McGraw -Hill/Irw in Copy right © 2010 by The McGraw -Hill Companies, Inc A ll rights CHAPTER NINE Ethics in Negotiation What Do We Mean by Ethics and Why Do They Matter in Negotiation? Ethics: p.254 • Are broadly applied social standards for what is right or wrong in a particular situation, or a process for setting those standards • Grow out of particular philosophies which – Define the nature of the world in which we live – Prescribe rules for living together 9-3 Four Approaches to Ethical Reasoning • End-result ethics p 257 – The rightness of an action is determined by evaluating its consequences • Duty ethics p 260 – The rightness of an action is determined by one’s obligation to adhere to consistent principles, laws and social standards that define what is right and wrong 9-4 Four Approaches to Ethical Reasoning • Social contract ethics p 262 – The rightness of an action is based on the customs and norms of a particular society or community • Personalistic ethics p 263 – The rightness of the action is based on one’s own conscience and moral standards 9-5 Questions of Ethical Conduct that Arise in Negotiation • Using ethically ambiguous tactics: It’s (mostly) all about the truth p 265 • What does Carr say about not telling the truth in negotiations? 9-6 Inappropriate Tactics • Think about it—all of these are considered inappropriate tactics: – – – – Misrepresentation Bluffing Misrepresentation to an opponents network Inappropriate information collection Questions of Ethical Conduct that Arise in Negotiation • Deception by omission versus commission – Omission – failing to disclose information that would benefit the other – Commission – actually lying about the common-value issue p 270 – Many people are more willing to lie by omission than commission 9-8 Ethics – Deceptive Tactics • Individuals are more willing to use deceptive tactic when the other party is perceived to be uniformed or unknowledgeable about the situation under negotiations Especially when the stakes are high Why Use Deceptive Tactics? Motives and Consequences • The power motive p 273 – & Box 9.2 – The purpose of using ethically ambiguous negotiating tactics is to increase the negotiator’s power in the bargaining environment • Other motives to behave unethically p 273 – Negotiators are more likely to see ethically ambiguous tactics as appropriate if they anticipate that the other’s expected motivation would be more competitive 9-10 The Consequences of Unethical Conduct p 274 A negotiator who employs an unethical tactic will experience positive or negative consequences The consequences are based on: • Effectiveness – whether the tactic is effective p 274 • Reactions of others – how the other person, constituencies, and audiences evaluate the tactic p 275 • Reactions of self – how the negotiator evaluates the tactic, feels about using the tactic p 276 9-11 Explanations and Justifications p 276 The primary purpose of explanations and justifications is: – To rationalize, explain, or excuse the behavior – To verbalize some good, legitimate reason why this tactic was necessary 9-12 Rationalizations for Unethical Conduct p 276-77 • • • • The tactic was unavoidable The tactic was harmless The tactic will help to avoid negative consequences The tactic will produce good consequences, or the tactic is altruistically motivated • “They had it coming,” or “They deserve it,” or “I’m just getting my due” 9-13 Rationalizations for Unethical Conduct 277-78 • “They were going to it anyway, so I will it first” • “He started it” • The tactic is fair or appropriate to the situation 9-14 What Factors Shape a Negotiator’s Predisposition to Use Unethical Tactics? • Demographic factors p 279 – Sex p 281 • Women tend to make more ethically rigorous judgments than men – Age and experience p 281 • Both men and women behave more ethically as they age • Individuals with more general work experience, and with direct work experience, are less likely to use unethical negotiating tactics 9-15 What Factors Shape a Negotiator’s Predisposition to Use Unethical Tactics? • Demographic factors (cont.) – Professional orientation p 281 • People in different professions differ on judgments of perceived appropriateness – Nationality and culture p 282 (very interesting) • Significant differences are found across different nationalities and cultural backgrounds 9-16 Religion • Not in book—class discussion – Those that are committed to a religion are less likely to be unethical than those younger or uncommitted to a religious commitment What Factors Shape a Negotiator’s Predisposition to Use