Three-dimensional strut-and-tie modelling of wind power plant foundations Master of Science Thesis in the Master’s Programme Structural engineering and building performance design NICKLAS LANDÉN JACOB LILLJEGREN Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering Division of Structural Engineering Concrete Structures CHALMERS UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY Göteborg, Sweden 2012 Master’s Thesis 2012:49 MASTER’S THESIS 2012:49 Strut-and-tie modelling of wind power plant foundations Master of Science Thesis in the Master’s Programme Structural engineering and building performance design NICKLAS LANDÉN JACOB LILLJEGREN Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering Division of Structural Engineering Concrete Structures CHALMERS UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY Göteborg, Sweden 2012 Strut-and-tie modelling of wind power plant foundations Master of Science Thesis in the Master’s Programme Structural engineering and building performance design NICKLAS LANDÉN JACOB LILLJEGREN © NICKLAS LANDÉN, JACOB LILLJEGREN, 2012 Examensarbete / Institutionen för bygg- och miljöteknik, Chalmers tekniska högskola, 2012:49 Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering Division of Structural Engineering Concrete Structures Chalmers University of Technology SE-412 96 Göteborg Sweden Telephone: + 46 (0)31-772 1000 Cover: Established 3D strut-and-tie model for a wind power plant foundation Chalmers Reproservice Göteborg, Sweden 2012 Master of Science Thesis in the Master’s Programme Structural engineering and building performance design NICKLAS LANDÉN JACOB LILLJEGREN Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering Division of Structural Engineering Concrete structures Chalmers University of Technology ABSTRACT With an increasing demand for renewable energy sources worldwide, a promising alternative is wind power During the last decades the number of wind power plants and their size has increased Wind power plant foundations are subjected to a centric load, resulting in a 3D stress distribution Even though this is known, the common design practice today is to design the foundation on the basis of classical beam-theory There is also an uncertainty of how to treat the fatigue loading in design Since a wind power plant is highly subjected to large variety of load amplitudes the fatigue verification must be performed The purpose with this master thesis project was to clarify the uncertainties in the design of wind power plant foundations The main objective was to study the possibility and suitability for designing wind power plant foundations with 3D strutand-tie modelling The purpose was also to investigate the appropriateness of using sectional design for wind power plant foundations A reference case with fixed loads and geometry was designed according to Eurocode with the two different methods, i.e beam-theory and strut-and-tie modelling Fatigue assessment was performed with Palmgren-Miners law of damage summation and the use of an equivalent load The shape of the foundation and reinforcement layout was investigated to find appropriate recommendations The centric loaded foundation results in D-regions and 3D stress flow which make the use of a strut-and-tie model an appropriate design method The 3D strut-and-tie method properly simulates the 3D stress flow and is appropriate for design of Dregions Regarding the common design practice the stress variation in transverse direction is not considered Hence the design procedure is incomplete If the linearelastic stress distribution is determined, regions without stress variation in transverse direction can be distinguished Those regions can be designed with beam-theory while the other regions are designed with a 3D strut-and-tie model Further, clarifications of fatigue assessment regarding the use of an equivalent load for reinforced concrete need to be recognized The method of using an equivalent load in fatigue calculations would considerably simplify the calculations for both reinforcement and concrete We found the use of 3D strut-and-tie method appropriate for designing wind power plant foundations But the need for computational aid or an equivalent load are recommended in order to perform fatigue assessment Key words: wind power plant foundation, gravity foundations, 3D, three-dimensional strut-and-tie model, fatigue, equivalent load, concrete I Dimensionering av vindkraftsfundament