Atom – the smallest unit of matter “indivisible”

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Atom – the smallest unit of matter “indivisible”

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Atom – the smallest unit of matter “indivisible” Helium atom electron shells α)Α τοµιχ νυµβερ = νυµβερ οφ Ελεχτρονσ β)Ε λεχτρονσ ϖαρψ ιν τηε αµουντ οφ ενεργψ τηεψ ποσσεσσ, ανδ τηεψ οχχυρ ατ χερταιν ενεργψ λεϖελσ ορ ελεχτρον σηελλσ χ)Ε λεχτρον σηελλσ δετερµινε ηοω αν ατοµ βεηαϖεσ ωηεν ιτ ενχουντερσ οτηερ ατοµσ Electrons are placed in shells according to rules: 1)Τηε 1στ σηελλ χαν ηολδ υπ το τωο ελεχτρονσ, ανδ εαχη σηελλ τηερεαφτερ χαν ηολδ υπ το ελεχτρονσ Octet Rule = atoms tend to gain, lose or share electrons so as to have electrons C would like to Gain electrons N would like to Gain electrons O would like to Gain electrons Why are electrons important? 1) Ελεµεντσ ηαϖε διφφερεντ ελεχτρον χονφιγυρατιονσ  different electron configurations mean different levels of bonding Electron Dot Structures Σψµβολσ οφ ατοµσ ωιτη δοτσ το ρεπρεσεντ τηε ϖαλενχε−σηελλ ελεχτρονσ 13 14 15 16 17 18 Η• Ηε: • Λι• Βε• • • • Β • • • • Χ • • Ν • • • Να• Μγ• • • Αλ• • • • Ο • • • : Φ • • • • • : Νε : • • • • • • • Σι • •Π• •Σ• • • • • • • • • • • : Χλ • : Αρ : • • • • • • Chemical bonds: an attempt to fill electron shells 1.Ιονιχ βονδσ – 2.Χοϖαλεντ βονδσ – 3.Μεταλλιχ βονδσ Learning Check  Α Ξ ωουλδ βε τηε ελεχτρον δοτ φορµυλα φορ 1) Να 2) Κ 3) Αλ   Β  Ξ  ωουλδ βε τηε ελεχτρον δοτ φορµυλα  1) Β 2) Ν 3) Π Βονδσ ιν αλλ τηε πολψατοµιχ ιονσ ανδ διατοµιχσ αρε αλλ χοϖαλεντ βονδσ NONPOLAR COVALENT BONDS when electrons are shared equally H2 or Cl2 Covalent bonds- Two atoms share one or more pairs of outer-shell electrons Oxygen Atom Oxygen Atom Oxygen Molecule (O2) POLAR COVALENT BONDS when electrons are shared but shared unequally H2O Polar Covalent Bonds: Unevenly matched, but willing to share - water is a polar molecule because oxygen is more electronegative than hydrogen, and therefore electrons are pulled closer to oxygen METALLIC BOND bond found in metals; holds metal atoms together very strongly Metallic Bond •Φορµεδ βετωεεν ατοµσ οφ µεταλλιχ ελεµεντσ •Ελεχτρον χλουδ αρουνδ ατοµσ •Γοοδ χονδυχτορσ ατ αλλ στατεσ, λυστρουσ, ϖερψ ηιγη µελτινγ ποιντσ •Εξαµπλεσ; Να, Φε, Αλ, Αυ, Χο Metallic Bonds: Mellow dogs with plenty of bones to go around Ionic Bond, A Sea of Electrons Metals Form Alloys Metals not combine with metals They form Alloys which is a solution of a metal in a metal Examples are steel, brass, bronze and pewter Formula Weights •Φορµυλα ωειγητ ισ τηε συµ οφ τηε ατοµιχ µασσεσ • •Μασσ, Χ + Ο + Ο Εξαµπλε− ΧΟ 12.011 + 15.994 + 15.994 43.999 Practice • Χοµπυτε τηε µασσ οφ τηε φολλοωινγ χοµπουνδσ ρουνδ το νεαρεστ • • • • • • ΝαΧλ; τεντη & στατε τψπε οφ βονδ: 23 + 35 = 58; Ιονιχ Βονδ Χ Η ; 24 + = 30; Χοϖαλεντ Βονδ Να(ΧΟ ) ; 23 + 2(12 + 3ξ16) = 123; Ιονιχ & Χοϖαλεντ [...]