Index Index terms Links A Activated sludge reactor 8.1 aeration tank balance 8.5 8.6 biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) 8.1 8.41 food to microorganism ratio 8.4 hydraulic retention time 8.2 oxygen requirements 8.3 reactor volume 8.4 return activate sludge 8.4 sludge quantity wasted 8.2 volume of suspended solids (VSS) 8.2 wasted-activated sludge 8.4 Aerated grit chamber design 8.16 air supply required 8.18 grit chamber dimensions 8.18 grit chamber volume 8.16 quantity of grit expected 8.18 Aerial photogrammetry 5.39 elevation of a point 5.45 flying height and scale 5.39 ground distance 5.41 height of a structure 5.41 with oblique photograph 5.48 with overlapping photographs 5.45 5.43 This page has been reformatted by Knovel to provide easier navigation I.1 I.2 Index terms Links Aerial photogrammetry (Continued) with tilted photograph 5.43 with vertical photograph 5.39 Aerobic digester design 8.12 daily volume of sludge 8.13 digester volume 8.15 oxygen and air requirements 8.14 required VSS reduction 8.14 volume of digested sludge 8.14 Air-lift pumps, selection of disadvantages of Allowable-stress design 7.9 7.11 1.115 1.137 Alternative proposals, cost comparisons of 9.24 Altitude of star 5.11 Anaerobic digester design 8.41 BOD entering digester 8.41 daily quantity of volatile solids 8.43 percent stabilization 8.43 required volume and loading 8.42 volume of methane produced 8.43 Analysis of business operations 9.63 dynamic programming in 9.67 linear programming in 9.63 optimal inventory level 9.69 project planning using CPM/PERT 9.77 Arch, reactions of three-hinged 1.14 Archimedes' principle 6.3 Area of tract 5.4 Astronomy, field 1.116 8.44 9.64 1.15 5.11 This page has been reformatted by Knovel to provide easier navigation 1.136 I.3 Index terms Links Average-end-area method 5.10 Average-grade method 5.25 5.11 Axial load: and bending 1.45 deformation caused by 1.28 notational system for 1.27 in steel beam column 1.111 in braced frame 1.51 1.61 2.19 2.20 1.151 in steel hanger 1.28 stress caused by impact load 1.32 (see also Stress(es) and strain: axial) Axial member, design load in 1.110 Axial shortening of loaded column 1.139 Azimuth of star 5.11 B Balanced design: of prestressed-concrete beam 2.52 of reinforced-concrete beam 2.3 of reinforced-concrete column 2.33 Basins, rapid-mix and flocculation 8.26 Beaches, work required to clean oil-polluted 4.48 Beam(s): bearing plates for 1.164 bending stress in 1.41 and axial force 1.95 with intermittent lateral support 1.89 jointly supporting a load 1.62 with reduced allowable stress 1.90 in riveted plate girder 1.98 in welded plate girder 1.99 This page has been reformatted by Knovel to provide easier navigation I.4 Index terms Links Beam(s): (Continued) (see also Bending moment) biaxial bending 1.154 column (see Beam column) compact and non-compact 1.138 composite action of 1.161 composite steel-and-concrete highway bridge 2.90 5.54 composite steel-and-timber 1.46 compound 1.45 concentrated load on 1.42 concrete slab 1.144 1.161 conjugate 1.57 continuous 1.55 5.51 of prestressed concrete 2.78 of reinforced concrete 2.14 2.30 of steel 1.95 1.122 deflection of design moment economic section of 1.55 1.144 1.88 lateral torsional buckling 1.145 lightest section to support load 1.148 minor- and major-axis bending in 1.141 with moving loads 1.69 on movable supports 1.44 orientation of 1.89 1.148 prestressed concrete (see Prestressed-concrete beam) reinforced concrete (see Reinforced-concrete beam) shape: properties of shear and bending moment in 1.138 1.42 1.61 shear, in concrete: This page has been reformatted by Knovel to provide easier navigation