med tredimensionella fackverksmodeller Examensarbete inom Structural engineering and building performance design NICKLAS LANDÉN JACOB LILLJEGREN Institutionen för bygg- och miljöteknik Avdelningen för Konstruktionsteknik Betongbyggnad Chalmers tekniska högskola SAMMANFATTNING I takt med ökad efterfrågan på förnyelsebara energikällor de senaste decennierna har både antalet vindkraftverk och dess storlek vuxit De större kraftverken har resulterat i större laster och därmed större fundament På grund av en ständigt varierande vindlast måste fundamenten dimensioneras för utmattning Vidare är fundamenten centriskt belastade vilket ger upphov till ett 3D spänningsflöde Det verkar dock vanligt att dimensionera fundamenten genom att anta att spänningarna är jämt utspridda över hela fundamentet och använda balkteori Ett sätt att ta större hänsyn till det 3D spänningsflödet är att dimensionera fundamentet med en 3D fackverksmodell Det huvudsakliga syftet med examensarbetet var att undersöka möjligheten att dimensionera vindkraftsfundament med en 3D fackverksmodell, men även undersöka om det är lämpligt att basera dimensioneringen på balkteori Dessutom har olika armeringsutformningar studerats För att utreda nämnda frågeställning utfördes en dimensionering av ett vindkraftsfundament med givna laster och dimensioner grundat på Eurocode Fundamentet dimensionerades både med en 3D fackverksmodell och genom att använda balkteori Utmattningsberäkningarna utfördes med Palmgren-Miners delskadehypotes och med en ekvivalent spänningsvariation Med hänsyn till lastförutsättningen, vilket förutom att ge upphov till ett 3D spänningsflöde också resulterar i D-regioner Därav finner vi det lämpligt att använda sig av 3D fackverksmodeller Gällande dimensionering grundad på balkteori är denna ogiltig då spänningsvariationen den transversella riktningen inte beaktas Vi anser att det är lämpligt att använda sig av 3D fackverksmodeller, det krävs dock en automatiserad metod eller en ekvivalent last för att kunna hantera hela lastspektrumet Gällande användandet av en ekvivalent last krävs vidare studier på hur denna skall beräknas Nyckelord: vindkraftsfundament, gravitationsfundament, 3D, tredimensionell, fackverksmodell, ekvivalent last, betong II Contents ABSTRACT SAMMANFATTNING CONTENTS PREFACE NOTATIONS INTRODUCTION III VII VIII Background 1.2 Purpose and objective 1.3 Limitations 1.4 Method WIND POWER PLANT FOUNDATIONS 2.1 Design aspects of wind power plant foundations 2.2 Function of gravity foundations 2.3 Connection between tower and foundation DESIGN ASPECTS OF REINFORCED CONCRETE Shear capacity and bending moment capacity 3.2 Fatigue 3.2.1 Fatigue in steel 3.2.2 Fatigue in concrete 3.2.3 Fatigue in reinforced concrete STRUT-AND-TIE MODELLING 6 9 10 10 12 4.1 Principle of strut-and-tie modelling 12 4.2 Design procedure 12 4.3 Struts 14 4.4 Ties 14 4.5 Strut inclinations 15 4.6 Nodes 15 4.7 Three-dimensional strut-and-tie models 4.7.1 Nodes and there geometry II 1.1 3.1 I REFERENCE CASE AND DESIGN ASSUMPTIONS 17 18 19 5.1 Design codes 19 5.2 General conditions 20 CHALMERS Civil and Environmental Engineering, Master’s Thesis 2012:49 III 5.3 Geometry and loading 20 5.4 Tower foundation connection 22 5.5 Global equilibrium 25 DESIGN OF THE REFERENCE CASE ACCORDING TO COMMON PRACTICE ON THE BASIS OF EUROCODE 29 6.1 Bending moment and shear force distribution 29 6.2 Bending moment capacity 32 6.3 Shear capacity 34 6.4 Crack width limitation 37 6.5 Fatigue 37 6.6 Results 41 6.7 Conclusions on common design practice 42 DESIGN OF REFERENCE CASE WITH 3D STRUT-AND-TIE MODELS AND EUROCODE 45 7.1 Methodology 45 7.2 Two-dimensional strut-and-tie model 45 7.3 Three-dimensional strut-and-tie models 46 7.4 Reinforcement and node design 51 7.5 Fatigue 53 7.6 Results 53 7.7 Conclusions on the 3D strut-and-tie method 55 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 56 8.1 Reinforcement layout and foundation shape 56 8.2 Suggestions on further research 56 REFERENCES 58 APPENDICES A IN DATA REFERENCE CASE 60 A.1 Geometry 60 A.2 Loads 62 A.3 Material properties 64 B GLOBAL EQUILIBRIUM B.1 Eccentricity and width of soil pressure IV 65 65 CHALMERS, Civil and Environmental Engineering, Master’s Thesis 2012:49 C D B.2 Shear force and bending moment distribution 68 B.3 Sign convention 74 DESIGN IN ULTIMATE LIMIT STATE 75 C.1 Sections 75 C.2 Design of bending reinforcement 77 C.3 Star reinforcement inside embedded anchor