... ηιγη µελτινγ ποιντ •Εξαµπλεσ; ΝαΧλ, ΧαΧλ 2 , Κ 2 Ο Ionic Bonds: One Big Greedy Thief Dog! 1) Ionic bond – electron from Na is transferred to Cl, this causes a charge imbalance in each atom The Na becomes (Na+) and the Cl becomes (Cl-), charged particles or ions COVALENT BOND bond formed by the sharing of electrons Covalent Bond •Βετωεεν νονµεταλλιχ ελεµεντσ οφ σιµιλαρ ελεχτρονεγατιϖιτψ •Φορµεδ βψ σηαρινγ... equally H2 or Cl2 2 Covalent bonds- Two atoms share one or more pairs of outer-shell electrons Oxygen Atom Oxygen Atom Oxygen Molecule (O2) POLAR COVALENT BONDS when electrons are shared but shared unequally H2O Polar Covalent Bonds: Unevenly matched, but willing to share - water is a polar molecule because oxygen is more electronegative than hydrogen, and therefore electrons are pulled closer to... two ions by the transfer of electrons Formation of Ions from Metals  Ιονιχ χοµπουνδσ ρεσυλτ ωηεν µεταλσ ρεαχτ ωιτη νονµεταλσ  Μεταλσ λοσε ελεχτρονσ το µατχη τηε νυµβερ οφ ϖαλενχε ελεχτρονσ οφ τηειρ νεαρεστ νοβλε γασ  Ποσιτιϖε ιονσ φορµ ωηεν τηε νυµβερ οφ ελεχτρονσ αρε λεσσ τηαν τηε νυµβερ οφ προτονσ • Γρουπ 1 µεταλσ → ιον 1+ Γρουπ 2 µεταλσ → ιον 2+ Γρουπ 13 µεταλσ → ιον 3+ Formation of Sodium Ion... προτονσ • Γρουπ 1 µεταλσ → ιον 1+ Γρουπ 2 µεταλσ → ιον 2+ Γρουπ 13 µεταλσ → ιον 3+ Formation of Sodium Ion Σοδιυµ ατοµ Να • 2−8−1 Σοδιυµ ιον – ε− → Να + 2−8 ( = Νε) 11 π+ 11 π+ 11 ε− 10 ε− 0 1+ Formation of Magnesium Ion Μαγνεσιυµ ατοµ Μαγνεσιυµ ιον • Μγ • – 2−8−2 2ε − → Μγ2+ 2−8 12 π+ 12 ε− 0 (=Νε) 12 π+ 10 ε− 2+ Some Typical Ions with Positive Charges (Cations) Γρουπ 1 Η+ Γρουπ 2 Μγ2+ Αλ3+ Λι+... willing to share - water is a polar molecule because oxygen is more electronegative than hydrogen, and therefore electrons are pulled closer to oxygen METALLIC BOND bond found in metals; holds metal atoms together very strongly Metallic Bond •Φορµεδ βετωεεν ατοµσ οφ µεταλλιχ ελεµεντσ •Ελεχτρον χλουδ αρουνδ ατοµσ •Γοοδ χονδυχτορσ ατ αλλ στατεσ, λυστρουσ, ϖερψ ηιγη µελτινγ ποιντσ •Εξαµπλεσ; Να, Φε, Αλ, Αυ,

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Mục lục

  • Slide 1

  • Slide 2

  • electron shells

  • Electrons are placed in shells according to rules:

  • Slide 5

  • Why are electrons important?

  • Slide 8

  • Electron Dot Structures

  • Chemical bonds: an attempt to fill electron shells

  • Learning Check

  • IONIC BOND bond formed between two ions by the transfer of electrons

  • Formation of Ions from Metals

  • Formation of Sodium Ion

  • Formation of Magnesium Ion

  • Some Typical Ions with Positive Charges (Cations)

  • Slide 17

  • Solution

  • Learning Check

  • Ions from Nonmetal Ions

  • Fluoride Ion

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