Counseling Theory in Schools The Transformed School Counselor Chapter ©2012 Cengage Learning These materials are designed for classroom use and can be used for educational purposes only Reproduction for commercial use is in violation of copyright laws Defining Counseling “a professional relationship that empowers diverse individuals, families, and groups to accomplish mental health, wellness, education, and career goals" (American Counseling Association, 2010) Counseling is a process of helping people by assisting them in making decisions and changing behavior (ACA, 1997) ©2012 Cengage Learning These materials are designed for classroom use and can be used for educational purposes only Reproduction for commercial use is in violation of copyright laws Defining School Counseling …… a helping process implemented by trained and credentialed personnel which involves a variety of strategies and activities that help students explore, academic, career and personal/social issues which can impede healthy development or academic progress (ASCA, 2005) ………is a confidential relationship which the counselor conducts with students individually and in small groups to help them resolve their problems and developmental concerns (ASCA, 1999) ©2012 Cengage Learning These materials are designed for classroom use and can be used for educational purposes only Reproduction for commercial use is in violation of copyright laws Defining School Counseling A profession that focuses on the relations and interactions between students and their school environment with the expressed purpose of reducing the effect of environmental and institutional barriers that impede student academic success (Education Trust, 1997) ©2012 Cengage Learning These materials are designed for classroom use and can be used for educational purposes only Reproduction for commercial use is in violation of copyright laws The Foundation for Comprehensive School Counseling Counseling is a process of helping people by assisting them in making decisions and changing behavior School counselors work with all students, school staff, families and members of the community as an integral part of the education program School counseling programs promote school success through a focus on academic achievement, prevention and intervention activities, advocacy and social/emotional and career development American School Counselor Association, 1997 ©2012 Cengage Learning These materials are designed for classroom use and can be used for educational purposes only Reproduction for commercial use is in violation of copyright laws ….and Professional Identity The foundation and basis for the school counseling program reside in counseling theory and those processes and techniques relevant to the school setting and the one by which the counselor’s professional identity is often established ©2012 Cengage Learning These materials are designed for classroom use and can be used for educational purposes only Reproduction for commercial use is in violation of copyright laws How are these Different or Similar? Counseling and  advising  guidance  therapy ©2012 Cengage Learning These materials are designed for classroom use and can be used for educational purposes only Reproduction for commercial use is in violation of copyright laws Purpose of Counseling Five major goals are at the heart of most counseling theories and models (George and Cristiani , 1990): 1990 facilitate a change in behavior; improve social and personal relationships; increase one’s ability to cope; learn and apply the decision making process; and, enrich personal growth and self development How you apply these in a school setting? ©2012 Cengage Learning These materials are designed for classroom use and can be used for educational purposes only Reproduction for commercial use is in violation of copyright laws The Counseling Process Theory  Technique  Application  ©2012 Cengage Learning These materials are designed for classroom use and can be used for educational purposes only Reproduction for commercial use is in violation of copyright laws Know Thyself (self awareness) Reflect on the personal qualities that a school counselor should possess to successfully engage students in the counseling process Which qualities you need to further develop? How will you this? ©2012 Cengage Learning These materials are designed for classroom use and can be used for educational purposes only Reproduction for commercial use is in violation of copyright laws Reality Theory Reality Theory encourages the client to learn how to make more effective choices and develop the skills to cope with daily stresses and problems Individuals set realistic and take ownership of goals, thus accepting responsibility for their choices in life and to obtain what they want in the present and future (William Glasser) Role play Confrontation Humor Goal setting Attending Teaching WDEP (wants, direction, evaluation, plan) ©2012 Cengage Learning These materials are designed for classroom use and can be used for educational purposes only Reproduction for commercial use is in violation of  copyright laws Rational Emotive Behavior Theory   REBT helps people live balanced, productive, and more rational lives by limiting the demands that one makes on oneself This theory concentrates on the relationship between thoughts and their impact and affect upon emotions and behaviors (Ellis) Techniques such as teaching and disputing help school counselors educate students on the anatomy of emotion Feelings are viewed as a result of thoughts and not events ©2012 Cengage Learning These materials are designed for classroom use and can be used for educational purposes only Reproduction for commercial use is in violation of copyright laws Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Cognitive