 8:32 PM 101 CapPunc 100-111 101 3/1/07, 8:32 PM B Read the paragraph about an amazing man Then use proofreader’s marks to show where punctuation should be added Finally, rewrite the paragraph correctly At one time or another Mr Ashrita Furman has held 30 world records for feats including basketball dribbling brick MILK carrying and pogo stick jumping In June 1993 he carried a lb brick in one hand while he ran 64 mi From Apr to Apr 1991 he completed 307 games of hopscotch in 24 hrs A very versatile man he can yodel for hrs on end skip long distances and juggle as he runs In Jamaica NY he speed walked 70 mi while balancing a milk bottle on his head at the same time Ashrita attributes his success to practice meditation and relaxation 102 CapPunc 100-111 102 3/1/07, 8:32 PM C How “sports savvy” are you? Decide which number in the box correctly completes each sentence Write it on the line Then use proofreader’s marks to correct the punctuation and rewrite the sentence (Correct answers are at the bottom of the page.) 480 yds 284.9 mi 79 ft 47 124 Ms Nikki Fierstos scored a field goal of approximately _ the longest basketball shot ever made by a woman on Jan 1993 in Huntington IN In Oct 1993 Jamie Borges of the USA dribbled a basketball without “traveling” from Barrington MA to Boston MA a distance of _ On Apr 21 1992 Paul Lynch of Great Britain did _ consecutive push ups while balancing on one index finger Golfer L Bruce while playing in Arkansas aced the longest hole in one, a shot of on Nov 15 1962 Before being beaten by Notre Dame University of Oklahoma football teams won consecutive games from 1953 to 1957 (1) 79 ft (2) 284.9 mi (3) 124 (4) 480 yds (5) 47 CapPunc 100-111 103 103 3/1/07, 8:32 PM CAPITALIZATION AND PUNCTUATION IN CONTEXT A Use proofreader’s marks to correct punctuation and capitalization errors Then rewrite the sentences about the ancient Greek philosophers Tan asked Did you know that Socrates the brilliant greek philosopher invented a totally new method of study Yes I did Alexis answered later Socrates study system became the basis of the scientific method we use today socrates who lived from 470 bc to 399 bc was condemned to death for his shocking ideas Tan went on Alexis then explained that “Socrates was the main character in his student Platos famous work The republic” Tan then told alexis that in The Republic Plato tried to define justice Wow said Mr baldwin their teacher you two have been studying hard Do you also know that aristotle was a student at Platos academy and later became a teacher there mr Baldwin asked 104 CapPunc 100-111 104 3/1/07, 8:32 PM B Read the story about Alexander the Great and his famous teacher Then add missing punctuation and capitalization, and correct any errors you find Finally, rewrite the story correctly Aristotle became a Brilliant teacher? When Alexander the Great was 14 Years old he became Aristotles student aristotle taught young alexander about the Ideals of greek civilization! He inspired Alexander with his Knowledge of natural sciences his love of Literature and a respect for Sports and physical strength Aristotle was one of the few people of his Age to recognize the wrong’s of Slavery he wrote as follows the distinction between a slave and a free person has no place in Nature and is devoid of Justice the amazing Aristotle wrote hundreds of books on various subjects? TOday he is considered one of the greatest thinkers’ in History 105 CapPunc 100-111 105 3/1/07, 8:32 PM CAPITALIZATION AND PUNCTUATION REFERENCE GUIDE CAPITALIZATION RULES Capitalize the first word in all headings of an outline First Word in a Sentence The first word of every sentence begins with a capital letter I Job search A Classified ads Circle good possibilities Write cover letters B Employment agencies Where are you going? I’ll never tell! Please take me with you First Word in a Direct Quotation The first word in a direct quotation begins with a capital letter “How many states have you visited?” Ken asked Jared answered, “I’ve been in nine states.” Outlines Proper Nouns Capitalize all nouns that name a particular person, place, or thing Niagara Falls Lincoln Memorial If the words a person is speaking are interrupted by other words, not begin the second part of the quotation with a capital letter Library of Congress Pacific Ocean Names and Initials Capitalize each part of a person’s name Bo Jackson Hillary Rodham Clinton Capitalize an initial that is part of a person’s name “Midori,” Kelly