ring 80 C.4 Minimum and maximum reinforcement amount 82 C.5 Shear capacity 82 C.6 Local effects and shear reinforcement around steel ring 86 CRACK WIDTHS SERVICE ABILITY LIMIT STATE 91 D.1 Loads 91 D.2 Crack control 92 E FATIGUE METHOD CALCULATIONS WITH EQUIVALENT LOAD E.1 Loads and sectional forces G CYCLE 97 97 E.2 Fatigue control bending moment 102 E.3 Fatigue control local effects 109 FATIGUE CONTROL WITH THE FULL LOAD SPECTRA 112 G.1 Loads and sectional forces 112 G.2 Fatigue in bending reinforcement 121 G.3 Shear force distribution 132 G.4 Fatigue in U-bows 135 H UTILISATION DEGREE AND FINAL REINFORCEMENT LAYOUT 138 I FATIGUE LOADS 140 J SECTIONS OF STRUT AND TIE MODEL 146 K REINFORCEMENT CALCULATIONS AND FORCES IN STRUTS AND TIES 149 CHALMERS Civil and Environmental Engineering, Master’s Thesis 2012:49 V VI CHALMERS, Civil and Environmental Engineering, Master’s Thesis 2012:49 Utilisation degree of bending reinforcement top (o) and bottom (u) for fatigue loading Equivalent load  26.38  16.114  URfat.b.u   %  7.823   2.134     35.505  21.689  URfat.b.o   %  10.54   2.88    ac damage summation 0.013     4  1.507  10  DUpos   % 7   2.257 10     12   1.891  10  0.181     3  2.184  10  DOneg   % 6   3.3 10     11   2.804  10  Utilisation degree of compressed concrete top (o) and bottom (u) for fatigue loading  43.556  39.681  URfat.c.u   %  36.436   34.033     40.211  34.826  URfat.c.o   %  30.672   27.877    Utilisation degree of compressed concrete under steel ring for fatigue loading URfat.cc.ring  56.066 % Utilisation degree of shear reinforcement closest to the steel ring for fatigue loading Equivalent load ac damage summation Ufat.Ubow  80.002 % DUbow  106.368  % Utilisation degree of star reinforcement for fatigue loading Equivalent load Ufat.star  32.388 % ac damage summation Dstar  1.738  10  10 % 139 I Load nr 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 140 Sr,Fi=Fxy  Sr,Mi=Mx [kN] y [kNm] 601 509 490 470 470 464 457 457 444 444 425 418 418 418 418 411 411 411 411 411 405 405 398 398 398 398 398 392 392 392 385 379 379 379 379 379 379 372 372 366 366 359 40 922 34 827 33 957 31 780 31 780 28 297 27 426 27 426 27 426 26 991 26 991 26 991 26 991 26 120 26 120 26 120 26 120 26 120 26 120 25 250 25 250 24 814 24 814 24 379 24 379 24 379 23 044 23 944 23 508 23 073 23 073 23 073 23 073 23 073 23 073 23 073 22 638 22 638 22 202 22 202 22 202 22 202 Fatigue Loads ni n acc 30 100 60 76 253 266 220 46 63 266 260 43 20 301 231 81 340 36 13 188 97 232 34 354 353 25 210 66 340 106 266 322 71 496 74 13 439 377 376 676 699 287 30 130 190 266 519 785 1005 1051 1114 1380 1640 1683 1703 2004 2235 2316 2656 2692 2705 2893 2990 3222 3256 3610 3963 3988 4198 4264 4604 4710 4976 5298 5369 5865 5939 5952 6391 6768 7144 7820 8519 8806 Neq= 10^7 m= Sr,Mi=  Sr,Fi=  (sum(ni*Sr,Mi^ =(sum(ni*Sr,Fi m/10^7) ^m/10^7) 5,76526E+26 8,49655E+13 6,21459E+26 8,85165E+13 3,12361E+26 4,06934E+13 2,48823E+26 3,85034E+13 8,28319E+26 1,28176E+14 3,86424E+26 1,23171E+14 2,56779E+26 9,15875E+13 5,36902E+25 1,91501E+13 7,35322E+25 2,143E+13 2,77597E+26 9,0482E+13 2,71335E+26 6,51172E+13 4,48747E+25 9,58743E+12 2,08719E+25 4,45927E+12 2,49677E+26 6,7112E+13 1,91613E+26 5,15046E+13 6,71889E+25 1,60464E+13 2,82027E+26 6,73553E+13 2,98617E+25 7,13174E+12 1,07834E+25 2,57535E+12 1,23023E+26 3,72435E+13 6,34748E+25 1,73363E+13 1,3439E+26 4,14642E+13 1,9695E+25 5,37849E+12 1,81182E+26 5,59996E+13 1,8067E+26 5,58414E+13 1,27953E+25 3,95477E+12 7,24643E+25 3,32201E+13 2,97797E+25 9,38742E+12 1,34893E+26 4,83595E+13 3,69007E+25 1,50768E+13 9,25998E+25 3,33508E+13 1,12095E+26 3,61685E+13 2,47165E+25 7,97504E+12 1,72667E+26 5,57129E+13 2,57608E+25 8,31201E+12 4,52555E+24 1,46022E+12 1,33761E+26 4,93105E+13 1,1487E+26 3,71657E+13 9,99845E+25 3,70671E+13 1,79759E+26 5,94722E+13 1,85875E+26 6,14957E+13 7,63179E+25 2,20568E+13 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 359 359 359 359 353 353 353 353 353 353 353 346 346 346 346 346 346 346 340 340 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 327 327 327 327 327 320 320 320 320 313 313 313 313 313 313 313 313 313 313 22 202 22 202 22 202 21 767 21 767 21 767 21 767 21 767 21 767 21 767 21 767 21 767 21 767 21 767 21 767 21 767 21 767 21 707 21 767 21 767 21 767 21 332 21 332 21 332 20 896 20 461 20 461 20 461 20 461 20 461 20 461 20 461 20 461 20 461 20 020 20 026 20 026 20 026 20 026 19 690 19 590 19 590 19590 19 690 19 590 19 590 19 590 19 166 10 155 