I.5 Index terms Links Beam(s): (Continued) connectors for 1.162 force 1.161 shear, in steel: center of 1.49 flow 1.48 on yielding support 1.61 shear strength 1.142 of beam web 1.163 shearing stress in 1.48 statically indeterminate 1.61 strength: for minor- and major-axis bending 1.163 1.96 1.141 steel (see Steel beam) stiffener plates for 1.142 timber (see Timber beam) theorem of three moments 1.64 vertical shear in 1.41 web 1.163 welded section 1.142 web stiffeners for 1.142 wood (see Timber beam) Beam column: axial load on and compression member 1.151 2.32 in braced frame 1.150 first- and second-order moments in 1.152 flexure and compression combined 1.150 pile group as 1.54 soil prism as 1.53 steel 1.111 1.134 This page has been reformatted by Knovel to provide easier navigation 1.97 I.6 Index terms Links Beam connection: eccentric load on 1.84 on pile group 1.55 on riveted connection 1.84 on welded connection 1.87 riveted moment 1.172 semirigid 1.171 of truss members 1.169 welded flexible 1.175 welded moment 1.178 welded seated 1.176 Beam web, shear strength of 1.163 Bearing plate, for beam 1.164 Bending flat plate 1.50 1.87 1.51 Bending moment: in bridge truss 1.74 in column footing 2.41 for compression members 2.36 in concrete girders in T-beam bridge 5.51 5.52 diagram 1.42 1.45 1.61 1.93 1.96 1.62 for beam column 1.111 for combined footing 2.43 for steel beam 1.91 for welded plate girder 1.100 in prestressed-concrete beam 2.53 in reinforced-concrete beam 2.4 compression member 2.36 in steel beam 1.41 continuous 1.95 for most economic section 1.88 1.43 This page has been reformatted by Knovel to provide easier navigation I.7 Index terms Links Bending moment: (Continued) equation for 1.63 by moment distribution 1.65 and shear in 1.42 on yielding support for 1.61 and theorem of three moments 1.63 in three-hinged arch 1.14 in welded plate girder 1.97 1.76 Bending stress: and axial load 1.45 1.51 1.61 in beam 1.41 1.98 1.99 and axial force 1.95 with intermittent lateral support 1.89 jointly supporting a load 1.62 with reduced allowable stress 1.90 in riveted plate girder 1.98 1.102 in welded plate girder 1.99 1.102 in curved member 1.53 (see also Bending moment) Benefit-cost analysis 9.61 Bernoulli's theorem 6.8 Biogas plants 8.51 Bioremediation cleanup of waste sites 4.42 6.9 activated carbon polishing for 4.46 alternative treatment technologies 4.37 best demonstrated available technology (BDAT) 4.47 biological land treatment 4.42 bioreactors for 4.43 bioslurry reactor 4.44 bioventing 4.43 4.44 combined remediation systems 4.44 4.45 4.45 This page has been reformatted by Knovel to provide easier navigation I.8 Index terms Links Bioremediation cleanup of waste sites (Continued) comparison of biological treatment technologies 4.42 cost of treatment 4.45 Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) 8015M 4.42 financial analysis of alternative technologies 4.42 gasoline in 4.42 groundwater cleanup 4.45 petroleum hydrocarbons in 4.42 polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) 4.47 polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) 4.47 Research Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) 4.42 sludge in 4.42 Bioventing, in soil cleanup Boat, stability with upsetting moment 4.43 3.10 Borda's formula for head loss 6.17 4.6 Bracing, diagonal 1.195 Branching pipes 6.18 Bridge filter sizing, traveling grate 8.23 Bridge truss 1.70 Bridge(s), highway 5.50 composite steel-and-concrete beam bridge concrete T-beam Buckingham's pi theorem 4.46 4.47 4.44 6.6 Bolted splice design Boussinesq equation 4.43 4.7 6.19 1.74 2.90 5.54 5.51 6.28 Bulkhead: anchored analysis of 4.18 cantilever