Appendix A: Conversion Factors and Equivalents Temperature Inches to Millimeters Ounces to Grams Pounds to Kilograms F = (°C × 9/ 5) + 32 C = (°F -32) × /9 in = mm × 0.03937 mm = in × 25.4 oz = gm × 0.0352739 gm = oz × 28.349527 lbs = kg × 2.205 kg = lbs × 0.454 °F mm oz grams lbs kg -18 0.3969 28.35 0.454 +14 -10 0.794 56.7 1.36 23 -5 / 16 1.5875 85.05 2.3 26.6 -3 /8 3.175 113.4 3.18 28.4 -2 /4 6.35 141.75 4.08 30.2 -1 12.7 170.1 20 9.07 32.0 19.05 198.45 40 18.14 33.8 +1 25.4 226.8 60 27.21 35.6 2 50.8 255.15 80 36.28 37.4 3 76.2 10 283.5 41.0 101.6 16 453.6 50.0 10 127.0 32 907.18 68.0 20 86.0 30 122.0 50 From To 212.0 100 lbs/ft kg/m2 4.88241 257.0 125 lbs/in2 (psi) kg/cm 0.070307 302.0 150 gallons (gal) liters (l) 3.78533 347.0 175 gal/min l/sec 0.063088 392.0 200 miles km 1.609 437.0 225 482.0 250 milli meters deka 527.0 275 centi liters grams 572.0 300 deci kilo hecto -0.4 °C in / 64 / 32 /2 /4 Conversion Factors © Plastics Design Library Multiply by Metric Units Appendix A: Conversion Factors and Equivalents Appendix B: Abbreviations, Acronyms, and Material Names B.1 Abbreviations and Acronyms Table B.1 Abbreviations and Acronyms Listed Alphabetically with Commonly Used Names Abbreviations Names Abbreviations Names AA Acetic Aldehyde CAE Computer-aided engineering ABA Acrylonitrile-butadieneacrylate CAN Cellulose acetate nitrate CAP Cellulose acetate propionate ABS Acrylonitrile-butadienestyrene CF Cresol-formaldehyde AC Acetate CFC Chlorofluorocarbon ACM Acrylate rubber CM Chloro-polyethylene CMC Carboxymethyl cellulose ACPES Acrylonitrile-chlorinated polyethylene-styrene CN Cellulose nitrate (celluloid) ADC Allyl diglycol carbonate COPE Copolyester elastomer AEC Acrylonitrile ethylene styrene CP Cellulose propionate AGE Allylglycidylether CPE Chlorinated polyethylene AMMA Acrylonitrile-methylmethacrylate CPET Crystalline polyethylene terephthalate AMS Alpha methyl styrene CPVC AN Acrylonitrile Chlorinated polyvinyl chloride APET Amorphous polyethylene terephthalate CR Chloroprene rubber or neoprene rubber ASA Acrylic-styrene-acrylonitrile CS Casein ASTM American Society for Testing Materials CSPE Chlorosulfonated polyethylene AZ Azodicarbonamide CTA Cellulose triacetate BA Butyl acrylate CTE Coefficient of thermal expansion BBP Benzyl butyl phthalate CTFE Chlorotrifluoroethylene BO Biaxially oriented DAC Diallyl chlorendate BOPP Bioriented polypropylene DAF Diallyl fumarate BR Butadiene rubber DAIP Diallyl isophthalate BS Butadiene styrene DAM Diallyl maleate Buna Polybutadiene DAMP Diallyl metaphthalate CA Cellulose acetate DAOP Diallyl orthophthalate CAA Computer-aided analysis DAP Diallyl phthalate CAB Cellulose acetate butyrate DEP Diethyl phthalate CAD Computer-aided design © Plastics Design Library (Cont’d.) Appendix B: Abbreviations and Acronyms 224 Table B.1 (Cont’d.) Abbreviations DSC Names Differential scanning calorimetry Abbreviations Names HIPS High impact polystyrene HMW High molecular weight HMW-HDPE High molecular-weight, highdensity polyethylene EA Ethyl acrylate EBA Ethylene butyl acrylate EC Ethyl cellulose H-NBR Hydrogenated nitrile rubber ECO Epichlorhydrin rubber HPT Holding-pressure time ECTFE Ethylenechlorotrifluoroethylene