English Grammar Simple Present Rules  To talk about facts - I know that grammar rule  To talk about repeated actions (habits or routine) - I always get up at o’clock  Expressions of frequency - I watch TV twice a week Simple Present  Affirmative I/You/We/They know He/She/It _knows  Negative I/You/We/They don’t know He/She/It _doesn’t know  Questions Do I _know? Do/don’t _You/We/They _ know? Does He/She/It _know? Present Progressive Rules  Actions in progress at the time of speaking - Look! It’s snowing!  An action that has started, that is not finished and that will continue - We’re painting the flat at the moment  Temporary action or situation that is different from a person’s normal habits - She is working in Boston this week  Changes and trends (nowadays, these days ) - More and more people are going abroad for work these days  For something that always happens - Tom is always asking questions Present Progressive SUBJECT + TO BE + VERB + ING  Affirmative I _am/I’m _eating You/we/they _are/ ’re _eating He/she/it is/ ’s _eating  Negative I _am not eating You/we/they _are not/ aren’t eating He/she/it is not/isn’t _eating  Questions Am I _eating Are _you/we/they eating Is _he/she/it _eating Present Perfect Rules  Something that happened in the past, without saying when it happened - I have read that novel before  Situations or actions that started in the past and that has continued up to the present (today, this month, this year, since last year ) - Tom has called me three times this week already  With ever, never, already, yet - Have you ever been in Jamaica? - I’ve never been in love before - They haven’t finished their game yet Present Perfect SUBJECT + TO HAVE + VERB (PAST PARTICIPLE) * IRREGULAR VERBS! WATCH OUT!*  Affirmative I/you/we/they have/ ‘ve _played He/she/it has played  Negative I/you/we/they have not/ haven’t played He/she/it has not/hasn’t _played  Question Have/haven’t I/you/we/they played Has/Hasn’t _he/she/it _played Simple Past Rules  Completed actions or events in the past - I went to La Ronde yesterday  Completed actions or events that continued for a long time in the past - My parents lived in Japan for three years  Repeated events or habits in the past - When I was young, I always walked to school  To tell a story in the past - We left home early on Sunday morning and we drove for hours Simple Past *IRREGULAR VERBS! WATCH OUT!*  Affirmative I/you/he/she/it/we/they _walked  Negative I/you/he/she/it/we/they did not/didn’t _walk  Question Did /didn’t I/you/he/she/it/we/they _walk Past Progressive Rules  Action in the past that was in progress when something else happened (while,when) - I was cooking when you called - People were walking around the park when suddenly a car drove into the park  Arranged events that may or may not have taken place - He was leaving the next morning for San Francisco, so he couldn’t sleep over Past Progressive *WATCH OUT! EXCEPTIONS FOR –ING*  Affirmative I/he/she/it was walking You/we/they were walking  Negative I/he/she/it was not/wasn’t _walking You/we/they were not/weren’t walking  Question Was/wasn’t _I/he/she/it walking Were/weren’t you/we/they walking Past Perfect Rules  Event that happened before another past event - I didn’t have to wait in line because I had already bought the tickets  Reported speech - Person A I have started the party Person B She said she had started the party Past Perfect  Affirmative I/you/he/she/it/we/they had/’d started  Negative I/you/he/she/it/we/they _had not/hadn’t _started  Question Had/hadn’t _you/he/she/it/we/they _started ? Simple Future Rules  Will: When we expect something to happen, but we are not in control of what could happen - We won’t see those birds again next year  Be going to: We use it when we have decided to something - I am going to play tennis tonight Simple Future  Affirmative I/you/he/she/it/we/they will/’ll go  Negative I/you/he/she/it/we/they _will not/won’t go  Question Will/won’t _I/you/he/she/it/we/they _go Future Progressive Rules (same for will and going to)  To indicate that an action in the future will be interrupted by another action - I will be cooking when Sam arrives tonight  To describe actions in a specific time - Tonight at o’clock, I will be swimming in the pool  Future actions that will happen simultaneously in the future - Tomorrow morning, I am going to be studying and is going to be making breakfast he Future Progressive  Affirmative I/you/he/she/it/we/they _will/’ll + be _(verb) + ing I am + going to +be _(verb) + ing You /we/they are + going to + be (verb) + ing He/she/it _is + going to + be (verb) + ing  Negative I/you/he/she/it/we/they will not/won’t + be _(verb) + ing I _am not + going to + be _(verb) + ing You/we/they are not + going to + be (verb) + ing He/she/it is not + going to + be _(verb) + ing  Question Will _I/you/he/she/it/we/they be _(verb) + ing Am _I going to + be _(verb) + ing Are you/we/they _going to + be _(verb) + ing Is _he/she/it going to + be (verb) + ing Future Perfect Rules (same for will and going to)  Action in the future that will happen before another one - By the time her husband gets home, she will cooked diner have  Something that will continue up until a specific moment in the future - I will have been in Peru for months next week - You are going to have perfected your English by of the semester the end Future Perfect  Affirmative I/you/he/she/it/we/they _ will + have _past participle I am + going to + have past participle You/we/they are + going to + have past participle He/she/it _is + going to + have _past participle  Negative I/you/he/she/it/we/they will not/won’t + have past participle I am not + going to + have _past participle You/we/they are not + going to + have _past participle He/she/it _is not + going to + have past participle  Question Will/won’t _I/you/he/she/it/we/they _have _past participle Am _I _going to + have past participle Are you/we/they going to + have _past participle Is he/she/it _going to + have past participle Present Perfect Progressive Rules  Duration from the past until now (for, since) - I have been studying for the last 10 years  Something that happens lately or recently - Mary has been feeling tired lately Present Perfect Progressive  Affiramtion I/we/they _have/ ‘ve + been (verb) + ing He/she/it has/ ‘s + been (verb) + ing  Negation I/we/they _have not/haven’t + been (verb) + ing He/she/it has not/hasn’t + been _(verb) + ing  Question Have _I/we/they been (verb) + ing Has _he/she/it been (verb) + ing Past Perfect Progressive Rules  For something that started in the past and continued up until another past event - They had been watching the movie for an hour before she got there  In a cause and effect situation - I was tired because I had been studying all night Past Perfect Progressive  Affiramtion I/we/they _have/ ‘ve + been (verb) + ing He/she/it has/ ‘s + been (verb) + ing  Negation I/we/they _have not/haven’t + been (verb) + ing He/she/it has not/hasn’t + been _(verb) + ing  Question Have I/we/they been _(verb) + ing Has _he/she/it been (verb) + ing Future Perfect Progressive Rules  Something that will continue up until a specific event in the future -They will have been learning for more than months by the end of the semester  To show cause and effect - Tom will be tired because he will have been studying all night Future Perfect Progressive  Affirmative I/you/he/she/it/we/they _will/’ll _ have+been _(verb) + ing I _am _going to have+been (verb) + ing You/we/they _are _going to _have + been (verb) + ing He/she/it is _going to have + been (verb) + ing  Negative I/you/he/she/it/we/they _will not/won’t have + been _(verb) + ing I _am _going to have + been _(verb) + ing You/we/they are _going to have + been (verb) + ing He/she/it _is going to _have + been _(verb) + ing  Question Will/won’t _I/you/he/she/it/we/they have + been (verb) + ing Am I _going to have + been (verb) + ing Are you/we/they _going to have + been (verb) + ing Is he/she/it _going to have + been _(verb) + ing ...Simple Present Rules  To talk about facts - I know that grammar rule  To talk about repeated actions (habits or routine) - I always get up at o’clock 