RSC challenging chemistry

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RSC challenging chemistry

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Challenging chemistry The challenges of global change Chemistry for Tomorrow’s World Chemical sciences and challenges The chemical sciences are tackling many of the challenges faced by the world’s inhabitants and their environments Some of the ways are illustrated in this video produced by the European Petrochemical Association (EPCA) “Global change is creating enormous challenges relating to energy, food and climate change It is both necessary and urgent that action be taken The Royal Society of Chemistry is committed to meeting these challenges head on The RSC has identified where the chemical sciences can provide technological and sustainable solutions, and are promoting action and awareness in these areas.” For more information see http://www.rsc.org/ScienceAndTechnology /roadmap/index.asp The film was produced jointly by the EPCA, UNESCO and IUPAC to promote the International Year of Chemistry 2011 Further information can be found at http://www.chemistryallaboutyou.com/ The challenges and chemical sciences Priority Areas The RSC identified priority areas in which the chemical sciences can support change Energy Food Future cities Human health Chemical sciences and future challenges Irina Bokova is the Director General of UNESCO Here is a short extract from her video message for the Opening of the International Year of Chemistry, 2011 She describes how chemistry can contribute to tackling the challenges we face today Lifestyle and recreation Raw materials and feedstocks Water and air Within these, 41 challenges were identified and explained For more information see http://www.rsc.org/ScienceAndTechnology/ roadmap/priorityareas/index.asp "Chemistry provides the wisdom we need to achieve sustainability, to solve, in other words, the issues that threaten humanity's continued existence.“ Professor Ryoji Noyori 2001 Nobel Laureate in Chemistry Priority areas Energy Food “Creating and securing environmentally sustainable energy supplies, and improving efficiency of power generation, transmission and use “Creating and securing a safe, environmentally friendly, diverse and affordable food supply An adequate and secure supply of energy is essential for development but must be achieved with minimum adverse environmental impact Society must move from an economy based on fossil fuels to a more sustainable energy mix This will require scientists and engineers to develop sustainable energy solutions and to find more efficient ways of producing and using existing fuels during the transition.” The challenges Energy efficiency Energy conversion and storage Fossil fuels Nuclear energy Nuclear waste Biopower and biofuels Hydrogen Solar energy Wind and water By 2030 the world's population will have increased by 1.7 billion to over billion The growth in population, increasing affluence, climate volatility and limited land and water availability mean we will soon be facing a food crisis The greatest technological challenge humanity faces is to sustainably meet energy and food demands, without permanently damaging the environment The application of chemistry and engineering is a key part of the solution.” The challenges Agricultural productivity Healthy food Food safety Process efficiency Supply chain waste Back to Challenges Priority areas Future cities Human health “Developing and adapting cities to meet the emerging needs of citizens “Improving and maintaining accessible health, including disease prevention Half of humanity now lives in cities, a figure which is expected to increase into the future As a result, it is a great challenge to provide adequate resources and services to these urban populations.” Thanks to improvement in health care, people are healthier and live longer today than ever before However, the progress in health over recent decades has been deeply unequal Considerable and growing health inequalities exist in many parts of the world The nature of health problems is also changing Longer lives and the effect of ageing have increased the burden of chronic disorders While urbanisation and globalisation have Accelerated worldwide transmission of communicable diseases.” The challenges Resources Home energy generation Home energy use Construction materials Mobility ICT Public safety and security The challenges Ageing Diagnostics Hygiene and infection Materials and prosthetics Drugs and therapies Personalised medicine Back to Challenges Priority areas Lifestyle and recreation Raw materials and feedstocks “Providing a sustainable route for people to live richer and more varied lives “Creating and sustaining a supply of sustainable feedstocks, by designing processes and products that preserve resources Lifestyle and recreation contribute to quality of life and bring a sense of wellbeing to individuals and communities The latest advances in items we purchase, promote convenience and perceptions of well being One of the key issue we face is to reconcile the need to reduce the levels of energy and environmental resources that we consume, while at the same time maintaining and improving quality of life for all.” The challenges Creative industries Household Sporting technology Advanced and sustainable electronics