IIR Butyl rubber (isoprene rubber) EEA Ethylene ethyl acrylate IM Injection molding EMA Ethylene-methyl acrylate IR Isoprene rubber (synthetic) EMAC Ethylene-methyl acrylate copolymer LCM Liquid composite molding LCP Liquid crystal polymer EPDM Ethylene-propylene-diene terpolymer LIM Liquid injection molding EPR Ethylene-propylene rubber LLDPE Linear low density polyethylene EPS Expandable (or expanded) polystyrene LMC EPT Ethylene-propylene terpolymer Low pressure molding compound or low molecular weight LPE Linear polyethylene ETFE Ethylenetetrafluoroethylene EVA Ethylene-vinyl acetate LPIM Low pressure injection molding EVAL Ethylene-vinyl alcohol LSR Liquid silicone rubber EVE Ethylene-vinyl ether LWP Lost wax process FC Fluorocarbon MA Maleic anhydride FEA Finite element analysis MABS Methylmethacrylate ABS FEP Fluoronated ethylene propylene MAN Methyl acrylonitrile FF Furan-formaldehyde MBS Methacrylate-butadienestyrene FPVC Flexible polyvinyl chloride MC Methyl cellulose GMTP Glass mat reinforced thermoplastic MCO Moldability and cost optimization GPPS General purpose polystyrene MDA Methylene dianiline GR-1 Butyl rubber MDPE Medium density polyethylene GR-N Nitrile rubber MEK Methyl ethyl ketone (solvent) GRP Glass reinforced plastic MEKP Methyl ethyl ketone peroxide GR-S Styrene butadiene rubber MF Melamine formaldehyde HCFC Hydrochlorofluorocarbon MI Melt index HDPE High density polyethylene (Cont’d.) Appendix B: Abbreviations and Acronyms © Plastics Design Library 225 Table B.1 (Cont’d.) Abbreviations Names Abbreviations Names PBR Polybutadiene-vinyl pyridene Medium molecular weight PBS Polybutadiene-styrene MPDA M-phenylene diamine PBT Polybutadiene-terephthalate Melamine phenol formaldehyde PBZ Polybenzobisoxazole MPF PC Polycarbonate MPPO Modified PPO PCA Polycarbonate-acrylic MQ Dimethylsilicone elastomer PCDP Polydicyclopentadiene NBR Nitrile butadiene rubber, nitrile rubber, or GR-1 PC/PBT Polycarbonate/polybutylene terephthalate NC Nitrocellulose PCT NCR Acrylonitrile chloroprene nitrate Polycyclohexylene dimethylene-terephthalate PCTFE Polychlorotrifluoroethylene NIR Acrylonitrile isoprene rubber PE Polyethylene NR Natural rubber (polyisoprene) PEA Poly(ethyl acrylate) NSR Nitrile-silicone rubber PEBA Polyether block amide OPP Oriented polypropylene PEC OPR Propylene oxide rubber Polyphenylene ether copolymer OPS Oriented polystyrene PEEK Polyetheretherketone Olefin-modified styreneacrylonitrile PEI Polyetherimide OSA PEK Polyetherketone P Phenyl PEKEKK PA Polyamide (nylon) Polyetherketoneetherketoneketone PAA Polyacrylic acid PEKK Polyetherketoneketone PAE Polyarylether PEN Polyethylene naphthalate PAEK Polyaryletherketone PEO Polyethylene oxide Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon PEP Polyethylene polymer PAH PEPA Polyether-polyamide PAI Polyamide-imide PES Polyethersulfone PAK Polyester alkyd PET Polyethylene-terephthalate PAMS Polyalpha-methylstyrene PETG PAN Polyacrylonitrile Polyethylene-terephthalate glycol PAR Polyarylate PF PAS Polyarylsulfone Phenol formaldehyde (phenolic) PB Polybutylene PFA Perfluoroalkoxy PBAN Polybutadiene-acrylonitrile PFF Phenol furfural PBI Polybenzimidazole PI