analysis of 4.17 thrust on 4.16 This page has been reformatted by Knovel to provide easier navigation 5.50 I.9 Index terms Buoyancy Links 6.2 Archimedes' principle in determining 6.3 center of 6.6 metacentric height and 6.6 Business operations, analysis of 9.63 dynamic programming in 9.67 linear programming in 9.63 optimal inventory level 9.69 project planning using CPM/PERT 9.77 Butt splice 6.7 1.81 C Cable(s): catenary 1.18 with concentrated load 1.15 parabolic 1.17 Cantilever bulkhead analysis 4.17 Cantilever retaining wall 2.46 Cantilever wind-stress analysis 1.17 1.30 6.63 6.49 1.188 Capacity-reduction factor 2.4 Capital, recovery of 9.8 Cardboard, corrugated, in municipal waste 4.34 Cash flow calculations 9.14 Celestial sphere 5.12 Centrifugal pump(s) 6.36 cavitation-free operation of 6.40 characteristic curves for series installation 6.30 6.31 cost reduction for: maintenance for 6.52 energy consumption and loss 6.81 This page has been reformatted by Knovel to provide easier navigation I.10 Index terms Links Centrifugal pump(s) (Continued) driver speed 6.36 energy cost reduction 6.83 as hydraulic turbines 6.73 applications for 6.77 cavitation potential in 6.74 constant-speed curves 6.76 converting turbine to pump conditions 6.74 number of stages of 6.74 performance and flow rate 6.75 specific speed of 6.74 impellers 6.40 6.40 6.41 6.50 6.53 6.78 shape of 6.40 size of 6.78 maintenance costs, reducing 6.52 materials and parts selection 6.47 minimum safe flow 6.63 optimal operating speed 6.40 ratings table for 6.51 parts, selection of materials for 6.47 reverse flow, prevention of 6.35 for safety-service 6.78 seals, mechanical 6.52 selection of 6.49 for any system 6.47 best operating speed 6.40 most common error in 6.78 for pumping viscous liquid 6.64 for reduced cost 6.81 similarity or affinity laws and 6.36 6.83 6.72 6.72 6.37 This page has been reformatted by Knovel to provide easier navigation I.43 Index terms Links Sewage-treatment method selection (Continued) typical efficiencies 8.51 wet processes 8.53 Sewer systems (see Storm-water and sewer systems and Sanitary sewer system design) Shape factor 1.97 Shear center 1.49 Shear connectors 1.162 Shear diagram: for beam 1.42 for combined footing 2.45 Shear: in beam 1.41 1.96 in bridge truss 1.70 5.50 in column footing 2.41 in concrete slab, for composite action 1.161 of prestressed concrete 2.53 punching 2.41 on riveted connection 1.84 for welded connection 1.142 2.46 Shearing stress (see Stress(es) and strain: shearing) Shrink-fit stress 1.35 Sight distance 5.31 Similarity, hydraulic 6.29 Sinking fund 9.7 Slenderness ratio 1.106 Slices, method of 4.20 Slope, stability of: method of slices 4.20 This page has been reformatted by Knovel to provide easier navigation 1.97 I.44 Index terms Links Slope, stability of: (Continued) by φ-circle method Slope-deflection method of wind-stress analysis Sludge, sanitary wastewater treatment of activated sludge reactor design 4.22 1.191 8.1 8.1 solid-bowl centrifuge for dewatering 8.19 rotary-lobe sludge pump sizing 8.36 thickening of wasted-activated sludge 8.4 aerated grit chamber design 8.16 aerobic digester design 8.12 anaerobic digester design 8.41 Small hydropower sites 6.84 "clean" energy from 6.87 DOE operating-cost estimates 6.85 Francis turbine in 6.84 efficiency falloff and load sharing 6.86 importance of tail-water level 6.85 turbine design 6.74 typical power-generating capacity 6.84 Soil mechanics 8.49 6.90 6.86 6.86 4.1 economics of cleanup methods in 4.34 bioremediation 4.38 bioventing 4.43 mining landfills 4.26 municipal wastes, recycle profits in 4.34 oil-polluted beaches 4.48 4.44 (see also Soil) Soil