10 155 393 148 73 200 923 414 156 830 244 329 150 345 835 767 996 69 415 133 258 682 345 062 226 057 4472 422 925 488 272 83 2846 207 1314 051 490 891 5308 631 922 2275 445 413 7804 2732 177 629 581 6747 660 9199 9347 9420 9620 10543 10957 11113 11943 12187 12516 12666 13011 13846 14613 16609 16614 16683 17098 18231 19489 21171 21516 22578 22804 23861 28333 29755 30680 33168 35440 35523 38369 38576 39890 43941 44431 48322 53630 55261 56183 58458 59903 68316 76120 78852 84029 85658 89239 95986 97646 1,04505E+26 3,93556E+25 1,94119E+25 4,63042E+25 2,13694E+26 9,58496E+25 3,61172E+25 1,92162E+26 5,64911E+25 7,61703E+25 3,47281E+25 7,98747E+25 1,9332E+26 1,77576E+26 4,62116E+26 1,1576E+24 1,59749E+25 9,42425E+25 2,62313E+26 2,91253E+26 3,89418E+26 6,9349E+25 2,13474E+26 4,54286E+25 1,83873E+26 6,71413E+26 2,13495E+26 1,38877E+26 3,73541E+26 3,41111E+26 1,24614E+25 4,2729E+26 3,10784E+25 1,9728E+26 5,22169E+26 6,3293E+25 5,02598E+26 6,85631E+26 2,10675E+26 1,05792E+26 2,51897E+26 1,59996E+26 9,31519E+26 8,95442E+26 3,02497E+26 5,73217E+26 1,80369E+26 3,40192E+26 7,51398E+24 1,8487E+24 3,02033E+13 1,13743E+13 5,61027E+12 1,53706E+13 6,30412E+13 2,82763E+13 1,06549E+13 5,66893E+13 1,66653E+13 2,24708E+13 1,02451E+13 2,0481E+13 4,957E+13 4,55332E+13 1,18493E+14 2,96827E+11 4,09621E+12 2,46366E+13 5,9509E+13 6,60744E+13 7,63723E+13 1,56649E+13 4,82208E+13 1,02617E+13 4,79937E+13 2,03054E+14 6,45668E+13 4,20002E+13 1,12969E+14 1,03162E+14 3,76867E+12 1,13781E+14 8,2757E+12 5,25327E+13 1,61956E+14 1,95898E+13 1,33694E+14 1,82381E+14 5,60407E+13 3,16797E+13 6,69563E+13 4,25283E+13 2,47606E+14 2,29682E+14 8,04065E+13 1,52366E+14 4,79437E+13 1,05394E+14 1,98573E+14 4,88561E+13 141 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 142 313 307 307 307 307 307 300 300 300 300 300 300 294 294 294 294 287 287 287 287 287 287 281 281 281 281 281 281 274 274 274 274 274 274 274 268 268 268 268 261 261 261 261 261 261 255 255 255 248 248 19 155 19 155 19 155 19 155 10 155 19 155 19 155 19 155 19 155 18 720 18 720 18 284 18 284 18 284 18284 18 284 18284 18 284 17 849 17 849 17 849 17 849 17 849 17 414 16 978 16 978 16 978 16 978 16 978 16 543 16 543 16 543 16 543 16 543 16 108 16 108 15 672 15 672 15 672 15672 15 672 15 237 15 237 14 802 14 802 14 802 14 802 14 802 14 802 14 366 3422 16 307 7285 13032 7266 512 2403 16 882 7820 3320 3597 243 24 387 12 945 10 381 13 987 2244 3307 2934 42 095 791 12 695 5669 18332 399 31 650 21 053 24 043 9753 13 375 25 031 48 180 12 163 961 21 220 22 873 10 060 51 243 24 561 28 993 418 90 359 7003 21 868 3076 73 503 13 922 22 830 679 115566 101068 117375 124660 137692 144958 147470 149873 166755 174575 177895 181492 181735 206122 219067 229448 243435 245679 248986 251920 294015 302806 315501 321170 339502 339901 371551 392604 416647 426400 439775 464806 512986 525149 526110 547330 570203 580263 631506 656067 685060 686478 776837 783840 805708 808784 882287 896209 919039 920718 1036284 3,23784E+26 1,54294E+27 6,89294E+26 1,23307E+27 8,09198E+24 2,37681E+26 2,27368E+26 1,59735E+27 7,39915E+26 2,67472E+26 2,89789E+26 1,65999E+25 1,66593E+27 8,84302E+26 7,09149E+26 9,55483E+26 1,53293E+26 2,25909E+26 1,69339E+26 2,42956E+27 5,07383E+26 7,32706E+26 3,27193E+26 8,90225E+26 1,62248E+25 1,287E+27 8,56091E+26 9,77675E+26 3,96592E+26 4,53517E+26 8,48747E+26 1,63368E+27 4,12421E+26 3,25854E+25 5,97086E+26 6,43598E+26 2,33598E+26 1,18989E+27 5,70318E+26 6,73231E+26 3,29266E+25 1,72293E+27 1,3353E+26 3,40449E+26 4,78883E+25 1,14432E+27 2,16743E+26 3,55426E+26 2,61393E+25 1,45942E+27 1,00714E+14 4,19124E+14 1,8724E+14 3,3495E+14 1,86751E+14 6,45637E+13 5,25536E+13 3,69209E+14 1,71023E+14 7,26084E+13 7,86664E+13 5,31441E+12 4,63009E+14 2,45773E+14 1,97093E+14 2,65556E+14 3,59912E+13 5,30405E+13 4,7058E+13 6,75155E+14 1,40998E+14 2,03613E+14 7,84243E+13 2,53603E+14 5,51972E+12 4,37843E+14 2,91245E+14 3,32608E+14 1,13082E+14 1,55077E+14 2,90223E+14 5,58625E+14 1,41025E+14 1,11424E+13 2,46036E+14 2,27126E+14 9,98945E+13 5,08836E+14 2,43888E+14 2,39209E+14 1,16993E+13 7,45513E+14 5,77787E+13 1,80423E+14 2,53787E+13 5,15331E+14 9,76074E+13 1,60062E+14 9,68752E+12 6,66794E+14 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 192 248 248 242 242 242 235 235 235 235 220 229 220 220 229 229 222 216 216 216 216 209 209 209 209 202 202 202 202 202 196 196 196 189 189 189 189 189 183 183 176 176 176 176 170 170 170 170 163 163 163 14 366 14 366 14 366 13 931 13 931 13 931 13 496 13 496 13 496 