Polyimide or isoprene rubber PIB Polyisobutylene MIM Metal injection molding MMA Methyl methacrylate MMW (Cont’d.) © Plastics Design Library Appendix B: Abbreviations and Acronyms 226 Table B.1 (Cont’d.) Abbreviations Names Abbreviations Names PIR Polyisocyanurate PVDF Polyvinylidene fluoride PMA Polymethyl acrylate PVDM Polyvinyl fluoride PMCA Polymethyl-n-chloroacrylate PVFM Polyvinyl formal PMI Polymethacrylimide PVIE Polyvinyl isobutyl ether PMMA Polymethyl methacrylate (acrylic or plexiglass) PVK Polyvinyl carbozole PVP Polyvinyl pyrrolidone PMP Polymethyl pentene PVT Pressure-volume-temperature PMQ Phenylsilicone elastomer RIM Reaction injection molding PMS Paramethyl styrene RMPS Rubber modified polystyrene PO Polyolefin RP Reinforced plastic POM Polyoxymethylene (acetal) RPBT Reinforced PBT POP Polyoxypropylene RPVC Rigid PVC PP Polypropylene SAN Styrene-acrylonitrile PPA Polyphthalamide SB Styrene-butadiene PPE Polyphenylene ether SBR Styrene-butadiene rubber PPE/PPO Polyphenylene ether / polyphenylene oxide SBS Styrene-butadiene-styrene PPMS Polypara-methylstyrene SCR Styrene chloroprene rubber PPO Polyphenylene oxide S-EPDM Sulfonated-EPDM PPOX Polypropylene oxide SFT Screw-forward time PPS Polyphenylene sulfide SIR Silicone isoprene rubber PPSS Polyphenylene sulfide sulfone SIS Styrene-isoprene-styrene PPSU Polyphenylene sulfone SLA Stereolithography PPT Polypropylene-terephthalate SMA Styrene maleic anhydride PS Polystyrene S/MMA Styrene/methyl methacrylate SMS Styrene methylstyrene PSB Polystyrene butadiene rubber (GR-S, SBR) SPE Society of Plastics Engineers PSU Polysulfone SPI PTFE Polytetrafluoroethylene Society of the Plastics Industry PTMG Polytetramethylene glycol SR Polysulfide rubber PUR Polyurethane SR Synthetic rubber PVAC Polyvinyl acetate SRP Styrene-rubber plastic PVAL Polyvinyl alcohol STL File format used for stereolithography models PVB Polyvinyl butyral TAC Triallyl cyanurate PVCA Polyvinyl chloride acetate TCE Trichloroethylene PVC Polyvinyl chloride TFE Tetrafluoroethylene PVDC Polyvinylidene chloride TPA Terephthalic acid (Cont’d.) Appendix B: Abbreviations and Acronyms © Plastics Design Library 227 Table B.1 (Cont’d.) Abbreviations Names Abbreviations Names TPI Thermoplastic polyimide V Vinyl TPO Thermoplastic polyolefin VA Vinyl acetate TPP Triphenyl phosphate VAE Vinyl acetate ethylene TPS Toughened polystyrene VC/E Vinyl chloride/ethylene TPU Thermoplastic polyurethane VCM Vinyl chloride monomer VC/MA Vinyl chloride/methylacrylate TPV Thermoplastic vulcanizate VD Vinylidene TPX Polymethylpentene VDC Vinylidene chloride TSSC Toluenesulfonyl semicarbazide VLDPE Very low density polyethylene UF Urea formaldehyde VMQ Vinylsilicone elastomer UHMWPE Ultra high molecular weight polyethylene VP Virgin plastic Ultra low density polyethylene VPE Vulcanized polyethylene ULDPE VT Vinyl toluene UP Unsaturated polyester XLPE Cross linked polyethylene UPVC Unplasticized PVC XMC UR Urethane Extra high strength molding compound XPS Expandable polystyrene © Plastics Design Library Appendix B: Abbreviations and Acronyms 228 B.2 Material Names Although standards and recommendations exist for polymer abbreviations and names, they