Textiles In the developed world we live in a time of unprecedented convenience and mass affluence However, this comfortable lifestyle comes at a cost with material demands currently at an all time high At the same time, the global population and affluence is still increasing and with this, further demand for more consumer goods For the whole world to share the living standards currently enjoyed in the UK, the resources of three planet Earths would be required For a more equitable world, it is clear we all must more with less material resource.” The challenges Sustainable product design Conservation of scarce natural resources Conversion of biomass feedstocks Recovered feedstocks Back to Challenges Priority areas Water and air Underpinning science “Ensuring the sustainable management of water and air quality, and addressing societal impact on water resources (quality and availability) “It is critical to advance fundamental knowledge in order to have the breakthroughs needed to address big global challenges This will be achieved by maintaining and nurturing areas of underpinning science Water and air are essential constituents of life Sustainably providing enough clean safe water is a major global challenge Estimates predict that by 2025 more than half of the world population will potentially be facing some level of water-based vulnerability These challenges are exacerbated in the face of an increasing population, climate change and man-made pollution.” The areas below provide an indication of the critical role that chemical sciences play in partnership with other disciplines.” Analytical science Catalysis The challenges •Drinking water quality •Water demand •Wastewater •Contaminants •Air quality and climate Chemical biology Computation chemistry Materials chemistry Supramolecular chemistry and nanoscience Synthesis Back to Challenges Underpinning science and fundamental ideas Underpinning science Fundamental ideas Analytical science Catalysis Chemical biology Computation chemistry Materials chemistry Supramolecular chemistry and nanoscience Synthesis All these areas of chemical sciences depend on understanding and applying chemical concepts and models about the nature of matter the nature of physical and chemical changes Requiring a fundamental understanding, for example, of atomic structure state of matter direction of change chemical bonding changes of state dynamic equilibrium molecular structure chemical reactions electrolyte solutions enthalpy changes rate of change electrochemistry Active challenges The RSC identified ten challenges to actively promote in areas where progress matters most These will change over time In 2011 they were: Agricultural productivity Significantly and sustainably increase agricultural productivity to provide food, feed, fibre and fuel Conservation of scarce natural resources Developing alternative materials and new recovery processes for valuable components which cannot be replaced Conversion of biomass feedstocks Developing biomass conversion technology to sustainably produce renewable fuels and chemicals Drugs and therapies Harnessing and enhancing basic sciences to help transform the entire drug discovery, development and healthcare landscape Energy conversion and storage Improve the performance of energy conversion and storage technologies, such as batteries, and develop sustainable transport systems Nuclear energy Ensure safe and efficient harnessing of nuclear energy, through the development of fission and investigation into fusion technologies Diagnostics Advancing to earlier diagnosis and improved methods of monitoring disease Solar energy Develop existing technologies into more cost efficient processes and develop the next generation of solar cells to realise the potential of solar energy Drinking water quality Making it a priority for everybody to get access to clean drinking water Sustainable product design Reducing waste by considering the entire lifecycle during design and increasing downstream processing and re-use Using the chemical sciences to take up the challenges Challenging Plants Challenging Medicine Active challenge: Agricultural productivity Challenge: “A rapidly increasing global demand for food means we have no alternative but to significantly and sustainably increase agricultural productivity to provide food, feed, fibre and fuel.” “Food production will need to double by 2050 to meet the UN Millennium Development goals on hunger The World Bank estimates that cereal production needs to increase by 50 per cent and meat production by 80 per cent between 2000 and 2030 to meet demand Furthermore, it estimates that by 2025 one hectare of land will need to feed five people whereas in 1960 one hectare was required to feed only two people This needs to be achieved in a world where suitable agricultural land is limited and climate change is predicted to have an adverse impact on food production To meet growing demand for food in the future, existing and new technologies, provided by the chemical sciences, must be applied across the entire food supply chain.” There are six categories of agricultural productivity Effective farming Minimising inputs and maximising outputs through agronomic practice Livestock and aquaculture Technologies are needed to counter the significant environmental impact and waste associated with