said, “has visited all 50 states.” J Barton Kent Harry S Truman Greetings and Closings in Letters Use a capital letter to begin the first word of a greeting in a letter Rev Jesse Jackson President George Washington Ms Gloria Steinem Senator Barbara Boxer Use a capital letter to begin the first word in the closing of a letter Sincerely yours, Best wishes, Cordially, Very sincerely, The Personal Pronoun I and Interjection O The personal pronoun I and the interjection O are both capitalized I like Walt Whitman’s poem You and I will read it “O Captain! my captain! our fearful trip is done.” Personal and Professional Titles Capitalize a title that is used before a person’s name Dear Mrs Albright: Dear Aunt Madelene, Titles of Relationship Capitalize family titles that are used as names or parts of names Uncle Pete Grandma Helen 106 Mom Usually, if a possessive pronoun comes before a family title, not begin that word with a capital letter my cousin Lucy 106 CapPunc 100-111 Harriet Tubman Dana Joy Smithson 3/1/07, 8:32 PM her aunt Grace 10 Nationalities and Languages 16 my French class Belgian chocolate 11 Come to the Northeast We’ve always lived down South the British people a Swiss watch Do not capitalize a direction word used as a common adjective before a noun Names of Cities and Towns Capitalize each word in the name of a city or town Oklahoma City Grover’s Corners Do you like southern food? Idaho is a western state St Louis 17 12 Names of Streets and Highways Laurel Avenue Green Valley Boulevard Old Bayshore Road Long Island Expressway Goodrich milk Warm-U furnaces Sudso soap 18 Department of Commerce Campfire Girls Boys and Girls Clubs of America Capitalize each word in the name of a state, country, or continent 14 South Africa New Zealand Portugal North America Capitalize the names of religions and their followers Presbyterians Geographic Names Capitalize each word in the name of a geographic place 19 Proper Adjectives Titles of Works The Wreck of the Hesperus Romeo and Juliet Whistler’s Mother The Ransom of Red Chief A proper adjective is formed from a proper noun It describes a particular person, place, or thing Capitalize each word in a proper adjective a Scandinavian buffet a Martin Scorsese film a Stephen King novel West Indian fashions Catholicism Capitalize the first word, the last word, and every important word in the title of a work Except at the beginning of a title, the words a, an, and the are not capitalized Prepositions with fewer than five letters and coordinating conjunctions are not capitalized Mount Hood Yellowstone National Park the Red Sea Carlsbad Caverns 15 Organizations and Religions Capitalize the main words in the names of organizations Names of States, Countries, and Continents Antarctica Europe Brand Names Capitalize the brand names of products Capitalize each word in the name of a street or highway 13 Direction Words Capitalize compass directions that refer to particular geographical areas Begin the names of nationalities and languages with a capital letter 20 Days, Months, and Holidays Begin the names of days, months, and holidays with capital letters July Wednesday Independence Day 107 CapPunc 100-111 107 3/1/07, 8:32 PM PUNCTUATION RULES 21 26 Use commas to separate the words or groups of words in a series (A series is a group of three or more words or groups of words that are used the same way in a sentence.) Period at the End of a Sentence Use a period at the end of a declarative sentence (A declarative sentence is one that makes a statement.) The earthquake scared everyone Much damage was done Use a period at the end of an imperative sentence (An imperative sentence gives a command.) Slice two apples, two oranges, and two bananas Dan invited Ed, Mark, Eric, Tod, and Smitty 27 Be here at o’clock Bring your sleeping bag 22 Question Mark at the End of a Sentence July 4, 1776 December 7, 1941, was a day of infamy Do not use a comma if the date includes only the month and the year Exclamation Point at the End of a Sentence Use an exclamation point at the end of an exclamatory sentence (An exclamatory sentence expresses surprise or excitement.) They moved to Chicago in September 1995 Do not use a comma if the date includes only the month and the day What a great performance! I got his autograph! Use a period at the end of most abbreviations Usually, titles used before people’s names are abbreviated Dr Li Ms Zelinski Abbreviations of government agencies, labor unions, and certain