are widely disregarded Names in particular are subject to considerable variation For example, you may see polymethylmethacrylate rendered as polymethyl methacrylate, polymethyl-methacrylate, poly(methylmethacrylate), poly(methyl methacrylate), poly(methyl-methacrylate) Table B.2.1 offers the most commonly-used forms regardless of standard, and provide alternatives only where these are more than variants in orthography Table B.2 Amorphous and Semicrystalline Thermoplastics Listed by Polymer Name Common Name Abbreviation Alternative Name(s) Form Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene ABS Acrylonitrile Chlorinated Polyethylene Styrene ACS Acrylonitrile Styrene Chlorinated Polyethylene Amorphous Acrylonitrile Styrene Acrylate ASA Acrylate Styrene Acrylonitrile, Polyacrylic Styrene Acrylonitrile Amorphous Cellulose Acetate CA Cellulose Diacetate, Cellulose Ethanoate Amorphous Cellulose Acetate Butyrate CAB Cellulose Acetobutyrate, Cellulose Ethanoate Butanoate Amorphous Cellulose Acetate Propionate CAP Cellulose Acetopropionate, Cellulose Propionate, Cellulose Propanoate Amorphous Cellulose Nitrate CN Amorphous Chlorinated Polyvinyl Chloride CPVC Amorphous Chlorortrifluoroethylene CTFE Semicrystalline Cyclic Olefin Copolymer COC Ethyl Cellulose EC Amorphous Ethylene Chlorotrifluoroethylene ECTFE Semicrystalline Ethylene Ethyl Acrylate EEA Semicrystalline Ethylene Propylene Copolymer EPM Semicrystalline Ethylene Tetrafluoroethylene ETFE Ethylene Vinyl Acetate EVA Semicrystalline Ethylene Vinyl Acetate Copolymer EVAC Semicrystalline Ethylene Vinyl Alcohol EVAL Semicrystalline Ethylene Vinyl Alcohol EVOH Semicrystalline Fluorinated Ethylene Propylene FEP Ionomer ION Perfluoroalkoxyethylene PFA Polyacrylonitrile PAN Polyamide PA Polyamide Imide PAI Amorphous Cyclic Olefinic Copolymer Amorphous Polyethylene Tetrafluoroethylene Perfluoroethylene Propylene Semicrystalline Semicrystalline Semicrystalline Perfluoroalkoxyalkane Semicrystalline Semicrystalline Nylon Semicrystalline Amorphous (Cont’d.) Appendix B: Abbreviations and Acronyms © Plastics Design Library 229 Table B.2 (Cont’d.) Common Name Abbreviation Alternative Name(s) Form Polyamide/ABS PA/ABS Nylon/ABS Amorphous Polyarylamide PARA Semicrystalline Polyarylate PAR Amorphous Polyaryletherketone PAEK Polyarylsulfone PAS Amorphous Polyarylsulfone PASU Amorphous Polybutylene PB Semicrystalline Polybutylene Terephthalate PBT Semicrystalline Polycarbonate PC Amorphous Polycarbonate/Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene PC/ABS Amorphous Polycarbonate/Polybutylene Terephthalate PC/PBT Amorphous Polychlorortrifluoroethylene PCTFE Semicrystalline Polycyclohexylenedimethylene Terephthalate Glycol-modfied PCTG Semicrystalline Polyetheretherketone PEEK Semicrystalline Polyetherimide PEI Amorphous Polyetherketone PEK Semicrystalline Polyetherketoneketone PEKK Semicrystalline Polyethersulfone PESU Amorphous Polyethersulfone PES Amorphous Polyethylene PE Semicrystalline Polyethylene Cross-linked XLPE Cross-linked Polyethylene Semicrystalline Polyethylene Cross-linked PEX Cross-linked Polyethylene Semicrystalline Polyethylene High Density HDPE High Density Polyethylene Semicrystalline