Unethical Tactics? • Personality differences p 283 – Competitiveness versus cooperativeness p 283 – Machiavellianism p 284 • Some individuals are more willing and able artists • Are more likely to lie when they need to • Better able to lie without feeling anxious about it • More persuasive and effective in their lies 9-18 What Factors Shape a Negotiator’s Predisposition to Use Unethical Tactics? • Personality differences (cont.) – Locus of control p 284 • The degree to which individuals believe that the outcomes they obtain are largely a result of their own ability and effort (internal control) versus fate or chance (external control) • Individuals who are high in internal control are more likely to what they think is right 9-19 What Factors Shape a Negotiator’s Predisposition to Use Unethical Tactics? P 285 • Contextual influences on unethical conduct – – – – – – – – Past experience Role of incentives Characteristics of the other party Relationship between the negotiator and the other party Relative power between the negotiators Mode of communication Acting as an agent versus representing your own views Group and organizational norms and pressures 9-20 How Can Negotiators Deal With the Other Party’s Use of Deception? P 291 • Ask probing questions • • • • • • Phrase questions in different ways Force the other party to lie or back off Test the other party “Call” the tactic Ignore the tactic Discuss what you see and offer to help the other party change to more honest behaviors • Respond in kind 9-21 [...]... coming,” or “They deserve it,” or “I’m just getting my due” 9- 13 Rationalizations for Unethical Conduct 277-78 • “They were going to do it anyway, so I will do it first” • “He started it” • The tactic is fair or appropriate to the situation 9- 14 What Factors Shape a Negotiator’s Predisposition to Use Unethical Tactics? • Demographic factors p 2 79 – Sex p 281 • Women tend to make more ethically rigorous... organizational norms and pressures 9- 20 How Can Negotiators Deal With the Other Party’s Use of Deception? P 291 • Ask probing questions • • • • • • Phrase questions in different ways Force the other party to lie or back off Test the other party “Call” the tactic Ignore the tactic Discuss what you see and offer to help the other party change to more honest behaviors • Respond in kind 9- 21 ... negotiating tactics 9- 15 What Factors Shape a Negotiator’s Predisposition to Use Unethical Tactics? • Demographic factors (cont.) – Professional orientation p 281 • People in different professions differ on judgments of perceived appropriateness – Nationality and culture p 282 (very interesting) • Significant differences are found across different nationalities and cultural backgrounds 9- 16 Religion •... largely a result of their own ability and effort (internal control) versus fate or chance (external control) • Individuals who are high in internal control are more likely to do what they think is right 9- 19 What Factors Shape a Negotiator’s Predisposition to Use Unethical Tactics? P 285 • Contextual influences on unethical conduct – – – – – – – – Past experience Role of incentives Characteristics of the... Reactions of self – how the negotiator evaluates the tactic, feels about using the tactic p 276 9- 11 Explanations and Justifications p 276 The primary purpose of explanations and justifications is: – To rationalize, explain, or excuse the behavior – To verbalize some good, legitimate reason why this tactic was necessary 9- 12 Rationalizations for Unethical Conduct p 276-77 • • • • The tactic was unavoidable... • Some individuals are more willing and able con artists • Are more likely to lie when they need to • Better able to lie without feeling anxious about it • More persuasive and effective in their lies 9- 18 What Factors Shape a Negotiator’s Predisposition to Use Unethical Tactics? • Personality differences (cont.) – Locus of control p 284 • The degree to which individuals believe that the outcomes they ... standards 9- 5 Questions of Ethical Conduct that Arise in Negotiation • Using ethically ambiguous tactics: It’s (mostly) all about the truth p 265 • What does Carr say about not telling the truth in negotiations? ... commission 9- 8 Ethics – Deceptive Tactics • Individuals are more willing to use deceptive tactic when the other party is perceived to be uniformed or unknowledgeable about the situation under negotiations. .. my due” 9- 13 Rationalizations for Unethical Conduct 277-78 • “They were going to it anyway, so I will it first” • “He started it” • The tactic is fair or appropriate to the situation 9- 14 What