behavioral therapy assists clients in being able to deal with life and accomplish personal and professional goals (Bandura) Reinforcers Behavior modification Shaping Generalization, Maintenance, Extinction  ©2012 Cengage Learning These materials are designed for classroom use and can be used for educational purposes only Reproduction for commercial use is in violation of copyright laws Existensialism Existentialism - emphasizes the importance of examining anxiety, values, freedom and responsibility to find meaning Since people destine or author their lives by the choices they make, life’s choices not depend on the judgment of others The client uncovers life’s meaning by doing a deed, experiencing a value, or by suffering (Frankl, May) Philosophy or Therapy Issues are learning experiences Accept the truth and work through ambiguity  ©2012 Cengage Learning These materials are designed for classroom use and can be used for educational purposes only Reproduction for commercial use is in violation of copyright laws Motivational Interviewing Motivational Interviewing is defined as directive, client-centered, and eliciting change by helping clients explore and resolve ambivalence (Miller & Rollnick, 2002) The counselor serves in the role of collaborator with the client and helps counselors work with students who fluctuate between incongruent thoughts and behaviors (Biles & Eakin, 2010) basic techniques: expressing empathy, developing a discrepancy, rolling with resistance and support selfefficacy ©2012 Cengage Learning These materials are designed for classroom use and can be used for educational purposes only Reproduction for commercial use is in violation of copyright laws Solution Focused Counseling  In solution-focused counseling the school counselor becomes the learner, and in turn, the student assumes the role of teacher or informant, telling you what the problem is and when a workable solution has been created (Davis & Osborne) ©2012 Cengage Learning These materials are designed for classroom use and can be used for educational purposes only Reproduction for commercial use is in violation of copyright laws Brief Solution-Focused Counseling Helps students to gain control and experience success Students can assess the problem in concrete and developmentally appropriate terms, explore attempts previously used to correct the problem, establish short terms goals and implement the intervention (Bruce, 1995) Techniques include: counting on change, highlighting exceptions, the miracle question, the great instead, establishing measurable goals and using scaling questions ©2012 Cengage Learning These materials are designed for classroom use and can be used for educational purposes only Reproduction for commercial use is in violation of copyright laws Selecting a Theoretical Orientation Counseling theories provide a point of reference from which the counselor develops a personal perspective of human growth, development and behavior  Counselors must recognize and choose the appropriate behaviors and strategies that best match their theoretical approach  ©2012 Cengage Learning These materials are designed for classroom use and can be used for educational purposes only Reproduction for commercial use is in violation of copyright laws Applying Counseling Skills and Techniques      Establishing a Relationship Setting the Tone in a Counseling Setting Exploring the Issues Setting Goals Transitioning to Independence ©2012 Cengage Learning These materials are designed for classroom use and can be used for educational purposes only Reproduction for commercial use is in violation of copyright laws Communication Techniques Reflecting  Paraphrasing  Clarifying  Questioning (open ended vs closed)  Active listening…there’s no time to be passive! ©2012 Cengage Learning These materials are designed for classroom use and can be used for educational purposes only Reproduction for commercial use is in violation of copyright laws Activity How would you conduct a first counseling session with an elementary, or middle or high school student? What preparation needs to be done in advance? Talk about how the sequence of steps that you would follow ©2012 Cengage Learning These materials are designed for classroom use and can be used for educational purposes only Reproduction for commercial use is in violation of copyright laws Case Study: Seeking Solutions Jason is convinced that the high school exit exam is the most important test that he will ever take His parents, teachers, and you his counselor have reminded him that he still has several opportunities to pass - just in case Jason is an average student and usually gets C’s and B’s in most of his subjects He failed the test the first time he took it He said he got overly anxious and could not think straight Jason told you that if he cannot pass the test the next time he takes it, he will just have to quit high school He does not know what he wants to after high school–sometimes he thinks he wants to go to college, other times he thinks that he wants a technical career Now he thinks he should just go to work and not deal with any of this How will you approach this counseling situation? ©2012 Cengage Learning These materials are designed for classroom use and can be used for educational purposes only Reproduction for commercial use is in violation of copyright laws Case Study: Seeking Solutions Kara feels she is unable to anything well She is only comfortable in class when the teacher expects nothing from her You ask Kara, “What you want your teacher and classmates to know about you? Are there some things in class that you are really good at and would like everyone to know? How can we make that happen?” How would you approach this counseling situation? ©2012 Cengage Learning These materials are designed for classroom use and can be used for educational purposes only Reproduction for commercial use is in violation of copyright laws Taking the Case Apart Planning the Intervention: Things to Think About:      Key Issues Who Else Is Involved Theoretical Orientation Techniques Follow Up ©2012 Cengage Learning These materials are designed for classroom use and can be used for educational purposes only Reproduction for commercial use is in violation of copyright laws REVIEW: Which Theory Applies Here?      