13 496 13 060 13 060 13 060 12 625 12 025 12 625 12 625 12 625 12 190 12 190 12 190 12 190 11754 11 764 11 754 11754 11 319 11 319 10 883 10 883 10 883 10 083 10 883 10 448 10 448 10 448 10 013 10 013 10 013 10 013 9 577 9 577 9577 577 142 142 142 142 142 8707 22 825 5329 45 993 561 55 594 90 065 15 367 38 837 54311 38 337 16 017 100 323 14 581 14 908 25 289 121 469 3969 145 025 45 710 371 105 848 70 745 132 770 51 513 40 562 112298 132 399 158 321 12 388 68 321 49 153 259 889 59 565 3959 218564 122 754 64 698 104 123 267 752 111 893 3297 17202 490 524 68 943 23 335 174 022 261 543 159 337 212 047 512 520 1059109 1064438 1110431 1110992 1166586 1256651 1272018 1310855 1365166 1403503 1419520 1519843 1534424 1549332 1574621 1696090 1700059 1845084 1890794 1891165 1997013 2067758 2200528 2252041 2292603 2404901 2537300 2695621 2708009 2776330 2825483 3085372 3144937 3148896 3367460 3490214 3554912 3659035 3926787 4038680 4041977 4059179 4549703 4618646 4641981 4816003 5077546 5236883 5448930 5961450 2,88245E+26 6,72972E+25 5,80822E+26 5,71267E+24 5,66114E+26 9,17133E+26 1,25321E+26 3,16724E+26 4,42918E+26 3,12647E+26 1,03797E+26 6,50134E+26 9,44908E+25 7,62148E+25 9,19448E+25 6,20991E+26 2,02909E+25 7,41417E+26 1,82826E+26 1,48388E+24 4,23359E+26 2,82958E+26 4,11528E+26 1,60621E+26 1,25724E+26 3,48074E+26 3,15167E+26 3,76873E+26 2,23997E+25 1,23536E+26 8,88772E+25 2,7537E+26 1,07704E+26 5,38044E+24 2,97037E+26 1,66828E+26 6,52891E+25 1,05074E+26 2,70198E+26 1,12915E+26 2,43627E+24 1,27112E+25 3,62465E+26 5,09444E+25 1,24536E+25 9,28737E+25 1,39583E+26 8,50365E+25 1,13167E+26 1,94442E+26 1,31696E+14 3,07473E+13 2,23563E+14 2,72691E+12 2,70231E+14 3,56477E+14 6,08225E+13 1,53717E+14 2,14963E+14 9,56262E+13 5,28968E+13 2,50241E+14 3,63702E+13 4,92343E+13 8,3518E+13 3,22802E+14 8,70678E+12 3,18141E+14 1,00274E+14 8,13861E+11 1,84377E+14 1,23231E+14 2,31272E+14 8,97307E+13 5,56646E+13 1,5411E+14 1,81696E+14 2,17269E+14 1,70005E+13 7,59183E+13 5,46188E+13 2,88789E+14 5,13126E+13 3,4105E+12 1,88283E+14 1,05747E+14 5,57344E+13 7,15656E+13 1,84031E+14 5,85318E+13 1,72468E+12 8,99845E+12 2,56595E+14 2,829E+13 9,57525E+12 7,1408E+13 1,07321E+14 4,87113E+13 6,48254E+13 1,56684E+14 143 193 194 195 196 197 198 199 200 201 202 203 204 205 206 207 208 209 210 211 212 213 214 215 216 217 218 219 220 221 222 223 224 225 226 227 228 229 230 231 232 233 234 235 236 237 238 239 240 241 242 144 163 157 157 157 150 150 150 150 144 144 144 144 137 137 137 137 131 131 131 131 124 124 124 118 118 118 118 111 111 111 104 104 104 104 98 98 98 98 91 91 91 91 85 85 85 85 78 78 78 78 8707 8707 8707 271 271 271 7836 7836 7836 7836 401 401 401 401 6965 6965 6965 6530 6530 6530 6530 6530 6095 6095 6095 6095 5659 5659 5659 5659 5659 5224 5224 5224 5224 4789 4789 4789 4789 4353 4353 4353 4353 4353 018 918 918 918 483 483 136 95 537 126 081 647 033 5466 303 972 196636 478 593 121 027 245 871 838 015 81 855 078 602 93 477 348 486 292 930 228 141 49 788 633 679 810 577 253 751 919 471 655 196 389 759 747 266 212 919 251 632 357 019 143 991 242 040 438 488 527 488 255 502 130 915 041 740 409 785 387 859 213 673 443 103 670 926 243 664 695 202 423 857 816 545 168 697 979 437 079 800 095 667 261 486 5965586 6061123 6187204 6834237 6839703 7143675 7340311 7818904 7939931 8185802 9023817 9105672 10184274 10277751 10626237 10919167 12147308 12197096 12830775 12832585 14409838 15161757 15633412 15637608 17027367 18774633 18987552 19239184 20596203 22740194 22982234 24420722 24948210 28203712 28334627 30376367 31786152 34174011 36387684 36830787 41501713 42745377 44440579 44864436 53680981 53849678 55829115 56908915 65004582 69266068 1,56914E+24 3,62453E+25 4,78332E+25 1,7133E+26 1,44736E+24 8,04896E+25 3,56717E+25 8,68215E+25 2,19555E+25 4,46034E+25 1,01926E+26 9,95584E+24 1,31188E+26 1,13694E+25 2,77098E+25 2,32923E+25 9,76554E+25 2,52068E+24 3,2082E+25 9,1637E+22 7,98534E+25 3,80683E+25 1,47381E+25 1,31115E+23 4,34266E+25 5,45978E+25 3,95724E+24 4,67675E+24 2,52211E+25 3,98475E+25 4,49847E+24 1,52731E+25 5,6006E+24 3,45653E+25 1,38999E+24 1,17954E+25 8,14454E+24 1,3795E+25 1,27887E+25 1,31228E+24 1,38332E+25 3,68319E+24 5,02044E+24 1,25528E+24 2,01063E+24 2,39088E+23 2,80539E+24 1,53036E+24 5,03416E+24 2,64994E+24 1,26443E+12 2,24631E+13 2,96447E+13 1,52133E+14 9,33917E+11 5,19365E+13 3,35971E+13 8,17721E+13 1,55389E+13 3,15678E+13 1,07594E+14 1,05095E+13 9,77024E+13 8,46737E+12 3,15667E+13 2,65343E+13 8,13106E+13 3,29628E+12 