rearing livestock Pest control The development of new crop protection strategies is essential Plant science Improving the efficiency of nutrient uptake and utilisation in plants is a major challenge Soil science Understanding soil structure and science is important to ensure high productivity Water Maintaining an adequate, quality water supply is essential for agricultural productivity Back to Active challenges Active challenge: Conservation of scarce resources Challenge: “Raw material and feedstock resources for both existing industries and future applications are increasingly scarce We need to develop a range of alternative materials and along with new processes for recovering valuable components.” “Mineral commodities are essential to our way our life For example, the average car contains over 30 mineral components, including iron, steel, aluminium, carbon, silicon and zinc It is difficult to estimate the amounts in extractable reserves or to predict global demand for specific elements as technologies change In modern technologies many of the elements are used in small amounts and often dispersed into the environment at end of use, making them difficult to recover and recycle Potential opportunities for the chemical sciences “Recovery of metals Methods to recover metals from 'e-waste‘ Extract metals from contaminated land/landfills Substitute key materials Select the most effective metal in high volume applications Improve fertiliser management of N and P Improve battery design and reduce dependence on finite metal resources - e.g lithium Reduce material intensity Apply nanoscience to increase activity per unit mass Reduce raw material - i.e thrifting” The chemical sciences must apply the principles of sustainable design to this issue, and drive innovations to reduce, replace, and recycle elements.” Back to Active challenges Active challenge: Conversion of biomass feedstocks Challenge: “Biomass feedstocks for producing chemicals and fuels are becoming more commercially viable In the future, integrated biorefineries using more than one feedstock will yield energy, fuel and a range of chemicals with no waste being produced.” “In the future, biomass will play an increased role as a source of fuel and chemicals Conversion methods are making it possible to convert feedstocks, including agricultural, forestry and municipal wastes, into a range of valuable products Establishing these processes will enable production of new sustainable fuels and building blocks for the chemicals of the future For bio-based renewable chemicals to compete with fossil-fuel based feedstocks there are several key areas of technology that must be developed and offering huge potential for the chemical sciences.” Potential opportunities for the chemical sciences “Develop bioprocessing science for producing chemicals Methods for generating homogeneous feedstocks Improve biocatalytic process design Develop fermentation science to increase the variety and yield of products Metabolic engineering for improved biomass feedstock properties New separation technologies Membranes and sorbent extraction of valuable components from biological media Pre-treatment methods for biomass component separation Novel catalysts and biocatalysts for processing biomass New techniques for lignin and lignocellulose breakdown Microbial genomics to produce improved microorganisms Pyrolysis and gasification techniques for pre-treatment and densification of biomass Catalysts for upgrading pyrolysis oil Technologies to exploit biomethane from waste Convert platform chemicals to high value products Oxygen and poison tolerant catalysts and enzymes New synthetic approaches to adapt to oxygen-rich, functional starting feedstocks.” Back to Active challenges Active challenge: Diagnostics Challenge: “Recognising disease symptoms and progress of how a disease develops is vital for effective treatment We need to advance to earlier diagnosis and improved methods of monitoring disease.” “Improved diagnosis is required in the developed and developing world Fast and accurate diagnosis benefits individual patients and ensures efficient use of resources Screening and early detection of many cancers can reduce mortality, but in the UK less than half of cancer cases are diagnosed at a stage when it can be treated successfully Diseases such as HIV, TB and malaria place a huge burden on developing countries To overcome this, better systems are required that can be used in resource-limited settings to detect diseases as early as possible and to monitor the effectiveness of treatments Potential opportunities for the chemical sciences “Energy efficient point of use purification such as using disinfection processes and novel membrane technologies Develop portable technologies for analysing and treating contaminated groundwater that are effective and appropriate for use by local populations - i.e for testing arsenic contaminated groundwater Develop new instruments, sensors and analytical approaches and techniques to ensure consistent and comparable measurement globally For example, ongoing development of sensors for real time water quality monitoring in distribution systems Develop energy efficient desalination technology.” Technology breakthroughs in detection could ultimately lead to information-rich point-of-care diagnostics This would mean