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Semantics Meeting Section 2: Word Meaning-Review 1/ semantic features – componential analysis Ex1.: boy + human Ex2.: girl + male + human + female - adult - adult 2/ semantic fields + teacher Ex4 Ex3 + living room + dining room + bedroom + student + table rooms in house + chair + bathroom + board + restroom + chalk classroom Section 2: Word Meaning- Review Lexical gaps Ex8: Ex7: grandparents father mother children nuclear family parents aunt/uncle children cousin extended family Section 2: Word Meaning- Review Referent (1), reference (2) and sense (3) Ex9: doctor (1) book ice-cream Ex11: Ex10: autumn = fall purchase = buy (3) toilet = restroom Ha Noi ↔ the capital of Viet Nam Ao Dai ↔ vietnamese traditional clothes (2) Uncle Ho ↔ the leader of Vietnam Section 2: Word Meaning 2.6 Denotation & Connotation Ex1: child + human + innocent + noisy - mature + affectionate + irritating ± male Ex2: woman + human + devoted + wicked + mature + patient + talkative + female positive dictionary denotation emotions/attitude negative connotation Section 2: Word Meaning 2.6 Denotation & Connotation - The denotation of a word is the core, central or referential meaning of the word found in a dictionary - The connotation of a word is the additional meaning that the word has beyond its denotative meaning It shows people’s emotions and/or attitudes towards what the word refers to Section 2: Word Meaning 2.6 Denotation & Connotation Ex3: fox + cunning + deceitful negative Ex5: slender = Ex4: mother + mom positive Ø woman neutral - witch negative skinny positive negative almost always have negative connotations Notes: - Some English words have positive, negative & neutral connotations - Some synonyms are not really synonyms at all Exercise + image of Christ trees Christmas + family gatherings + presents and carols Section 2: Word Meaning 2.7 Multiple senses of lexical items 2.7.1 Primary meaning vs secondary meaning Ex6 pilot:- one who flies an aircraft ; navigator The first meaning in dictionary primary meaning - guide, leader - something produced as an experiment before broader introduction Ex7 My father is a pilot in my family = My father is a person who leads and instructs every member in my family the derived meaning from the context secondary meaning Section 2: Word Meaning 2.7 Multiple senses of lexical items 2.7.1 Primary meaning vs secondary meaning The primary meaning of a word is the first meaning or usage that the word will suggest to most people when it is said in isolation The secondary meanings of a word are the meanings besides its primary meaning context-bound Section 2: Word Meaning 2.7 Multiple senses of lexical items 2.7.2 Literal meaning vs figurative meaning Ex8 two wings of an airplane = part that projects from the side of an aircraft and supports it in the air the east/west wing of a house = part of a building that projects from the main part the left wing of his car was = projecting part of the body of a motor vehicle damaged in the collisionabove the wheel the radical wing of the Labour = part of a political party that holds certain views ty or has a particular function identified through the context literal meanings “The basic or usual meaning of a word” is usually referred to as its literal meaning Section 2: Word Meaning 2.7 Multiple senses of lexical items 2.7.2 Literal meaning vs figurative meaning Ex9 We hope college life will help him to spread his wings a bit = to extend his activities and interests Having a new baby to look after has clipped her wings a bit = has prevented her from achieving her ambition she immediately took the new arrivals under her wing = looked after the new arrivals He retires as chairman next year; his successor is waiting in the wings = is ready to replace him different from literal meaning Vivid mental images figurative meanings Section 2: Word Meaning 2.7 Multiple senses of lexical items 2.7.2 Literal meaning vs figurative meaning The figurative meaning of a word is one which is different from its usual/literal meaning which creates vivid mental images to readers or listeners Section 2: Word Meaning * Which statement is Denotation/Connotation/Primary Meaning/ Secondary Meaning/ Literal Meaning/Figurative Meaning? 1/ The meaning of a word is different from its usual/literal meaning and FM creates vivid mental images to readers or listeners 2/ The meaning of a word is the core, central or referential meaning of the word found in a dictionary 3/ The meaning of a word is the first meaning or usage that the word will suggest to most people when it is said in isolation 4/ The meaning of a word is the additional meaning that the word has beyond its denotative meaning D PM C 5/ The meaning of a word is the basic or usual meaning of a word LM / The meaning of a word is the meaning besides its primary meaning SM Section 2: Word Meaning 2.8 Figures of speech 2.8.1 Simile and metaphor Ex.10: My hands are as cold as ice Ex.12: He was a lion in the fight What is compared with what? “lion” indicates ……? hand ice lion ~ he Ex.11: Tom eats like a horse Tom a horse Ex.13: She has a heart of stone “a heart of stone” indicates? her heart of stone ~ her nature “The use of comparison of one thing with another” is simile “The use of a word or phrase to indicate something different from the literal meaning” is metaphor * Notes: implicit / indirect comparison * Notes: explicit / direct comparison function words: as as, like no function words Section 2: Word Meaning 2.8 Figures of speech Dead and live metaphor Ex.14: the leg/face of the table the back of the chair the mouth of the river Ex.15: Tom is a pig Is there any implicit comparisons in these? Tom is short and fat Tom is slow and lazy Is there any implicit comparisons in these? Tom is greedy Tom is not intelligent Dead metaphor Live