pressure: caused by point load 4.6 caused by rectangular loading 4.7 under dam 1.53 This page has been reformatted by Knovel to provide easier navigation 6.87 I.45 Index terms Links Soil: composition of 4.2 compression index of 4.26 consolidation of 4.25 contaminated 4.2 cleanup methods for 4.34 and water supply 7.23 flow net in 4.4 moisture content of 4.2 permeability of 4.4 porosity of 4.2 7.33 4.3 pressure (see Soil pressure) quicksand conditions 4.3 shearing capacity of 4.8 specific wight of 4.3 thrust on bulkhead 4.16 Solar-powered pumps 6.90 applications of 6.92 closed-cycle design 6.90 gas-release rate in 6.90 Rankine-cycle turbine in 6.90 refrigerant selection for 6.92 solar collectors used for 6.90 Solid-bowl centrifuge for sludge dewatering 6.91 8.18 centrifugal force 8.22 dewatered sludge cake discharge rate 8.21 capacity and number of centrifuges 8.19 selecting number of centrifuges needed 8.19 sludge feed rate required 8.20 solids capture 8.20 Space frame 6.91 1.19 This page has been reformatted by Knovel to provide easier navigation I.46 Index terms Spiral, transition Links 5.20 Stability: of embankment 4.20 of footing 4.24 of retaining wall 1.18 of slope 4.20 of vessel 6.6 Stadia surveying Stair slab, prestressed-concrete Star strut 5.9 2.97 1.105 Star, azimuth of 5.11 culmination of 5.14 Static friction Statically indeterminate structures beam(s) 1.7 1.61 1.162 bending moment of 1.162 bending stress of beam 1.163 theorem of three moments 1.163 truss, analysis of 1.167 Statics 1.5 Statistics and probability 9.80 Steel beam(s) 1.88 composite concrete and 2.90 continuous 1.95 1.122 elastic design of 1.95 1.115 plastic design of 1.114 with continuous lateral support 1.88 cover-plated 1.92 encased in concrete 2.90 with intermittent lateral support 1.89 light gage 1.186 This page has been reformatted by Knovel to provide easier navigation 1.117 I.47 Index terms Links Steel beam(s) (Continued) with reduced allowable stress 1.90 shear in 1.48 1.49 shearing stress in 1.96 1.97 stiffener plates for 1.142 Steel column 1.103 axial shortening when loaded 1.139 base for 1.181 beam-column 1.111 built-up 1.104 compressive strength 1.140 of composite 1.159 of welded section 1.140 concrete-filled 1.156 effective length of 1.106 with end moments 1.111 under fatigue loading 1.110 with grillage support 1.183 with intermediate loading 1.109 lacing of 1.108 with partial restraint 1.107 of star-strut section 1.105 with two effective lengths 1.106 welded section 1.140 Steel hanger analysis 1.168 Steel structures (see Structural steel engineering and design) Steel tension member 1.112 Stiffener plates 1.142 Storage tank, hydropneumatic 1.180 6.72 This page has been reformatted by Knovel to provide easier navigation 1.61 I.48 Index terms Storm-water and sewer systems runoff rate and rainfall intensity Links 7.24 7.24 by area 7.25 rational method 7.24 by surface 7.24 Talbot formulas for 7.24 (see also Sanitary sewer system design) sewer pipes 7.25 bedding requirements of 7.29 capacities 7.34 clay pipe strength 7.30 earth load on 7.29 embedding method, selection of 7.31 sanitary systems 7.28 separate vs combined design types 7.36 sizing for flow rates 7.25 7.33 slope of 7.26 7.36 typical plot plan 7.35 Stress(es) and strain 1.5 axial 1.27 1.32 1.111 1.151 bending 1.41 1.51 bond 2.13 2.41 in compound shaft 1.40 in flexural members 1.41 hoop 1.35 moving loads 1.69 on oblique plane 1.33 principal 1.34 in rectangular beam 2.21 This page has been reformatted by Knovel to provide easier navigation 1.45 1.61 I.49 Index terms Links Stress(es) and strain (Continued) shearing stress fluid viscosity and 1.40 2.25 1.41 1.48 1.139 