more patients could be diagnosed and treated without expensive and stressful hospitalisation.” Back to Active challenges Active challenge: Drinking water quality Challenge: “Poor quality drinking water damages human health Clean, accessible drinking water for all is a priority.” Potential opportunities for the chemical sciences “Access to safe drinking water and adequate sanitation varies dramatically with geography and many regions already face severe scarcity The lack of safe water impacts dramatically on lives The WHO estimates 1.4 million children's lives could be saved each year if they had access to clean water Action is needed now to overcome these problems Develop cost effective information-rich point-of-care diagnostic devices Water treatment must be made more energy efficient to support safe exploitation of poor quality water resources Understand the chemistry of disease onset and progression Research to enable the continuity of drug treatment over disease life cycles The chemical sciences have a dual role to play in treating water, by making it potable and also by removing contaminants from waste streams.” Focus treatment on targeted genotype rather than mass phenotype Increase the focus on chemical genetics “Develop sensitive detection techniques for non-invasive diagnosis Develop cost effective diagnostics for regular health checks and predicting susceptibility Identify relevant biomarkers and sensitive analytical tools for early diagnostics Produce combined diagnostic and therapeutic devices, which detect infection and respond to attack.” Back to Active challenges Active challenge: Drugs and therapies Challenge: “Basic sciences need to be harnessed and enhanced to help transform the entire drug discovery, development and healthcare landscape so new therapies can be delivered more efficiently and effectively for the world.” “Chronic diseases caused 35 million deaths globally in 2005 Developing drugs and therapies that can target these diseases has the potential to save a huge number of lives around the world The chemical sciences have a vital role in transforming the entire drug discovery, development and healthcare landscape In order to deliver new therapies more efficiently and effectively, a number of breakthroughs are required across the chemical sciences Assessing the effectiveness and safety of drugs is an essential component of the drug discovery and development process Increased understanding of the chemical basis of toxicology will improve the prediction of potentially harmful effects Monitoring the effectiveness of a therapy could improve compliance and in turn the efficacy These advances must be linked to the development of improved drug delivery systems.” Potential opportunities for the chemical sciences “Chemical tools for enhancing clinical studies Design and synthesise small molecules that attenuate large molecule interactions Understand the chemical basis of toxicology and hence derive 'Lipinski-like' guidelines for toxicology Integrate chemistry with biological entities for improved drug delivery and targeting (next generation biologics) Apply systems biology understanding for identifying new biological targets Understand communication within and between cells and the effects of external factors in vivo to combat disease progression Monitor the effectiveness of a therapy to improve compliance Improve drug delivery systems through smart devices and/or targeted and non-invasive solutions Target particular disease cells through understanding drug absorption parameters within the body Avoid adverse side effects through better understanding of the interaction between components of cocktails of drugs Develop model systems to improve understanding of extremely complex biological systems and of how interventions work in living systems over time Improve knowledge of the chemistry of living organisms including structural biology to ensure drug safety and effectiveness Develop toxicogenomics to test drugs at a cellular and molecular level.” Back to Active challenges Active challenge: Energy conversion and storage Challenge: “The performance of energy conversion and storage technologies (fuel cells, batteries, electrolysis and supercapacitors) needs to be improved to enable better use of intermittent renewable electricity sources and the development/deployment of sustainable transport.” “If society does not change from current methods of fuelling road transport, the associated carbon dioxide emissions are set to double by 2050 from the level in 2000 It is essential to invest in renewable technology for electricity generation and transport decarbonisation The realisation of both aims relies on developing energy storage devices that balance intermittent supply with consumer demand Potential opportunities for the chemical sciences “Reduce production and material costs Use self assembly methods Replace expensive materials Increase calendar and cycle lives, recyclability and durability Improve modelling of thermodynamics and kinetics Improve power density Improve energy density Advance the fundamental science and understanding of surface chemistry Replace strategic materials to ensure security of supply - i.e platinum Develop enzymatic synthesis of nanomaterials Improve safety of devices - i.e problems associated with overheating Decrease the cycle time