Polyethylene High Density PE-HD High Density Polyethylene Semicrystalline Polyethylene Linear Low Density PE-LLD Linear Low Density Polyethylene Semicrystalline Polyethylene Linear Low Density LLDPE Linear Low Density Polyethylene Semicrystalline Polyethylene Linear Medium Density LMDPE Linear Medium Density Polyethylene Semicrystalline Polyethylene Low Density LDPE Polyethylene Low Density PE-LD Low Density Polyethylene Semicrystalline Polyethylene Medium Density PE-MD Medium Density Polyethylene Semicrystalline Polyethylene Medium Density MDPE Medium Density Polyethylene Semicrystalline Polyethylene Oxide PEO Semicrystalline Polyethylene Oxide PEOX Semicrystalline Polyarylether Semicrystalline Semicrystalline (Cont’d.) © Plastics Design Library Appendix B: Abbreviations and Acronyms 230 Table B.2 (Cont’d.) Common Name Abbreviation Alternative Name(s) Form Polyethylene Terephthalate PET Semicrystalline Polyethylene Terephthalate Glycolmodified PETG Amorphous Polyethylene Ultra High Molecular Weight PE-UHMW Ultra High Molecular Weight Polyethylene Semicrystalline Polyethylene Ultra High Molecular Weight UHMWPE Ultra High Molecular Weight Polyethylene Semicrystalline Polyethylene Ultra Low Density ULDPE Ultra Low Density Polyethylene Semicrystalline Polymethylmethacrylate PMMA Polymethylpentene PMP TPX Semicrystalline Polyoxymethylene POM Acetal, Polyacetal, Polyformaldehyde Semicrystalline Polyphenylene Ether PPE Amorphous Polyphenylene Oxide PPO Amorphous Polyphenylene Oxide/Polyamide PPO/PA Polyphenylene Sulfide PPS Semicrystalline Polyphenylsulfone PPSU Amorphous Polypropylene PP Semicrystalline Polystyrene PS Amorphous Polystyrene High Impact HIPS High Impact Polystyrene Amorphous Polystyrene Syndiotactic SPS Syndiotactic Polystyrene Semicrystalline Polysulfone PSUL Amorphous Polysulfone PSU Amorphous Polytetrafluoroethylene PTFE Semicrystalline Polyurethene Linear PUR Polyvinyl Alcohol PVAL Semicrystalline Polyvinyl Alcohol PVOH Semicrystalline Polyvinyl Chloride PVC Amorphous Polyvinyl Chloride Chlorinated PVC-C Chlorinated Polyvinyl Chloride Amorphous Polyvinyl Chloride Plasticized PPVC Plasticized Polyvinyl Chloride Amorphous Polyvinyl Chloride Plasticized PVC-P Plasticized Polyvinyl Chloride Amorphous Polyvinyl Chloride Unplasticized PVCU Unplasticized Polyvinyl Chloride Amorphous Polyvinyl Chloride Unplasticized PVC-U Unplasticized Polyvinyl Chloride Amorphous Polyvinyl Chloride Unplasticized UPVC Unplasticized Polyvinyl Chloride Amorphous Polyvinyl Fluoride PVF Semicrystalline Polyvinylidene Chloride PVDC Semicrystalline Polyvinylidene Fluoride PVDF Semicrystalline Amorphous Polyphenylene Oxide/Nylon Semicrystalline Thermoplastic Polyurethane Semicrystalline (Cont’d.) Appendix B: Abbreviations and Acronyms © Plastics Design Library 231 Table B.2 (Cont’d.) Common Name Abbreviation Styrene Acrylonitrile AS Amorphous Styrene Acrylonitrile SAN Amorphous Styrene Butadiene SB Amorphous Styrene Maleic Anhydride SMA Amorphous Styrene Methylmethacrylate SMMA Amorphous Trimethylhexamethylene Terephthalamaide TMDT © Plastics Design Library Alternative Name(s) Polyamide Aromatic Transparent Form Amorphous Appendix B: Abbreviations and Acronyms