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Ocean Water Chemistry Figure 4.17a http://www.nhptv.org/ Distribution of Earth’s Water • Oceans • Ice Caps and Glaciers • Atmosphere • Rivers and Lakes • Inland Seas • Groundwater 97.2 % 2.15 % 0.001 % 0.009 % 0.008 % 0.625 % Ocean Water is SALTY • Salinity: Total amount of dissolved solids • Units: o/oo = 1/1000 • Range: 33 – 37 o/oo • Increase in salinity: – Increase in Density – Decrease in Freezing Point – Decrease in Vapor Pressure – Increase in Osmotic Pressure Origin of Salts in Oceans • Rivers (largest transport of chemicals to ocean) – Rain + CO2 H2CO3 – Si, Al, Na, K, Mg • Volcanoes – Cl, S, CO2 • Dust / Rain – Fe, Si • Anthropogenic – CO2, P Example Geochemical Cycle Concept of Steady State Example Geochemical Cycle http://www.nhptv.org/ How we measure light penetration? Secchi Disc Water Refraction Eschrichtius robustus Sound Velocity • Influenced by Salinity, Temperature and Pressure – Increases with Salinity – Increases with Temperature – Increases with Pressure • Concept of Midwater Sound Channel Study in Detail Fig 5-19! Sound Channel Humpback Whales Megaptera novaeangliae Gray Whale & Sonar Proposal Eschrichtius robustus Gray Whale Migration Acoustic Pollution
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