You feel _because…… and you want _ The school counselor expresses genuine confidence in the student and used encouragement I take responsibility for……………… The school counselor discusses the difference between friendly competition and “one-upmanship.” How can you remove those self-defeating thoughts that are holding you back from doing better? ©2012 Cengage Learning These materials are designed for classroom use and can be used for educational purposes only Reproduction for commercial use is in violation of copyright laws [...]...Exploring 10 Theoretical Applications for School Settings 1 The Gestalt Approach 2 The Person-Centered Approach 3 The Individual Psychology Approach 4 The Behavioral Approach 5 The Reality Therapy Approach 20 12 Cengage Learning These materials are designed for classroom use and can be used for educational purposes only Reproduction for commercial use is in violation of copyright laws Exploring Theoretical... violation of copyright laws Selecting a Theoretical Orientation Counseling theories provide a point of reference from which the counselor develops a personal perspective of human growth, development and behavior  Counselors must recognize and choose the appropriate behaviors and strategies that best match their theoretical approach  20 12 Cengage Learning These materials are designed for classroom... violation of copyright laws Solution Focused Counseling  In solution-focused counseling the school counselor becomes the learner, and in turn, the student assumes the role of teacher or informant, telling you what the problem is and when a workable solution has been created (Davis & Osborne) 20 12 Cengage Learning These materials are designed for classroom use and can be used for educational purposes... 6 The REBT (Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy) Approach 7 The Cognitive Behavior Approach 8 The Existential Approach 9 Motivational Interviewing 10 Solution Focused Counseling 20 12 Cengage Learning These materials are designed for classroom use and can be used for educational purposes only Reproduction for commercial use is in violation of copyright laws Gestalt Theory Gestalt theory emphasizes the. .. - emphasizes the importance of examining anxiety, values, freedom and responsibility to find meaning Since people destine or author their lives by the choices they make, life’s choices do not depend on the judgment of others The client uncovers life’s meaning by doing a deed, experiencing a value, or by suffering (Frankl, May) Philosophy or Therapy Issues are learning experiences Accept the truth and... Else Is Involved Theoretical Orientation Techniques Follow Up 20 12 Cengage Learning These materials are designed for classroom use and can be used for educational purposes only Reproduction for commercial use is in violation of copyright laws REVIEW: Which Theory Applies Here?      You feel _because…… and you want _ The school counselor expresses genuine confidence in the student and used... can assess the problem in concrete and developmentally appropriate terms, explore attempts previously used to correct the problem, establish short terms goals and implement the intervention (Bruce, 1995) Techniques include: counting on change, highlighting exceptions, the miracle question, the great instead, establishing measurable goals and using scaling questions 20 12 Cengage Learning These materials... 20 12 Cengage Learning These materials are designed for classroom use and can be used for educational purposes only Reproduction for commercial use is in violation of copyright laws Motivational Interviewing Motivational Interviewing is defined as directive, client-centered, and eliciting change by helping clients explore and resolve ambivalence (Miller & Rollnick, 20 02) The counselor serves in the. .. supports the equation now = experience = awareness = reality (Fritz Perls) Dream Work Empty Chair Confrontation Making the Rounds I Take Responsibility  20 12 Cengage Learning These materials are designed for classroom use and can be used for educational purposes only Reproduction for commercial use is in violation of copyright laws Person Centered Theory Person Centered theory focuses on the “core... commercial use is in violation of copyright laws Reality Theory Reality Theory encourages the client to learn how to make more effective choices and develop the skills to cope with daily stresses and problems Individuals set realistic and take ownership of goals, thus accepting responsibility for their choices in life and to obtain what they want in the present and future (William Glasser) Role play Confrontation ... Applications for School Settings The Gestalt Approach The Person-Centered Approach The Individual Psychology Approach The Behavioral Approach The Reality Therapy Approach 20 12 Cengage Learning These materials... Identity The foundation and basis for the school counseling program reside in counseling theory and those processes and techniques relevant to the school setting and the one by which the counselor s... Rollnick, 20 02) The counselor serves in the role of collaborator with the client and helps counselors work with students who fluctuate between incongruent thoughts and behaviors (Biles & Eakin, 20 10)