other organizations are not completed with periods CIA 25 May is the anniversary of Mexican independence Periods with Abbreviations Mr Currier FBI AFL NBC Periods with Initials Use a period after an initial that is part of a person’s name John F Kennedy B J Hunnicutt 28 Commas in Addresses Use a comma between the name of a city or town and the name of a state or country Phoenix, Arizona Bogotá, Colombia Use another comma after the state or country if the two words come at the beginning or in the middle of a sentence Lincoln, Nebraska, is the home of the Cornhuskers We visited Paris, France, after we left London 108 CapPunc 100-111 108 January 1, 2000 If the date appears at the beginning or in the middle of a sentence, use another comma after the year Where is your sister? When will she be home? 24 Commas in Dates Use a comma between the number of the day and the number of the year in a date Use a question mark at the end of an interrogative sentence (An interrogative sentence asks a question.) 23 Commas in a Series 3/1/07, 8:32 PM 29 Commas in Compound Sentences 33 Use a comma before the conjunction in a compound sentence (The coordinating conjunctions are or, nor, and, but.) Use a comma to set off a separate thought or explanation at the end of a sentence If the separate part comes in the middle of the sentence, use a comma before and after it Many were injured, but no one was killed We can wait for the bus, or we can walk home 30 It is very hot in the summer in Sacramento, the capital of California Sacramento, the capital of California, is very hot in the summer Commas After Introductory Phrases and Clauses Use a comma after a phrase that comes before the subject of a sentence (A phrase is a group of words that usually functions as an adjective or adverb.) 34 Ron’s motorcycle the coach’s whistle Use a comma after an adverb clause at the beginning of a sentence The possessive form of a plural noun that ends in s is shown by adding only an apostrophe A few minutes after dawn, the fish started biting Commas after Introductory Words glasses’ lenses farmers’ crops Use a comma to set off introductory words like yes and no, and mild exclamations No, I can’t attend Oh, he doesn’t care Add an apostrophe and an s to show the possessive form of a plural noun that does not end in s Yes, I won the prize Well, that’s all right Use a comma to set off words of direct address Maggie, you’re up next women’s dresses oxen’s tracks Nice going, Billie! If a noun of address appears in the middle of a sentence, use commas before and after the noun 35 cannot—can’t Mandy is—Mandy’s I would—I’d Commas with Appositives Use a comma before an appositive at the end of a sentence (An appositive is a noun or noun phrase that explains another noun.) Marty and I enjoy the same sport, tennis An appositive that appears in the middle of a sentence is set off with commas on each side Johnny Weismuller, the first Tarzan, is my favorite Apostrophes for Missing Letters In a contraction, use an apostrophe in place of the missing letter or letters My neighbor, Felix Vargas, is a pilot 32 Apostrophes to Show Ownership The possessive form of a singular noun is shown by adding an apostrophe and an s Upon the highest peak, the mountain climbers rested 31 Commas to Set Off Separate Thoughts or Explanations 36 Quotation Marks for Direct Quotations Use quotation marks at the beginning and at the end of a direct quotation (A direct quotation is the exact words a person said.) “Neither a borrower nor a lender be,” advised Benjamin Franklin 109 CapPunc 100-111 109 3/1/07, 8:32 PM 37 Quotation Marks with Titles of Works 43 Use quotation marks around the title of a story, poem, song, essay, or chapter Use a semicolon to join independent clauses linked by a conjunctive adverb Our class just read “The Outcasts of Poker Flat.” The choir sang “The Battle Hymn of the Republic.” 