What is electricity

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What is electricity

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In unit we will learn about the physics of electricity and electronics This includes circuits, Ohm’s law, resistance, electrical energy and power, electromagnetism and electronic components What is electricity? Key words: electrons, conductors, insulators, charge, current By the end of this lesson you will be able to: State that electrons are free to move in a conductor Describe the electrical current in terms of movement of charges around a circuit Distinguish between conductors and insulators and give examples of each Carry out calculations involving Q = It Rutherford Bohr model Thomson’s Plum pudding model What is inside an atom? Quantum model of the nucleus Charge cloud model Rutherford model The atom An atom is a fundamental unit of matter made up of protons (with a positive charge) neutrons (neutral – no charge) electrons (with a negative charge) What is electricity? Everything is made of atoms which contain POSITIVE particles called PROTONS and NEGATIVE particles called ELECTRONS Electron (-) Proton (+) Neutron An atom will usually have the same number of positives and negatives This makes the atom NEUTRAL Electron (-) Proton (+) Neutron Electrical Charge Electric charge is given the symbol Q Electrons are the charge carriers that flow in an electrical circuit – from the negative to positive terminals Electrical Charge Charge is measured in Coulombs which is given the symbol C Electrical Charge The charge on a proton is 1.6 x 10 C -19 which is the same size as the charge on an electron Voltage and Current in Transformers Vs I P = VP I S The current in the coils is in the reverse ratio to the voltage therefore as voltage increases, current decreases Voltage and Current in Transformers Vs I P = VP I S In a step-down transformer, the voltage in the secondary is less than the primary What happens to the current? Voltage and Current in Transformers Vs I P = VP I S The current in the coils is in the reverse ratio to the voltage therefore as voltage decreases, current increases Transformers np Vp Is = = ns Vs Ip np = number of turns on primary coil ns = number of turns on secondary coil Vp = voltage across primary coil Vs = voltage across secondary coil Ip = current in primary coil Is = current in secondary coil Type of transformer Step-up Step-down Turns ratio? Effect on VOLTAGE? Effect on CURRENT? What have you learned today? Key words: electromagnetism, induced voltage, field strength, turns By the end of this lesson you will be able to: State that high voltages are used in the transmission of electricity to reduce power loss Carry out calculations involving power loss in transmission lines Transmitting Electrical Energy Transformers are used by the National Grid system through which electrical energy is transmitted Demonstration Electricity Transmission Electrical energy is transferred from the power station to the consumer via the National Grid • Electricity is sent for many kilometres along transmission lines on pylons Transformers in Electrical Transmission What happens as current flows through the wires? The length of the wires means large resistance and hence heating in the wires Transformers in Electrical Transmission Energy is changed from electrical to heat resulting in large power losses in the wires Relationship between power, current and resistance? P=I R Transformers in Electrical Transmission At the power station, a step-up transformer is used to increase the voltage Why? Transformers in Electrical Transmission Vs I P = VP I S As voltage stepped up, current stepped down by the same factor And since P = I R by reducing current the power losses due to heating are reduced Transformers in Electrical Transmission This stepping up of the voltage and hence stepping down of the current makes the transfer much more efficient The losses due to heating are reduced Transformers in Electrical Transmission At the consumer end, a step-down transformer reduces the voltage to 230V, increasing the current [...]... lat o rs Conductors & Insulators What makes something a good conductor? Good conductors allow electrons to move through them easily Insulators do not allow electrons to move easily What is electricity? So electricity is movement of charge round a circuit We call this electric current Charge, Current & Time Electric current is given the symbol I Electric current is the movement of negative charges... should look like this: Notice in this circuit, current is the same at all points Notice in this circuit, current is the same at all points Series Circuits and Current We are measuring the current I in a series circuit What have we observed? We find that the current is the same at all points How can this be written mathematically? I1 = I2 = I3 = I4 and so on Virtual Int 2 Physics – Electricity & Electronics... voltmeter, battery, resistor, variable resistor, fuse, switch, lamp, voltage By the end of this lesson you will be able to: Draw circuit diagrams to show the correct positions of an ammeter in a series circuit Draw and identify the circuit symbols for an ammeter, voltmeter, battery, resistor, variable resistor, fuse, switch and lamp State that in a series circuit, the current is the same at all positions.. .What is electricity? Electrons have a negative charge (Q) measured in coulombs (C) Electrons move round a circuit from negative to positive (remember like charges repel, opposites attract) giving rise to an electric current W s i t a h c u nd oNa c m a e ? r to so me co nd uc to rs s? r o lat u s / in s tor c u o nd c ive t c ffe e hem t es k a m at h W t a h a is u s n i n t a l... (electrons) in a circuit Charge, Current & Time Current is the amount of charge flowing per second and is given the unit Amps (A) Charge, Current & Time If charge per second then so acurrent currentisof 1 A isflowing 1 C of charge transferred in 1 s Q I= t Charge transferred in coulombs (C) Current in Amps (A) time in seconds (s) Charge, Current & Time This can be rearranged as Q = It or Q t= I Key words:... lamps in lamp holders, and a meter used for measuring current What is the meter called? Where is it positioned in the circuit? Activity 1 Activity 2 Bulbs are much dimmer! Activity 3 - Change your circuit… Move your ammeter to different positions in the series circuit Make a note of the positions each time, and of the current at each position What can you say about the current in a series circuit? Successful... to the other, through each component, without lifting your finger from the page Physics Animations – Series Circuits Name that component Resistor Fuse Battery Ammeter On the back of p2 carefully draw each symbol and label – in pencil! Voltmeter Switch Variable resistor Cell Lamp Build a series circuit On the worksheet you will find four building circuit activities Follow the instructions carefully! Answer