2.11 1.83 1.96 1.97 3.2 3.3 6.8 in homogeneous beam 1.47 in prestressed cylinder 1.35 in reinforced-concrete beam 1.133 2.25 in steel beam in timber beam shrink-fit and radial pressure 1.39 thermal 1.37 cylindrical, torsion of 1.40 String polygon 1.7 Structural steel engineering and design 1.1 axial member, design load in 1.110 beam connection: riveted moment 1.172 semirigid 1.171 welded moment 1.178 welded seated 1.176 column base: for axial load 1.181 for end moment 1.181 grillage type 1.183 composite steel-and-concrete beam bridge 1.84 1.85 5.54 connection: beam-to-column of truss members eccentric load 1.169 1.84 on pile group 1.55 on rectangular section 1.61 1.87 This page has been reformatted by Knovel to provide easier navigation 2.90 I.50 Index terms Links Structural steel engineering and design (Continued) on riveted connection 1.84 on welded connection 1.87 eyebar 1.167 gusset plate 1.169 hanger, steel 1.168 knee: curved 1.180 rectangular 1.179 stair slab steel beam encased in concrete light-gage vibration of bent wind drift reduction with diagonal bracing 2.35 1.196 2.90 1.196 2.98 1.195 1.186 cantilever method 1.188 portal method 1.186 slope-deflection method 1.191 5.1 aerial photogrammetry 5.39 field astronomy 5.11 land and highway 5.1 mine 5.32 stadia 5.9 Swedish method for slope analysis 2.99 1.193 wind-stress analysis Surveying 1.181 4.20 T T-beam reinforced-concrete 2.7 2.9 1.198 This page has been reformatted by Knovel to provide easier navigation 2.28 I.51 Index terms Links Tangent-offset method 5.28 Tangential deviation 1.57 Tank(s): hydropneumatic 6.72 aeration, in waste-water treatment 8.6 circular, in waste-water treatment 8.8 Temperature reinforcement 1.165 Tension member, steel 1.112 Terzaghi general wedge theory 4.14 Terzaghi theory of consolidation 4.25 Thermal effects in structural members 1.37 Thermodynamics, first law of 6.35 Three moments, theorem of 1.63 Tie rod, computing tension in 1.8 Timber beam 3.1 bending stress in 3.2 bolted splice 3.10 composite steel and 1.46 depth factor of 3.3 lateral load on nails in 3.9 screw loads in shearing stress in Timber column 1.198 3.10 3.3 3.6 Timber connection 3.11 Timber engineering 3.1 Timber member under oblique force 3.8 Torsion of shaft 1.40 Toxicity assessment, for contaminated waste sites 4.39 3.7 Tract: area of 5.5 This page has been reformatted by Knovel to provide easier navigation I.52 Index terms Links Tract: (Continued) irregular 5.7 rectilinear 5.4 partition of 5.5 Trajectory: concordant 2.81 linear transformation of 2.79 Transformed section 1.47 Transition spiral 5.20 Traveling-grate bridge filter sizing 8.23 Traverse, closed 5.2 Trench, earth thrust on timbered 4.4 Trickling filter design 8.29 BOD loading for first-stage filter 8.31 filter efficiency 8.29 plastic media type 8.33 Truss: bridge 1.70 compound 1.21 force analysis of 1.19 by graphical method free-body diagram of 1.74 1.9 1.13 1.14 influence line: for bending moment in 1.74 for shear in 1.70 method of joints 1.11 method of sections 1.13 with moving loads 1.72 simple 1.19 statically indeterminate 1.67 by uniform loads 1.72 This page has been reformatted by Knovel to provide easier navigation 5.50 I.53 Index terms Links Truss: (Continued) joint, displacement of 1.31 Turbines: hydraulic: centrifugal pumps as 6.73 converting turbine to pump conditions 6.74 hydroturbines: designs for 6.74 efficiency and load sharing 6.86 Francis turbine 6.84 performance, by type 6.88 in small-scale generating sites 6.84 tube and bulb type 6.86 Turbulent flow 6.13 Two-way slab 2.14 6.86 6.86 6.14 U Ultimate load 1.114 Ultimate-strength design: for compression members for flexural