of batteries - i.e charging time needs to be reduced Develop material recycling strategies.” Developments must be coupled with advances in the fundamental science of surface chemistry, electrochemistry and the improved modelling of thermodynamics and kinetics.” Back to Active challenges Active challenge: Nuclear energy Challenge: “Our high level of industrial and domestic waste could be resolved with increased downstream processing and re-use To preserve resources, our initial design decisions should take more account of the entire life-cycle.” “The environmental impact of a product is determined largely at the design stage Mistakes made here can embed unsustainable practice for the lifetime of the product Life-cycle thinking needs to be developed and applied across entire supply chains By understanding where the highest environmental impacts are incurred, changes can easily be made at this stage to reduce them.” Potential opportunities for the chemical sciences “Research methods for the efficient and safe utilisation of nuclear fission Advance the understanding of the physico-chemical effects of radiation on material fatigue, stresses and corrosion in nuclear power stations Improve methods for spent fuel processing including developing advanced separation technologies (allowing control of chemical selectivity) Design and demonstrate the new generation of advanced reactors including GEN IV based fuel cycles using actinidebased fuels Study the nuclear and chemical properties of the actinide and lanthanide elements Improve understanding of radiation effects on polymers, rubbers and ion exchange material Nuclear fusion Develop high performance structural materials capable of withstanding extreme operating conditions.” Back to Active challenges Active challenge: Solar energy Challenge: “In order to realise the potential of solar energy, existing technologies must become more cost efficient while future generations must be developed for wider application.” “The sun provides the Earth with more energy in an hour than the global fossil energy consumption in a year Harnessing the free energy of the sun could provide a clean and secure supply of electricity, heat and fuels Developing scalable, efficient and low-intensitytolerant solar energy harvesting systems represents one of the greatest scientific challenges today There are a variety of technologies that have been developed to take advantage of solar energy Developing these existing technologies, and specifically the next generation of solar cells, is vital to realising the potential of solar energy.” Potential opportunities for the chemical sciences “Improvements to the design of current 'first generation' photovoltaic cells Develop lower energy, higher yield and lower cost routes to silicon refining Develop a lower CO2-emission process to the carbo-thermic reduction of quartzite Develop more efficient or environmentally benign chemical etching processes for silicon wafer processing Base-metal solutions to replace silver printed metallisation used most current first-generation devices Improvements to 'second generation' thin-film photovoltaics Improve the reaction yield for silane reduction to amorphous silicon films Research alternative materials and environmentally sound recovery processes for cadmium-containing thin films on glass Research sustainable alternatives to indium Develop processes to improved deposition of transparent conducting film on glass Develop third-generation photovoltaic materials based on molecular, polymeric and nano-phase materials for significantly more efficient and stable devices, suitable for continuous deposition on flexible substrates Develop high efficiency concentrator photovoltaic (CPV) systems Improve concentrated solar power (CSP) plants used to produce electricity or hydrogen Research into producing 'Solar fuels‘ Improve photo-electrochemical cells to generate hydrogen from water Develop light harvesting, charge separation and catalyst technology in order to mimic photosynthesis to generate hydrogen or carbohydrates Improve photobioreactors and photosynthetic organisms (algae and cyanobacteria) for generating hydrogen or for processing to biofuels.” Back to Active challenges Active challenge: Sustainable product design Challenge: “Our high level of industrial and domestic waste could be resolved with increased downstream processing and re-use To preserve resources, our initial design decisions should take more account of the entire life-cycle.” “The environmental impact of a product is determined largely at the design stage Mistakes made here can embed unsustainable practice for the lifetime of the product Life-cycle thinking needs to be developed and applied across entire supply chains By understanding where the highest environmental impacts are incurred, changes can easily be made at this stage to reduce them.” Potential opportunities for the chemical sciences “Wider role of chemistry in product design for 4Rs (reduction, remanufacture, reuse, recycle) •Technology for designing biodegradability into finished products •Methods for tagging of polymers to aid recycling •Wider training of chemists in sustainable design •New composites that are readily recyclable •Develop and apply smart coatings •Develop improved recovery processes Manufacturing process intensification and