4,19535E+13 1,19833E+11 7,10973E+13 3,3894E+13 2,12606E+13 1,33662E+11 4,42704E+13 5,56587E+13 6,78248E+12 5,22428E+12 2,81739E+13 4,45127E+13 3,18508E+12 1,89295E+13 6,94138E+12 4,28402E+13 1,13651E+12 1,77249E+13 1,22387E+13 2,07296E+13 1,14394E+13 2,28978E+12 2,41375E+13 6,42677E+12 5,43443E+12 1,35879E+12 2,82638E+13 5,40804E+11 3,47699E+12 1,89673E+12 1,42205E+13 7,48554E+12 243 244 245 246 247 248 249 250 251 252 253 254 255 256 257 258 259 260 261 262 263 264 265 266 267 268 269 270 271 272 273 274 275 276 277 278 279 280 72 72 72 72 65 65 65 65 59 59 59 59 52 52 52 46 46 46 46 46 39 39 39 39 39 33 33 33 33 33 26 26 26 26 20 20 20 13 483 294 897 047 235 916 3047 553 974 3047 424 894 3047 381 578 612 428 399 612 830 576 612 463 256 612 831 244 612 253 985 177 18 393 799 177 040 264 177 360 670 177 427 643 741 840838 741 20 387 687 741 375 957 741 979 848 306 162 644 306 20 892 214 306 12 137 496 306 21 431 118 871 602 078 871 14 682 390 871 20 617 202 871 12 178 782 871 26 708 068 871 33 217 769 871 080 469 435 886 909 435 24 595 279 435 35 676 560 435 53 733 980 435 39 497 474 435 30 235 443 435 104 158 265 435 45 226 296 435 36 674 024 72560965 76796881 79350855 87775749 92157327 95585726 1,05E+08 1,13E+08 1,16E+08 1,2E+08 1,38E+08 1,44E+08 1,48E+08 1,55E+08 1,56E+08 1,76E+08 1,85E+08 1,92E+08 1,96E+08 2,17E+08 2,29E+08 2,5E+08 2,51E+08 2,66E+08 2,86E+08 2,98E+08 3,25E+08 3,58E+08 3,63E+08 3,67E+08 3,92E+08 4,28E+08 4,81E+08 5,21E+08 5,51E+08 6,55E+08 7E+08 7,37E+08 sum Sr,Xi= 2,04888E+24 1,03289E+24 6,22764E+23 2,05434E+24 1,06841E+24 2,84383E+23 8,15438E+23 6,19071E+23 2,34849E+23 3,52865E+23 4,26266E+23 1,3998E+23 7,78816E+22 1,72131E+23 4,07665E+21 9,88461E+22 4,06093E+22 3,38405E+22 2,69756E+21 1,3539E+22 7,86559E+21 1,38882E+22 2,28971E+19 5,58372E+20 7,84074E+20 4,6316E+20 1,01571E+21 1,26327E+21 1,93211E+20 1,14559E+18 7,24897E+18 1,0515E+19 1,5837E+19 1,16411E+19 8,9113E+18 3,06986E+19 1,33296E+19 1,08089E+19 6,44495E+28 3,30498E+12 4,24888E+12 2,56179E+12 8,45069E+12 2,14795E+12 1,68068E+12 4,81917E+12 3,65866E+12 7,04598E+11 1,05867E+12 4,57758E+12 1,50321E+12 3,45501E+11 7,63615E+11 86444175421 8,88531E+11 3,65039E+11 3,04194E+11 1,81415E+11 9,1052E+11 1,66564E+11 2,94101E+11 8262377004 2,01488E+11 2,82932E+11 51904072620 1,13826E+11 1,41569E+11 21652167837 16565400957 19754461215 28654735765 43158112736 31723621360 3870136704 13332257920 5788965888 230124061,8 2,34462E+16 Mxyeq=sum(S.Mi)^(1/m)= 13049,76938 Fxyeq=sum(S.Fi)^(1/m)= 218,0628346 145 J Sections of strut-and-tie model A-A B-B C-C 146 D-D E-E F-F G-G H-H I-I 2-2 1-1 147 C* B* A A* 148 B* C* K Reinforcement calculations and forces in struts and ties Bar diameter [m] 0,025 f.yd [Pa] 521739130 A,si (phi=25) [m ] 0,0004906 f.cd minimum required width with minimum spacing (one bar diameter ) 30MPa ID A,s req L [m] N [kN*10^-2] /concrete area [m^2] Needed Bars/diameter of strut[m] 199 203 204 205 206 214 215 216 217 332 333 348 349 350 360 363 364 365 376 377 384 385 386 401 402 403 414 415 416 417 418 419 429 430 338 339 340 341 0,5 1,031 1,031 1,4 0,5 0,5 1,4 0,5 0,9 1,625 2,145 2,145 1,625 1,625 1,858 0,4 0,4 0,3 0,3 0,4 0,3 0,7 0,7 2,1 2,1 2,4 1,03 0,9 1,03 0,5 0,4 0,5 1,511 0,569 1,625 2,145 0,9 0,9 0,0097225 0,1559367 0,1559367 0,0086986 0,0065667 0,0093409 0,07297 0,0041958 0,0963167 0,0944033 0,01909 0,0075478 0,0464733 0,0075478 0,0065667 0,0075478 0,07297 0,07297 0,0065667 0,0065667 0,0045734 0,0065667 0,07297 0,0045734 19,81652654 0,251521127 0,251521127 17,72963057 0,051614632 19,03872611 0,172057069 8,551898089 0,197674691 0,195701436 0,088004182 15,3841189 0,137310029 15,3841189 0,051614632 15,3841189 0,172057069 0,172057069 0,051614632 0,051614632 9,321494692 0,051614632 0,172057069 9,321494692 0,0086986 0,17306 0,0406533 0,1247 0,0045734 0,1586767 0,0034352 0,0041958 0,0963167 0,0415533 0,0041958 17,72963057 0,264971215 0,128424661 0,224922848 9,321494692 0,253721273 7,001766454 8,551898089 0,197674691 0,129838438 8,551898089 50,726 -46,781 -46,781 45,384 -1,97 48,735 -21,891 21,891 -28,895 -28,321 -5,727 39,38 -13,942 39,38 -1,97 39,38 -21,891 -21,891 -1,97 -1,97 23,861 -1,97 -21,891 23,861 -49,133 45,384 -51,918 -12,196 -37,41 23,861 -47,603 17,923 21,891 -28,895 -12,466 21,891 chosen with regard to load distribution (only applicable on some ties) Section (see Remark App J) 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 Min spread Spread over Required spacing Ubow 0,96583 Ubow 0,86148 Ubow 