Chapter 4: Individual Approaches to Counseling Chapter 5: Counseling Skills © 2007 Thomson Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning Individual Approaches to Counseling © 2007 Thomson Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning       Offers us a framework Knowledge builds on knowledge (Paradigm Shifts)  See Box 4.1, p 102 Theories are heuristic Based on our view of human nature Helps us work in an organized manner Today, hundreds of counseling theories, but only some have gained prominence © 2007 Thomson Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning  Psychodynamic Approaches  Existential-Humanistic Approaches  Cognitive-Behavioral Approaches  Post-Modern Approaches © 2007 Thomson Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning  Overview  Dominated early part of 20th century  Common elements ▪ Unconscious and conscious affects person’s functioning ▪ Early child-rearing has some affect on development of personality ▪ Past, in interaction with conscious and unconscious, affects person’s development ▪ Have tended to be longer term  Some approaches: psychoanalysis (Freud), analytical therapy (Jung), individual psychology (Adlerian) © 2007 Thomson Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning  Developed by Sigmund Freud  First comprehensive approach to therapy ▪ Psychic energy (instincts) drive behavior ▪ Life instinct (Eros): love, intimacy, sex, survival ▪ Death instinct (Thanatos): fear, hate, self-destructive behavior aggression ▪ All life and death instincts = libido  Structure of personality: ▪ Id (pleasure principle) ▪ Ego (reality principle) ▪ Superego (moral imperatives) © 2007 Thomson Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning       Psychosexual Stages: Oral, Anal, Phallic, Latency, Genital Parenting affects developmental through stages Defense mechanisms reflect that development  Name some defense mechanisms! Deterministic Approach See Figure 4.1, p 104 Long term approach that relies on making a little more of the unconscious conscious © 2007 Thomson Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning  Techniques  Free Association  Dream Analysis  Empathy  Developing transference relationship © 2007 Thomson Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning  Techniques  Interpretation of: ▪ Resistance ▪ Defense mechanisms ▪ Parapraxes ▪ Dreams (manifest and latent meanings) ▪ Transference  Developed by Carl Jung  Less pessimistic and less deterministic than Freud  Psychological Types—include combinations of: ▪ Extraversion and Introversion (E or I) with ▪ Mental Functions: Thinking and Feeling (T or F); Sensing and Intuiting (S or N)  Information that matches psychological type goes into consciousness Information that doesn’t, goes into personal unconscious  Our collective unconscious is inherited Contains archetypes — tendency to perceive things in ways we call “human”  Well known archetypes: persona, anima and animus, shadow © 2007 Thomson Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning    Jung believed we can make almost anything conscious If we understand our personal and collective unconscious, we are “whole” Techniques:  Goal of techniques—to make unconscious conscious  Some techniques: ▪ Examining our dreams ▪ Meaning of symbols ▪ Creative Techniques (working with clay) ▪ Active imagination © 2007 Thomson Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning 10  Cognitive Therapy (cont’d)  Core beliefs lead to intermediate beliefs (“attitudes, rules, and expectations”)  Intermediate beliefs lead to automatic thoughts  Automatic thoughts related to certain “cognitive distortions (see Table 4.1, p 123)  Automatic thoughts lead to possible reactions to certain situations (see Figure 4.2, p 124)  Treatment: focus on automatic thoughts, get to intermediate beliefs, then get to core beliefs—change core beliefs through thinking and acting differently © 2007 Thomson Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning 22  Developed by Glasser—originally called Reality Therapy  Five genetically based needs: survival, love and belonging, power, freedom, and fun  Unique “need-strength profile”  We can only satisfy our needs and control our behaviors in the present  Since birth, we create a “quality world” to determine how to satisfy our needs  Some quality worlds lead to destructive behaviors © 2007 Thomson Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning 23  Reality Therapy (cont’d) ▪ Can change the pictures in our quality worlds and our behaviors ▪ Total behavior: We can only choose our actions and thoughts ▪ Use internal-control language, not external control language ▪ Techniques: see WDEP system (Figure 4.3, p 127) ▪ Anti-deterministic © 2007 Thomson Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning 24  Overview  Based on post-modernism, social constructionism, poststructuralism ▪ Post-modernists: Questions modernism and many assumptions and beliefs we take for granted ▪ Social Constructionism: Values are transmitted through language via social milieu (family, culture, society) ▪ Post-structuralism: Questioning of “inherent truths” or “structures” we have believed  Two approaches: Narrative Therapy and Solution-Focused Brief Therapy © 2007 Thomson Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning 25  Developed by White and Epston (and others)  Four basic tenets: ▪ Realities are socially constructed ▪ Realities are constituted through language ▪ Realities are organized and maintained through narrative ▪ There are no essential truths  Anti-deterministic and anti-objectivist  Deconstruct older, negative narratives  Construct new narratives © 2007 Thomson Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning 26  Narrative Therapy (cont’d)  We all are multistoried  Look at “thin” and “thick” stories  Look for exceptions to stories (see Fig 4.4, p 129)  Be respectful, curious, show awe, ask questions  Phases: joining, examining patterns, re-authoring, moving on  Use journaling, retelling new stories, symbols to reinforce new stories © 2007 Thomson Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning 27  SFBT: Developed by Berg and de Shazer (and others)  Developed at BFTC of Milwaukee  Rejected “disease model” believed that clients could work quickly to reach goals  Pragmatic, optimistic, anti-deterministic, future-oriented  Miracle Question  Questions: evaluative, coping, exception-seeking, solutionfocused  Find exceptions  Often, under sessions © 2007 Thomson Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning 28  Six Stages  Stage 0: Pre-Session Change  Stage 1: Forming a Collaborative Relationship  Stage 2: Describing the Problem  Stage 3: Establishing Preferred Goals  Stage 4: Problem-to-Solution Focus  Stage 5: Reaching Preferred Goals © 2007 Thomson Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning 29 MORE POPULAR OF HUNDREDS OF THERAPIES MORE POPULAR OF HUNDREDS OF THERAPIES Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory  Eye Movement Desensitization Therapy (EMDR)  Object-Relations Theory  Relational and Subjectivity Theory  Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT)  Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT)    Motivational Interviewing  Gender-Aware Therapy  Positive Psychology and WellBeing Therapy  Complementary, Alternative, and Integrative approaches Constructivist Therapy © 2007 Thomson Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning 30  Four stages:  Stage 1: Chaos  Stage 2: Coalescence  Stage 3: Multiplicity  Stage 4: Metatheory © 2007 Thomson Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning 31  Bias in Counseling Approaches  Many theories developed by White men, European heritage  Their values impacted their theories  Some of these values included: ▪ Individualism ▪ Expression of feelings ▪ Uncovering “self” ▪ If you work hard, you’ll succeed ▪ Mind-body dualism ▪ Truth can be found ▪ External factors not important © 2007 Thomson Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning 32      It’s time to take into account other cultures It’s time to become more multicultural sensitive in our theories Many of the theories can be adapted to address these issues Sometimes, new theories will need to be undertaken And, let’s not forgot our own biases and how they interplay with bias in theories © 2007 Thomson Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning 33  Some common issues related to Sections A and B of ACA ethics code: Section A: The Counseling Relationship, and Section B: Confidentiality, Privileged and Privacy  Section A ▪ Welfare of clients ▪ Informed Consent ▪ Clients being seen by other professionals ▪ Roles and relationships with clients (including sexual relationships) © 2007 Thomson Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning 34  Section A (cont’d) ▪ Roles and relationships at individual, group, institutional, and societal levels ▪ Multiple clients ▪ End-of-life care for terminally ill clients  Section B ▪ Respecting client rights (including foreseeable harm and life-threatening diseases) ▪ See “Tarasoff Case and Foreseeable Harm (Duty to Warn) Box 4.13, p 142 © 2007 Thomson Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning 35  Embracing a Theory but Open to Change  Theory development is an ongoing process  Be open to changing your approach over your career  How you think your approach might change? © 2007 Thomson Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning 36 [...]