optimisation •Atom efficiency •Green chemistry and chemical engineering •Process modelling, analytics and control Improve life cycle assessment (LCA) tools and metrics •Clear standards for LCA methods and data gathering •Methods to assess recycled materials •Tools to aid substitution of toxic substances Improve the understanding of ecotoxocity •Better understand structure-property relationships.” Back to Active challenges Active challenge: Agricultural productivity – six categories Effective farming Livestock and aquaculture Pest control Challenge: “Minimising inputs and maximising outputs through agronomic practice.” Challenge: “Optimised feed conversion and carcass composition.” Challenge: “Up to 40 per cent of agricultural productivity would be lost without effective use of crop protection chemicals Agriculture is facing emerging and resistant strains of pests The development of new crop protection strategies is essential.” “Through widespread sharing and adoption of best agronomic practices, agricultural productivity will increase, while minimising inputs The implementation of existing and new technologies will result in increased precision at the field level giving the farmer greater control in maintaining the needs of the land Potential opportunities for the chemical sciences •Develop rapid in situ biosensor systems that can monitor soil quality, crop condition and water availability to pinpoint problems •Analyse climate change parameters in order to be able to predict changing conditions for agronomy •Precision agriculture at the field level •Engineering tools for on farm practices - e.g grain drying, seed treatment and crop handling.” “In addition to crops, global livestock production faces enormous short-term challenges Total world global meat consumption rose from 139 million tonnes in 1983 to 229 million tonnes in 1999/2001 and is predicted to rise to over 300 million tonnes by 2020 Technologies are needed to counter the significant environmental impact and waste associated with rearing livestock Most wild fisheries are at or near their maximum sustainable exploitation level The inevitable growth of aquaculture will involve further intensification, therefore measures need to be taken to ensure this is done in the most effective way possible Potential opportunities for the chemical sciences •Develop new vaccines and veterinary medicines to treat the diseases (old/new/emerging) of livestock and farmed fish •Aquaculture production for food and industrial use (including algae) •Understand feed in animals, via nutrigenomics and bioavailability of nutrients •Formulation engineering for delivery and minor component release to reduce waste •Genetic engineering •Genetic analysis for conventional breeding Qualitative Trait Loci (QTL).” Back to Agricultural productivity “Research needs to be done into new highpotency, targeted agrochemicals It is vital that they are safe to use, overcome resistant pests and are environmentally benign Potential opportunities for the chemical sciences: •New high-potency, more targeted agrochemicals with new modes of action These must be safe to use, overcome resistant pests and environmentally benign •Formulation technology for new mixtures of existing actives, and to ensure a consistent effective dose is delivered at the right time and in the right quantity •Develop better pest control strategies, including using pheromones, semiochemicals and allelochemicals, as well as GM and pesticides •Pesticides tailored to the challenges of specific plant growth conditions - eg hydroponics •Reduce chemical crop protection strategies through GM crops.” Active challenge: Agricultural productivity – six categories Plant science Soil science Water Challenge: “Increasing yield and controlling secondary metabolism by better understanding plant science.” Challenge: “Understanding the structural, chemical and microbiological composition of soil and its interactions with plants and the environment.” Challenge: “Coping with extremes of water quality and availability for agriculture.” “Improving the efficiency of nutrient uptake and utilisation in plants is a major challenge in agricultural productivity This must begin with improving the understanding of the roles and cycles of nutrients to help optimise their sequestration A greater understanding of plant science could be exploited through biotechnology to generate, crops with improved properties Potential opportunities for the chemical sciences: •Understand and exploit biochemical plant signals for developing new crop defence technologies •Improve the understanding of carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus and sulfur cycling to help optimise carbon and nitrogen sequestration and benefit plant nutrition •Understand plant growth regulators •Develop secondary metabolites for food and industrial use •Understand the impact of nutrients at the macro and micro level •Exploit the outputs of this understanding using biotechnology •Nitrogen and water usage efficiency - e.g drought resistant crops for better water management •Better yields of components for biofuels and feedstocks through the use of modern biotechnology.” “Understanding soil structure and science is important to ensure high productivity By understanding the complex macro- and micro-structural composition of soil and its interactions