38 The team got off to a bad start; consequently, they had trouble catching up We’ve had lots of rain; nevertheless, the crops have been disappointing Use a semicolon to precede coordinating conjunctions joining independent clauses that are in direct contrast Colons After Greetings in Business Letters After a greeting in a business letter, use a colon instead of a comma I have all the questions; but only you have the answers I have many wonderful friends; but none of them want to go to the movies with me Dear Judge O’Connor: Dear Sir or Madam: 39 Colons in Expressions of Time Use a colon between the hour and the minutes when you use numerals to write time 9:30 A.M 40 44 Among those attending were Mrs Louanna Wright, our school’s principal; Dr Harry Ford, the superintendent of our school district; Ms Alice Kelly, a curriculum specialist; and Reuben Lopez, the president of the student council 10:15 P.M Colons Before Lists of Appositives There were four members Lisa had not met: Carla, Elizabeth, Mary, and Terry Colons Before Long, Quoted Passages Use a colon to introduce a long quotation or a formal statement The keynote speaker spoke as follows: (Here follows the speaker’s words.) The defense attorney began her summation: (Here follows the summarizing speech.) 42 Semicolons to Express Close Relationship Although the semicolon is the equivalent of a period, it is used to achieve a closer relationship of ideas than a period allows You go first; I will follow right behind Katie finally found her lost dog; he was in the park Semicolons in a Series Use semicolons to prevent misreading of a complicated series Use a colon to introduce a list of appositives at the end of a sentence 41 Semicolons with Independent Clauses 45 Hyphens to Join or Separate Words The hyphen is used only in specific circumstances It is used to join compound numbers from twenty-one to ninety-nine and fractions used as adjectives thirty-six eighty-eight a two-thirds majority The hyphen is used with the prefixes self, ex, and all It is also used with all prefixes before a proper noun, a proper adjective, or the name of an office self-confident all-American pro-Israeli The hyphen is used to prevent confusion re-creation (to distinguish from recreation) always-to-be-remembered (to ensure recognition as a single word) 110 CapPunc 100-111 110 ex-football player mid-August post-World War II 3/1/07, 8:32 PM The hyphen is used to join some compound nouns bull’s-eye cure-all 48 A slash can be used to indicate a choice between two contradictory options forget-me-not No grades are given in study skills class It is a pass/ fail course The hyphen is used to join compound adjectives that precede the nouns they modify double-breasted coat Slashes are used to indicate line breaks when a poem is quoted in the text of a paper half-dollar raise ’Twas the night before Christmas, when all through the house /Not a creature was stirring—not even a mouse! / The stockings were by the chimney with care When a whole word won’t fit on a line, a hyphen is used to show that the word has been separated and will be completed on the next line Fourscore and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this continent 46 49 Parentheses to Set Apart Information The Dash to Show Change of Thought Use parentheses to enclose various types of material that are not essential to a sentence or paragraph but may be informative to the reader Use a dash to indicate an abrupt directional change or interruption of thought Parentheses are used when an editorial comment is made He traveled 100 miles (what a grueling walk!) to get help My Aunt Meg—she is my mother’s youngest sister—will be a bridesmaid at my wedding It may be possible to join you—no, on second thought there is no way I could make it Parentheses are used with an enlargement on preceding material He made a fortune (more than a million, some claim) on his simple invention Use a dash to emphasize an appositive or to set off a repetition or summary Parentheses are used in a translation At last it was buenos noches (good night) for all of us Professional athletes—so often the envy of young boys—may be unreliable role models Maude, Hazel, Gertrude, Mabel—all of these were popular names in 1900 47 The Slash Parentheses are used around letters or numerals listed in a sentence or paragraph Any good speech has been: (1) thoroughly researched, (2) carefully organized, (3) well rehearsed, and (4) revised to maximum perfection The Ellipsis to Show Omission Three spaced dots called points of ellipsis show where words have been left out Using an ellipsis may leave a grammatical structure incomplete, but it does not affect the meaning of a sentence Children need a sense of security When an ellipsis occurs at the end of a declarative sentence, the three points of ellipsis are followed by a period The cookies were fresh and Mike was hungry, so Parentheses are used to ensure mathematical accuracy Enclosed is my personal check for eleven dollars and sixty-four cents ($11.64) 50 Brackets for Clarification Brackets are inserted in a quoted passage to explain, comment, or correct “He was born in 1805 [actually, in 1803] in Paris.” “It [Moby Dick] was finally published in 1851.” 