... time to take into account other cultures It’s time to become more multicultural sensitive in our theories Many of the theories can be adapted to address these issues Sometimes, new theories will need to be undertaken And, let’s not forgot our own biases and how they interplay with bias in theories © 2007 Thomson Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning 33  Some common issues related to Sections A and... Behavior Therapy, Cognitive Therapy, Reality Therapy and Choice Theory © 2007 Thomson Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning 18  Developed by Many Different Indivdiuals  Based on an understanding of classical condition, modeling, and operant conditioning  Therapeutic stages 1 Building the relationship 2 Clinical Assessment 3 Focusing on Problem Areas and Setting Goals 4 Choosing Techniques and Working... freedom, and fun  Unique “need-strength profile”  We can only satisfy our needs and control our behaviors in the present  Since birth, we create a “quality world to determine how to satisfy our needs  Some quality worlds lead to destructive behaviors © 2007 Thomson Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning 23  Reality Therapy (cont’d) ▪ Can change the pictures in our quality worlds and our behaviors... Stage 4: Problem -to- Solution Focus  Stage 5: Reaching Preferred Goals © 2007 Thomson Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning 29 MORE POPULAR OF HUNDREDS OF THERAPIES MORE POPULAR OF HUNDREDS OF THERAPIES Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory  Eye Movement Desensitization Therapy (EMDR)  Object-Relations Theory  Relational and Subjectivity Theory  Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT)  Acceptance and Commitment... Existential Therapy, Person-Centered, Gestalt Therapy © 2007 Thomson Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning 14 A number of theorists developed this approach: Frankl (Logotherapy); May, Bugental, Yalom  Central tenets of most existential approaches ▪ Born into a world with no inherent meaning ▪ We make our meaning ▪ Struggle throughout life to be “human” ▪ Most people live a life of limited self-reflecton... beliefs often out of our awareness  We can have negative core beliefs (see Box 4. 11) © 2007 Thomson Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning 21  Cognitive Therapy (cont’d)  Core beliefs lead to intermediate beliefs (“attitudes, rules, and expectations”)  Intermediate beliefs lead to automatic thoughts  Automatic thoughts related to certain “cognitive distortions (see Table 4. 1, p 123)  Automatic... Learning 31  Bias in Counseling Approaches  Many theories developed by White men, European heritage  Their values impacted their theories  Some of these values included: ▪ Individualism ▪ Expression of feelings ▪ Uncovering “self” ▪ If you work hard, you’ll succeed ▪ Mind-body dualism ▪ Truth can be found ▪ External factors not important © 2007 Thomson Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning... through language ▪ Realities are organized and maintained through narrative ▪ There are no essential truths  Anti-deterministic and anti-objectivist  Deconstruct older, negative narratives  Construct new narratives © 2007 Thomson Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning 26  Narrative Therapy (cont’d)  We all are multistoried  Look at “thin” and “thick” stories  Look for exceptions to stories... institutional, and societal levels ▪ Multiple clients ▪ End -of- life care for terminally ill clients  Section B ▪ Respecting client rights (including foreseeable harm and life-threatening diseases) ▪ See “Tarasoff Case and Foreseeable Harm (Duty to Warn) Box 4. 13, p 142 © 2007 Thomson Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning 35  Embracing a Theory but Open to Change  Theory development is an ongoing... move to fulfill one drive—striving for perfection  All other drives subsumed by this one Part of being human: having feelings of inferiority Feelings of inferiority lead us to our subjective final goal Our private logic leads us toward our final goal Drive toward our subjective goal results in development of behaviors that compensate for feelings of inferiority You can tell how a person is driven toward ... “cognitive distortions (see Table 4. 1, p 123)  Automatic thoughts lead to possible reactions to certain situations (see Figure 4. 2, p 1 24)  Treatment: focus on automatic thoughts, get to intermediate... Behavior Therapy, Cognitive Therapy, Reality Therapy and Choice Theory © 2007 Thomson Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning 18  Developed by Many Different Indivdiuals  Based on an understanding... of Thomson Learning 26  Narrative Therapy (cont’d)  We all are multistoried  Look at “thin” and “thick” stories  Look for exceptions to stories (see Fig 4. 4, p 129)  Be respectful, curious,