with plant roots and the environment, it should be easier to maintain and increase productivity Potential opportunities for the chemical sciences: •Develop fertiliser formulations able to improve the retention of nitrogen in soil and uptake into plants •Optimise farming practices by understanding the biochemistry of soil ecosystems, for example, the mobility of chemicals within soil •Improve the understanding of methane oxidation by bacteria in soil to help in developing methane-fixing technologies •Understand soil structure - mechanical properties of soils and nutrient flow •Low energy synthesis of nitrogen and phosphorus-containing fertilisers.” Back to Agricultural productivity “Maintaining an adequate, quality water supply is essential for agricultural productivity Strategies for conserving water supplies include using 'grey water' of sufficient quality and more targeted water irrigation systems, such as through drip delivery (more 'crop per drop') Potential opportunities for the chemical sciences •Use grey water in agriculture •Targeted use of water in agriculture (drip delivery).” [...]... surface chemistry Replace strategic materials to ensure security of supply - i.e platinum Develop enzymatic synthesis of nanomaterials Improve safety of devices - i.e problems associated with overheating Decrease the cycle time of batteries - i.e charging time needs to be reduced Develop material recycling strategies.” Developments must be coupled with advances in the fundamental science of surface chemistry, ... studies Design and synthesise small molecules that attenuate large molecule interactions Understand the chemical basis of toxicology and hence derive 'Lipinski-like' guidelines for toxicology Integrate chemistry with biological entities for improved drug delivery and targeting (next generation biologics) Apply systems biology understanding for identifying new biological targets Understand communication... components of cocktails of drugs Develop model systems to improve understanding of extremely complex biological systems and of how interventions work in living systems over time Improve knowledge of the chemistry of living organisms including structural biology to ensure drug safety and effectiveness Develop toxicogenomics to test drugs at a cellular and molecular level.” Back to Active challenges Active... Develop cost effective information-rich point-of-care diagnostic devices Water treatment must be made more energy efficient to support safe exploitation of poor quality water resources Understand the chemistry of disease onset and progression Research to enable the continuity of drug treatment over disease life cycles The chemical sciences have a dual role to play in treating water, by making it potable... cycle time of batteries - i.e charging time needs to be reduced Develop material recycling strategies.” Developments must be coupled with advances in the fundamental science of surface chemistry, electrochemistry and the improved modelling of thermodynamics and kinetics.” Back to Active challenges Active challenge: Nuclear energy Challenge: “Our high level of industrial and domestic waste could be resolved... chains By understanding where the highest environmental impacts are incurred, changes can easily be made at this stage to reduce them.” Potential opportunities for the chemical sciences “Wider role of chemistry in product design for 4Rs (reduction, remanufacture, reuse, recycle) •Technology for designing biodegradability into finished products •Methods for tagging of polymers to aid recycling •Wider... design •New composites that are readily recyclable •Develop and apply smart coatings •Develop improved recovery processes Manufacturing process intensification and optimisation •Atom efficiency •Green chemistry and chemical engineering •Process modelling, analytics and control Improve life cycle assessment (LCA) tools and metrics •Clear standards for LCA methods and data gathering •Methods to assess... Potential opportunities for the chemical sciences: •Develop fertiliser formulations able to improve the retention of nitrogen in soil and uptake into plants •Optimise farming practices by understanding the biochemistry of soil ecosystems, for example, the mobility of chemicals within soil •Improve the understanding of methane oxidation by bacteria in soil to help in developing methane-fixing technologies •Understand

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Mục lục

  • Challenging chemistry

  • The challenges of global change

  • The challenges and chemical sciences

  • Priority areas

  • Slide 5

  • Slide 6

  • Slide 7

  • Underpinning science and fundamental ideas

  • Active challenges

  • Using the chemical sciences to take up the challenges

  • Active challenge: Agricultural productivity

  • Active challenge: Conservation of scarce resources

  • Active challenge: Conversion of biomass feedstocks

  • Active challenge: Diagnostics

  • Active challenge: Drinking water quality

  • Active challenge: Drugs and therapies

  • Active challenge: Energy conversion and storage

  • Active challenge: Nuclear energy

  • Active challenge: Solar energy

  • Active challenge: Sustainable product design

  • Active challenge: Agricultural productivity – six categories

  • Slide 22

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