0,92694 Middle 0,40259 1,8 210 Bottom 0,74421 1,8 117 Bottom 0,74421 1,8 117 Bottom 0,74421 1,8 117 Top 0,44107 1,8 193 Top 0,44107 1,8 193 Ubow 0,86148 Top 0,44107 1,8 193 Bottom 0,32509 Middle 0,40259 1,8 1,8 257 210 Middle 0,40259 1,8 210 149 342 343 344 346 347 389 390 399 400 410 412 427 428 280 281 282 283 284 285 286 287 288 289 290 291 292 293 295 296 297 298 299 300 301 302 303 304 305 306 307 308 309 318 319 320 220 221 222 223 224 0,9 0,9 2,145 1,625 1,625 1,664 1,273 2,7 2,7 1,664 3,041 1,511 0,569 0,892 0,892 0,892 0,892 1,4 1,4 1,4 1,4 1,4 1,4 0,892 0,892 0,892 0,892 0,692 0,692 1,4 0,692 0,692 1,66 0,892 1,66 1,66 1,562 1,66 0,892 1,66 1,66 1,562 1,8 1,8 3,6 0,892 0,892 0,892 0,892 1,4 150 47,22 5,993 -38,67 -17,923 47,22 -17,428 -41,642 55,954 5,993 -43,949 -118,599 -47,603 17,923 84,269 56,18 56,18 84,269 44,1 44,1 44,1 44,1 44,1 44,1 -28,09 -56,18 -56,18 -28,09 106,059 -84,269 44,1 106,059 -84,269 -52,286 28,09 -52,286 -52,286 -49,189 -52,286 28,09 -52,286 -52,286 -49,189 106,059 106,059 -106,059 -24,026 -12,013 -12,013 -24,026 18,86 0,0090505 0,0011487 0,1289 0,0597433 0,0090505 0,0580933 0,1388067 0,0107245 0,0011487 0,1464967 0,39533 0,1586767 0,0034352 0,0161516 0,0107678 0,0107678 0,0161516 0,0084525 0,0084525 0,0084525 0,0084525 0,0084525 0,0084525 0,0936333 0,1872667 0,1872667 0,0936333 0,020328 0,2808967 0,0084525 0,020328 0,2808967 0,1742867 0,0053839 0,1742867 0,1742867 0,1639633 0,1742867 0,0053839 0,1742867 0,1742867 0,1639633 0,020328 0,020328 0,35353 0,0800867 0,0400433 0,0400433 0,0800867 0,0036148 18,44687898 2,341214437 0,228679275 0,155684391 18,44687898 0,153519482 0,237304247 21,85888747 2,341214437 0,243789064 0,400479448 0,253721273 7,001766454 32,92037367 21,94717622 21,94717622 32,92037367 17,22802548 17,22802548 17,22802548 17,22802548 17,22802548 17,22802548 0,194901683 0,275632604 0,275632604 0,194901683 41,43281529 0,337577615 17,22802548 41,43281529 0,337577615 0,265908628 10,97358811 0,265908628 0,265908628 0,257913287 0,265908628 10,97358811 0,265908628 0,265908628 0,257913287 41,43281529 41,43281529 0,378715852 0,180252151 0,127457518 0,127457518 0,180252151 7,367813163 2 2 2 2 2 2 A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A B B B B B Bottom 0,89734 Middle 0,09206 1,8 1,8 97 768 Bottom 0,89734 1,8 97 Bottom 1,06794 Middle 0,09206 1,8 1,8 82 768 Bottom Bottom Bottom Bottom Bottom 1,8 6,6 6,6 6,6 6,6 6,6 6,6 6,6 6,6 6,6 6,6 6,6 6,6 6,6 6,6 6,6 6,6 6,6 6,6 6,6 6,6 6,6 6,6 6,6 6,6 6,6 6,6 6,6 6,6 6,6 6,6 6,6 6,6 257 200 300 300 200 383 383 383 383 383 383 0,32509 1,62102 1,07236 1,07236 1,62102 0,8364 0,8364 0,8364 0,8364 0,8364 0,8364 2,04664 0,8364 Bottom 2,04664 Bottom 0,52368 Bottom 0,52368 Bottom 2,04664 Bottom 2,04664 0,34339 7,5 159 383 159 601 601 159 159 1017 225 226 227 228 229 230 231 232 233 234 235 236 237 238 239 240 241 242 265 266 267 268 269 270 271 272 314 315 316 317 310 311 325 326 327 328 329 330 184 186 192 212 368 369 387 388 193 210 366 367 1,4 1,4 1,4 1,4 1,4 1,4 1,66 0,892 0,892 0,892 0,892 0,892 0,892 1,66 1,66 1,66 1,66 1,66 0,692 1,4 0,692 1,562 1,562 0,692 0,692 1,4 1,8 1,8 1,8 1,8 1,4 0,9 1,8 1,4 2,28 1,4 1,8 2,28 0,9 0,9 1,4 1,4 1,8 1,8 1,8 1,8 1,4 1,4 1,4 1,4 18,86 18,86 18,485 18,86 18,86 18,86 -22,361 12,013 24,026 36,039 36,039 24,026 12,013 -22,361 -22,361 -22,361 -22,361 -22,361 45,358 22,05 -36,039 -21,037 -21,037 -36,039 45,358 22,1 45,358 45,358 -45,358 -45,358 45,384 6,755 42,126 32,764 -53,368 32,764 42,126 -53,368 117,786 117,786 117,786 117,786 -97,052 -97,052 39,264 39,264 26,223 26,223 97,052 97,052 0,0036148 0,0036148 0,003543 0,0036148 0,0036148 0,0036148 0,0745367 0,0023025 0,004605 0,0069075 0,0069075 0,004605 0,0023025 0,0745367 0,0745367 0,0745367 0,0745367 0,0745367 0,0086936 0,0042263 0,12013 0,0701233 0,0701233 0,12013 0,0086936 0,0042358 0,0086936 0,0086936 0,1511933 0,1511933 0,0086986 0,0012947 0,0080742 0,0062798 0,1778933 0,0062798 0,0080742 0,1778933 0,0225757 0,0225757 0,0225757 0,0225757 0,3235067 0,3235067 0,0075256 0,0075256 0,0050261 0,0050261 0,0186016 0,0186016 7,367813163 7,367813163 7,221316348 7,367813163 7,367813163 7,367813163 0,173894294 4,692976645 9,385953291 14,07892994 14,07892994 9,385953291 4,692976645 0,173894294 0,173894294 0,173894294 0,173894294 0,173894294 17,71947346 8,614012739 0,220762898 0,168667584 0,168667584 0,220762898 17,71947346 8,633545648 17,71947346 17,71947346 0,247666159 0,247666159 17,72963057 2,638895966 16,45686624 12,79952442 