111 CapPunc 100-111 111 3/1/07, 8:32 PM ENGLISH in context CAPITALIZATION AND PUNCTUATION GRAMMAR AND USAGE READING COMPREHENSION SPELLING VOCABULARY WRITING SADDLEBACK E-BOOK N O I T A Z I L A T CAPI N O I T A U T C N PU AND ENGLISH in context [...]... GREETINGS AND CLOSINGS IN LETTERS Begin the first word in the greeting and the closing of a letter with a capital letter EXAMPLE: D ear John, T ruly yours, A Choose the word or words that correctly complete the greeting or closing Write the answer on the line 1 Mr Easton: 6 nephew, ( Dear / dear ) ( Your loving / your Loving ) 2 _ yours, 7 _ Angelina, ( Sincerely... the line 1 Jolene, who lives in ( San Francisco / San francisco ) , has a pen pal 2 Her pen pal, Katherine, lives in ( Chicago / chicago ) 3 “Come and visit me in ( the Windy City / The Windy City ) _,” Katherine wrote 4 Jolene had once traveled to ( Arlington Heights / Arlington heights ) _, Illinois 5 To get there, she boarded a train in ( oakland... first word in each entry EXAMPLE: A Typical Weekday I Before school A Waking up early 1 Getting ready for school a Deciding what to wear b Fixing and eating breakfast A Read the partial outline below Circle the word or letter that correctly completes each topic entry Then write it on the line I care of my dog ( Taking / taking ) A _ the dog ( Feeding / feeding ) 1 Filling the ... A Health drinks 1 Juices Citrus juices 8 Sincerely , C Mark the errors before rewriting the letter dear Grandma, thanks for coming to visit last week Sarah and i really enjoyed seeing you After you left, sarah asked, “when is Grandma coming to visit again?” “The only way to find out,” I told her, “Is to ask her.” That is why I am writing this letter Please write back soon and tell us... before rewriting the outline Seasons Of The Year I Winter _ A Things to Wear _ _ 1 when it is raining _ _ a Raincoats _ _ B rain boots _ _ 2 When it is Snowing _ _ A Boots and gloves _ _ b hats and coats _ _ b Things to do _ _ 1 go ice skating _ ... the line 1 My ( Aunt / aunt ) _ has a brother named Garfunkel 2 I don’t call him ( Uncle / uncle ) _ Garfunkel, though 3 He likes to be called ( Uncle / uncle ) _ Gar instead 4 My ( Cousins / cousins ) _ and I don’t blame him! 5 When ( Cousin / cousin ) _ Jill was visiting, we went snowboarding 6 We had gone to see our ( Grandma / grandma ) _ in Lake... COUNTRIES, AND CONTINENTS Names of particular places are proper nouns Begin each important word in the name of a state, country, or continent with a capital letter EXAMPLES: James lives in New Jersey in the eastern United States Carla would like to visit relatives in South America A Circle each correct place name Then write it on the line 1 Dean and Joanne are planning a trip to ( Peru / peru ) _ in. .. RULES 7–10 7 2 NAMES AND INITIALS Capitalize people’s names and initials EXAMPLES: My cousin’s name is Patrick Mahoney Patrick ’s sister, Erin G Mahoney, has red hair A Circle the answer that correctly completes each sentence Then write it on the line 1 My friend ( Roland / roland ) _ has a great new bike 2 After the long meeting, ( Suzanne / suzanne ) was tired and angry 3 One of... _ in the spring 2 Dean has never been out of ( north America / North America ) _ before 3 In fact, he has been out of his home state, ( West Virginia / West virginia ) , only twice 4 Joanne has traveled to many countries, including ( new zealand / New Zealand ) 5 She especially liked the beautiful beaches in ( thailand / Thailand ) _ 6... usually stay at my Grandma’s house when we ski 5 She and grandpa have lived in the mountains for years 6 I enjoy helping grandma Kate with her stamp collection 25 CapPund 001-025 25 3/1/07, 7:45 PM 10 NATIONALITIES AND LANGUAGES Words that name nationalities and languages begin with capital letters ... AN D ENGLISH in context CapPund 001-025 3/1/07, 7:45 PM ENGLISH iin n ccontext o n te x t CAPITALIZATION AND PUNCTUATION GRAMMAR AND USAGE READING COMPREHENSION SPELLING VOCABULARY WRITING Development... Special Punctuation 90 33 Colons and Semicolons 90 34 Hyphens and Dashes 92 Units 5–8 Review: Punctuation in Context 100 Units 1–8 Review: Capitalization and Punctuation in Context ... Cousins / cousins ) _ and I don’t blame him! When ( Cousin / cousin ) _ Jill was visiting, we went snowboarding We had gone to see our ( Grandma / grandma ) _ in Lake