members Uniform series Unit-load method 2.32 2.3 9.8 9.11 1.58 V Venturi meter, flow through 6.10 Vertical parabolic curve: containing given point 5.29 plotting of 5.25 sight distance on 5.31 Vessel in water, stability of 6.6 This page has been reformatted by Knovel to provide easier navigation 6.87 I.54 Index terms Virtual displacements, theorem of Viscosity of fluid shearing stress and Links 1.132 6.8 6.67 6.8 (see also Centrifugal pump(s): and viscous fluids) Visibility, on vertical curve 5.31 Void ratio of soil 4.26 W Wall: retaining (see Retaining wall) Waste-activated sludge thickening 8.10 size of gravity belt thickener 8.11 sludge and filtrate flow rates 8.11 solids capture 8.12 Waste: cleanup (see Cleanup technology) contaminated sites 4.34 bioremediation cleanup of 4.42 bioventing, in soil cleanup 4.43 municipal 4.34 incineration of 4.35 landfill area required for 4.36 rate of generation of 4.36 recycle profit potential in 4.34 Wastewater disinfection, chlorination system for Wastewater treatment and control 4.44 4.40 8.44 8.1 (see also Sanitary sewer system design) Water-supply systems 7.1 air-lift pump selection 7.9 compressor capacity 7.9 submergence, effect of demand curve for typical week 7.10 7.4 This page has been reformatted by Knovel to provide easier navigation I.55 Index terms Links Water-supply systems (Continued) flow rates in 7.1 for domestic water 7.12 friction head loss 7.12 load factor determination 7.12 pump drawdown analysis 7.1 drawdown in gravity well 7.4 Dupuit formula in 7.2 recovery-curve calculation 7.6 wells in extended use 7.6 7.4 Hardy Cross network analysis method 7.12 industrial water and steam requirements 7.20 pipe sizing 7.12 7.25 7.12 7.13 Hazen-Williams equation pressure loss analysis 7.11 selection of 7.17 fire hydrant requirements 7.19 flow rate computation 7.17 piping for 7.17 pressurizing methods 7.19 water supply sources in 7.17 treatment method, selection of 7.20 7.21 disinfection method 7.23 filtration type, choice of 7.21 tase and odor control 7.23 impurities 7.22 typical municipal water sources 7.15 7.17 water wells 7.1 Water pollution 4.38 4.40 groundwater cleanup 4.45 4.46 oil spills 4.48 This page has been reformatted by Knovel to provide easier navigation I.56 Index terms Links Water pollution (Continued) impurities in water-supply 7.21 and hazardous wastes 7.23 Water-supply systems 7.1 choice of pipe type for 7.18 fire safety requirements 7.19 flow rate and pressure loss 7.11 industrial requirements 7.20 municipal water sources 7.17 parallel and single piping 7.11 selection of 7.17 treatment methods 7.21 disinfection 7.23 filtration 7.21 softening 7.22 solvents 7.23 water wells in air-lift pump for 7.1 7.9 Web reinforcement: of prestressed-concrete beam 2.70 2.71 of reinforced-concrete beam 2.11 2.24 Web stiffeners Wedge of immersion 1.142 6.6 weir: discharge over 6.12 variation in head on 6.25 Welded beams 1.142 design moment of 1.144 Welded connection 1.78 1.144 welded flexible 1.175 1.86 1.175 This page has been reformatted by Knovel to provide easier navigation 1.87 I.57 Index terms Links Welded connection (Continued) welded moment 1.178 welded seated 1.176 Welded plate girder design 1.99 Westergaard construction 4.32 Williott displacement diagram 1.31 Wind drift reduction 1.188 Wind stress analysis 1.186 cantilever method 1.188 portal method 1.186 slope-deflection method 1.191 1.32 Wood beam (see Timber beam) Wood joist(s) 3.2 Wood-plywood girder 3.4 Working-stress design 2.18 2.36 Y Yield moment 1.115 Yield-line theory 2.16 Yield-point stress 1.114 Z Zenith of observer 5.12 5.13 This page has been reformatted by Knovel to provide easier navigation