0,26864588 12,79952442 16,45686624 0,26864588 46,01406369 46,01406369 46,01406369 46,01406369 0,362278003 0,362278003 15,33880255 15,33880255 10,2442293 10,2442293 37,91415711 37,91415711 B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B C C C C C C C C D D D D D D D D E E E E 0,34339 0,34339 0,33607 0,34339 0,34339 0,34339 7,5 7,5 7,5 7,5 7,5 7,5 1017 1017 1038 1017 1017 1017 Top Top Top Top Top Top 0,20965 0,4443 0,67895 0,67895 0,4443 0,20965 1598 799 532 532 799 1598 Top 0,86097 0,4057 Top 0,86097 0,40668 0,86097 0,86097 7,5 7,5 7,5 7,5 7,5 7,5 7,5 7,5 7,5 7,5 7,5 7,5 7,5 7,5 7,5 7,5 7,5 7,5 7,5 7,5 7,5 7,5 7,5 Top Top 423 870 423 868 423 423 0,86148 0,10694 Bottom 0,79784 0,61498 0,61498 Bottom 0,79784 2,2757 2,2757 2,2757 2,2757 -0,0069 -0,0069 Top 0,74194 Top 0,74194 0,48721 0,48721 Bottom 1,87071 1,87071 151 382 383 190 202 321 323 370 371 372 373 380 381 374 375 378 379 213 334 335 336 337 361 362 413 243 244 245 246 247 248 249 250 251 252 253 254 255 256 257 258 259 260 261 262 274 275 276 277 278 279 1,4 1,4 1,4 1,4 0,9 0,9 1,4 1,4 1,4 1,4 1,4 1,4 1,8 1,8 1,8 1,8 1,4 1,4 1,8 1,4 1,8 2,28 2,28 0,9 0,892 0,892 0,892 0,892 1,4 1,4 1,4 0,892 1,4 1,4 1,4 1,66 0,892 0,892 0,892 0,892 0,892 1,66 1,66 1,66 0,692 0,692 1,562 1,4 0,692 0,692 152 -39,264 -39,264 114,565 114,565 91,91 91,91 -22,978 -22,978 -111,658 -111,658 189,871 189,871 91,233 91,233 -149,021 -149,021 85,9 33,52 43,098 33,52 43,098 -54,599 -54,599 42,95 -24,026 -12,013 -12,013 -24,026 18,86 18,86 18,86 36,039 18,86 18,86 18,86 -22,361 12,013 24,026 36,039 24,026 12,013 -22,361 -22,361 -22,361 45,358 -36,039 -21,037 18,86 45,358 -36,039 0,13088 0,13088 0,0219583 0,0219583 0,0176161 0,0176161 0,0765933 0,0765933 0,3721933 0,3721933 0,0363919 0,0363919 0,0174863 0,0174863 0,4967367 0,4967367 0,0164642 0,0064247 0,0082605 0,0064247 0,0082605 0,1819967 0,1819967 0,0082321 0,0800867 0,0400433 0,0400433 0,0800867 0,0036148 0,0036148 0,0036148 0,0069075 0,0036148 0,0036148 0,0036148 0,0745367 0,0023025 0,004605 0,0069075 0,004605 0,0023025 0,0745367 0,0745367 0,0745367 0,0086936 0,12013 0,0701233 0,0036148 0,0086936 0,12013 0,230428923 0,230428923 44,75575372 44,75575372 35,90539278 35,90539278 0,176277074 0,176277074 0,388583757 0,388583757 74,17465817 74,17465817 35,6409172 35,6409172 0,448914318 0,448914318 33,55753715 13,094862 16,83658599 13,094862 16,83658599 0,271726544 0,271726544 16,77876858 0,180252151 0,127457518 0,127457518 0,180252151 7,367813163 7,367813163 7,367813163 14,07892994 7,367813163 7,367813163 7,367813163 0,173894294 4,692976645 9,385953291 14,07892994 9,385953291 4,692976645 0,173894294 0,173894294 0,173894294 17,71947346 0,220762898 0,168667584 7,367813163 17,71947346 0,220762898 E E F F F F F F F F F F G G G G H H H H H H H H I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 2,21279 2,21279 1,77027 1,77027 Top Top Top Top 3,68373 3,68373 1,75705 1,75705 1,65288 0,62974 0,81683 0,62974 0,81683 0,81394 0,34339 0,34339 0,34339 0,67895 0,34339 0,34339 0,34339 0,20965 0,4443 0,67895 0,4443 0,20965 0,86097 0,34339 0,86097 312 313 331 183 207 208 209 211 196 197 198 201 322 396 397 398 405 407 1,8 3,6 1,8 1,03 1,031 1,031 0,5 0,5 0,5 0,472 0,5 0,472 1,03 2,1 2,1 2,524 2,778 2,524 45,358 -45,358 45,358 -101,06 -27,03 -27,03 127,868 251,493 -26,716 -114,038 -26,716 -105,141 72,785 142,394 -206,529 -35,467 36,82 0,0086936 0,1511933 0,0086936 0,3368667 0,0901 0,0901 0,024508 0,0482028 0,0890533 0,3801267 0,0890533 0,35047 0,0139505 0,0272922 0,68843 0,1182233 0,0070572 17,71947346 0,247666159 17,71947346 0,369682904 0,19118893 0,19118893 49,95267941 98,24779618 0,190075192 0,392703269 0,190075192 0,377073291 28,4340552 55,62738004 0,52848205 0,21900395 14,38403397 I I I A* A* A* A* A* B* B* B* B* B* C* C* C* C* C* 0,86097 0,86097 2,47263 4,88739 Top 1,3967 2,75637 Bottom 0,6942 153 ... REFERENCE CASE WITH 3D STRUT- AND- TIE MODELS AND EUROCODE 45 7.1 Methodology 45 7.2 Two -dimensional strut- and- tie model 45 7.3 Three- dimensional strut- and- tie models 46 7.4 Reinforcement and node design... 11 Strut- and- tie modelling In this chapter the basic principles of strut- and- tie modelling will be described Design of the different parts of strut- and- tie models will be explained, such as ties,... of strut- and- tie modelling 12 4.2 Design procedure 12 4.3 Struts 14 4.4 Ties 14 4.5 Strut inclinations 15 4.6 Nodes 15 4.7 Three- dimensional strut- and- tie models 4.7.1 Nodes and there geometry