metaphor Section 2: Word Meaning 2.8 Figures of speech Dead and live metaphor Dead metaphors are in fact Live metaphors are implied or idioms or fixed expressions that indirect comparisons which have native speakers of a language a variety of figurative meanings give special meanings and use through their endless use naturally and unconsciously Exercise When he gets going, Jack is a streak of lighting. metaphor Jack is a streak of lighting = Jack is very fast The man is a demon for work metaphor The man is a demon for work = the man is an energetic person who works very hard My dormitory room is like a cave simile Dormitory cave = my dormitory room is small and uncomfortable explicitly compared Exercise 8 Come to see the dormitory and see what a metaphor cave I live in Cave dormitory My dormitory is a small and implicitly compared uncomfortable room 13 Albert was as sharp as a tack this morning He answered every question as soon as it was asked Albert a tack Albert was quick-minded simile Exercise 16 After she heard the good news, she simile grinned like a mule eating briars She a mule 20 Life is a dream life dream smiled broadly metaphor Life is as beautiful as a dream Life is short or Life passes quickly Exercise 25 Alice came in gently, like a May breeze simile Alice a May breeze Alice is as young, fresh, sweet and warm as a breeze signaling the beginning of a summer 26 Susie is a picture of loveliness in her new dress Susie picture of loveliness metaphor Susie is very lovely Exercise 31 There was a storm in Parliament last metaphor night A storm a heated argument, a bitter disagreement or terrible conflict 34 We’ll just have to go our separate ways Go our separate ways Life is a journey 35 They were vital, unforgettable matches that gave us a new window on the game new window on the game metaphor metaphor new understanding of the game Exercise simile 37 He is as mute as a fish He rarely speaks 38 We stopped to drink in the beautiful scenery drink in metaphor enjoy or admire 40 The police team has cemented close ties with the hospital staff cemented = joined cemented = firmly established metaphor close connections have been established b/w the police team & the hospital staff Exercise metaphor 41 the boss gave her a hot look a hot look = an angry look 42 He could not bridle his anger bridle = control, restrain metaphor He failed to control his anger 43 He attacked every weak point in my argument attacked = criticized severely metaphor He severely criticized every weak point in my argument Exercise metaphor 46 The organization is keeping the brake on pay rises Keep the brake on pay rises = control pay rises 47 Her father is a captain of industry dead metaphor a captain of industry – an idiom One who manages a large industrial company 49.To fall out of a tree in one’s early childhood is not metaphor a particularly reassuring experience It is terrible to be exposed to real life To fall out of a tree = to be in one’s early childhood without any exposed to real life parental protection [...]... 8 31 There was a storm in Parliament last metaphor night A storm a heated argument, a bitter disagreement or terrible conflict 34 We’ll just have to go our separate ways Go our separate ways Life is a journey 35 They were vital, unforgettable matches that gave us a new window on the game new window on the game metaphor metaphor new understanding of the game Exercise 8 simile 37 ... metaphor Ex.10: My hands are as cold as ice Ex.12: He was a lion in the fight What is compared with what? “lion” indicates ……? hand ice lion ~ he Ex.11: Tom eats like a horse Tom a horse Ex. 13: She has a heart of stone “a heart of stone” indicates? her heart of stone ~ her nature “The use of comparison of one thing with another” is simile “The use of a word or phrase to indicate something... special meanings and use through their endless use naturally and unconsciously Exercise 8 1 When he gets going, Jack is a streak of lighting. metaphor Jack is a streak of lighting = Jack is very fast 3 The man is a demon for work metaphor The man is a demon for work = the man is an energetic person who works very hard 7 My dormitory room is like a cave simile Dormitory cave = my dormitory... uncomfortable explicitly compared Exercise 8 8 Come to see the dormitory and see what a metaphor cave I live in Cave dormitory My dormitory is a small and implicitly compared uncomfortable room 13 Albert was as sharp as a tack this morning He answered every question as soon as it was asked Albert a tack Albert was quick-minded simile Exercise 8 16 After she heard the good news, she simile... different from its usual/literal meaning and FM creates vivid mental images to readers or listeners 2/ The meaning of a word is the core, central or referential meaning of the word found in a dictionary 3/ The meaning of a word is the first meaning or usage that the word will suggest to most people when it is said in isolation 4/ The meaning of a word is the additional meaning that the word has beyond... unforgettable matches that gave us a new window on the game new window on the game metaphor metaphor new understanding of the game Exercise 8 simile 37 He is as mute as a fish He rarely speaks 38 We stopped to drink in the beautiful scenery drink in metaphor enjoy or admire 40 The police team has cemented close ties with the hospital staff cemented = joined cemented = firmly established... hospital staff Exercise 8 metaphor 41 the boss gave her a hot look a hot look = an angry look 42 He could not bridle his anger bridle = control, restrain metaphor He failed to control his anger 43 He attacked every weak point in my argument attacked = criticized severely metaphor He severely criticized every weak point in my argument Exercise 8 metaphor 46 The organization is keeping
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