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  • PowerPoint Presentation

  • What is electricity?

  • Slide 3

  • What is inside an atom?

  • The atom

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  • Electrical Charge

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  • Conductors & Insulators

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  • Charge, Current & Time

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  • Different types of circuit

  • Series Circuit

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  • Name that component

  • Build a series circuit

  • Slide 28

  • Activity 1

  • Activity 2

  • Activity 3 - Change your circuit…

  • Successful Circuit Diagrams

  • Your circuit diagram…

  • Slide 34

  • Slide 35

  • Series Circuits and Current

  • Think…

  • …and learn

  • What have I learned?

  • Slide 40

  • Quick Quiz

  • Build another circuit

  • Slide 43

  • Slide 44

  • What sort of circuit is this?

  • Draw the circuit diagram below

  • Parallel Circuit

  • Parallel Circuits and Current

  • Electric Circuits

  • A SIMPLE CIRCUIT

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  • What have you learned today?

  • Slide 56

  • What is electricity? What is a voltage? What is a volt?

  • What is the energy change which takes place in a battery?

  • When a battery is in a circuit…

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  • What has “potential difference” got to do with voltage?

  • Potential Difference or Voltage (V)

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  • Voltage or p.d.

  • Summary of Units

  • How can we measure voltage?

  • You can’t measure voltage…

  • Slide 71

  • Drawing a circuit diagram

  • Series Circuits and Voltage

  • Slide 74

  • Parallel Circuits and Voltage

  • Tasks & Homework

  • Slide 77

  • Quick Quiz What have we learned?

  • Slide 79

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  • Resistors

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  • What is the relationship between current and voltage in a resistor?

  • Relationship between current and voltage in a resistor

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  • Calculate

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  • Varying Resistance

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  • Variable Resistor

  • Variable Resistors

  • Uses of Variable Resistors?

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  • Variation of Resistance and Current for a Lamp Filament

  • Slide 100

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  • Measuring Resistance

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  • Series and Parallel Circuits Voltage, Current and Resistance

  • Slide 105

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  • Disadvantages of Series Circuits?

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  • Advantages of the Parallel Circuit?

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  • Investigating Potential Dividers

  • Potential Divider Circuits

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  • Potential Dividers

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  • Potentiometer

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  • What is “potential difference” ? What is voltage?

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  • Filament lamps

  • Filament Lamp

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  • Resistance in a wire

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  • Power and Energy

  • Power

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  • Power & Energy Example

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  • Formula?

  • Power Ratings of Appliances

  • Watt’s my power rating?

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  • Current through Appliances

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  • Which fuse to use?

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  • Example

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  • Relationship between power, current, voltage and resistance

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  • Equations for Power

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  • Direct Current (d.c.)

  • Direct Current

  • Alternating Current (AC)

  • Alternating Current

  • Calculating Declared Voltage

  • Mains Supply

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  • Measuring effective voltage / current in an a.c. circuit

  • Measuring peak a.c. voltage using an oscilloscope

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  • Permanent Magnets

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  • Magnetic Field Around a Current Carry Wire

  • Electromagnets

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  • How is an electromagnet constructed?

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  • How can the strength of an electromagnet be increased?

  • What are the advantages of an electromagnet over a permanent magnet?

  • Electromagnetic Induction

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  • What do we know so far?

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  • What is observed when…

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  • Generating Electricity

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  • A Simple Generator

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  • Transformers

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  • Transformer Terms

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  • Equipment

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  • Investigating Transformers

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  • What would happen if a d.c. supply was connected to a transformer?

  • Step-Up Transformer

  • Step-Down Transformer

  • Energy Losses in Transformers

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  • Voltage and Current in Transformers

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  • Transmitting Electrical Energy

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  • Transformers in Electrical Transmission

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