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The Global Competitiveness Report 2015–2016 (herein: “Report”) presents information and data that were compiled andor collected by the World Economic Forum (all information and data referred herein as “Data”). Data in this Report is subject to change without notice. The terms country and nation as used in this Report do not in all cases refer to a territorial entity that is a state as understood by international law and practice. The terms cover welldefined, geographically selfcontained economic areas that may not be states but for which statistical data are maintained on a separate and independent basis.
Insight Report The Global Competitiveness Report 2015–2016 Klaus Schwab, World Economic Forum © 2015 World Economic Forum Insight Report The Global Competitiveness Report 2015–2016 Professor Klaus Schwab World Economic Forum Editor Professor Xavier Sala-i-Martín Columbia University Chief Advisor of The Global Competitiveness Report © 2015 World Economic Forum The Global Competitiveness Report 2015–2016: Full Data Edition is published by the World Economic Forum within the framework of the Global Competitiveness and Risks Team Professor Klaus Schwab Executive Chairman Professor Xavier Sala-i-Martín Chief Advisor of The Global Competitiveness Report Richard Samans Head of the Centre for the Global Agenda and Member of the Managing Board Jennifer Blanke Chief Economist THE GLOBAL COMPETITIVENESS AND RISKS TEAM Margareta Drzeniek Hanouz, Head of Global Competitiveness and Risks Ciara Browne, Head of Partnerships Roberto Crotti, Practice Lead, Competitiveness Research Attilio Di Battista, Quantitative Economist Caroline Galvan, Practice Lead, Competitiveness and Risks Thierry Geiger, Head of Analytics and Quantitative Research Tania Gutknecht, Community Lead Gaëlle Marti, Project Specialist Stéphanie Verin, Community Specialist We thank Hope Steele for her superb editing work and Neil Weinberg for his excellent graphic design and layout We are grateful to Emmanuelle Engeli for her invaluable research assistance TERMS OF USE AND DISCLAIMER The Global Competitiveness Report 2015–2016 (herein: “Report”) presents information and data that were compiled and/or collected by the World Economic Forum (all information and data referred herein as “Data”) Data in this Report is subject to change without notice The terms country and nation as used in this Report not in all cases refer to a territorial entity that is a state as understood by international law and practice The terms cover well-defined, geographically self-contained economic areas that may not be states but for which statistical data are maintained on a separate and independent basis Although the World Economic Forum takes every reasonable step to ensure that the Data thus compiled and/or collected is accurately reflected in this Report, the World Economic Forum, its agents, officers, and employees: (i) provide the Data “as is, as available” and without warranty of any kind, either express or implied, including, without limitation, warranties of merchantability, fitness for a particular purpose and non-infringement; (ii) make no representations, express or implied, as to the accuracy of the Data contained in this Report or its suitability for any particular purpose; (iii) accept no liability for any use of the said Data or reliance placed on it, in particular, for any interpretation, decisions, or actions based on the Data in this Report Other parties may have ownership interests in some of the Data contained in this Report The World Economic Forum in no way represents or warrants that it owns or controls all rights in all Data, and the World Economic Forum will not be liable to users for any claims brought against users by third parties in connection with their use of any Data The World Economic Forum, its agents, officers, and employees not endorse or in any respect warrant any third-party products or services by virtue of any Data, material, or content referred to or included in this Report Users shall not infringe upon the integrity of the Data and in particular shall refrain from any act of alteration of the Data that intentionally affects its nature or accuracy If the Data is materially transformed by the user, this must be stated explicitly along with the required source citation For Data compiled by parties other than the World Economic Forum, as specified in the “Technical Notes and Sources” section of this Report, users must refer to these parties’ terms of use, in particular concerning the attribution, distribution, and reproduction of the Data World Economic Forum Geneva Copyright © 2015 by the World Economic Forum ISBN-13: 978-92-95044-99-9 ISBN-10: 92-95044-99-1 This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully managed and sustained forest sources Printed and bound in Switzerland The Report and an interactive data platform are available at www.weforum.org/gcr When Data for which the World Economic Forum is the source (herein “World Economic Forum”), as specified in the “Technical Notes and Sources” section of this Report, is distributed or reproduced, it must appear accurately and be attributed to the World Economic Forum This source attribution requirement is attached to any use of Data, whether obtained directly from the World Economic Forum or from a user Users who make World Economic Forum Data available to other users through any type of distribution or download environment agree to make reasonable efforts to communicate and promote compliance by their end users with these terms Users who intend to sell World Economic Forum Data as part of a database or as a standalone product must first obtain the permission from the World Economic Forum (gcp@weforum.org) © 2015 World Economic Forum Contents Partner Institutes v Part 2: Country/Economy Profiles 87 How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles 89 Preface xiii Index of Countries/Economies 91 Country/Economy Profiles 92 by Richard Samans The Global Competitiveness Index 2015–2016 Rankings xv Part 1: Measuring Competitiveness 1.1 Reaching Beyond the New Normal: Findings from the Global Competitiveness Index 2015–2016 Technical Notes and Sources 373 About the Authors 383 by Xavier Sala-i-Martín, Roberto Crotti, Attilio Di Battista, Margareta Drzeniek Hanouz, Caroline Galvan, Thierry Geiger, and Gaëlle Marti 1.2 Drivers of Long-Run Prosperity: Laying the Foundations for an Updated Global Competitiveness Index 43 by Xavier Sala-i-Martín, Roberto Crotti, Attilio Di Battista, Margareta Drzeniek Hanouz, Caroline Galvan, Thierry Geiger, and Gaëlle Marti 1.3 The Executive Opinion Survey: The Voice of the Business Community 75 by Ciara Browne, Attilio Di Battista, Thierry Geiger, and Tania Gutknecht © 2015 World Economic Forum The Global Competitiveness Report 2015–2016 | iii © 2015 World Economic Forum Partner Institutes The World Economic Forum’s Global Competitiveness and Risks Team is pleased to acknowledge and thank the following organizations as its valued Partner Institutes, without which the realization of The Global Competitiveness Report 2015–2016 would not have been feasible: Albania Institute for Contemporary Studies (ISB) Helton Cevi, Researcher Artan Hoxha, President Elira Jorgoni, Researcher Director Belgium Vlerick Business School Wim Moesen, Professor Carine Peeters, Professor Leo Sleuwaegen, Professor, Competence Centre Entrepreneurship, Governance and Strategy Benin Institut de Recherche Empirique en Economie Politique (IREEP) Richard Houessou, Research Associate Romaric Samson, Research Assistant Léonard Wantchekon, Director Bhutan Bhutan Chamber of Commerce & Industry (BCCI) Tshering Lhaden, NTM Desk Officer Phub Tshering, Secretary General Kesang Wangdi, Deputy Secretary General Algeria Centre de Recherche en Economie Appliquée pour le Développement (CREAD) Mohamed Yassine Ferfera, Director Khaled Menna, Research Fellow Bosnia and Herzegovina MIT Center, School of Economics and Business in Sarajevo, University of Sarajevo Zlatko Lagumdzija, Professor Zeljko Sain, Executive Director Jasmina Selimovic, Assistant Director Argentina IAE—Universidad Austral Ignacio E Carballo, Research Analyst Eduardo Fracchia, Director of Academic Department of Economics Armenia Economy and Values Research Center Manuk Hergnyan, Chairman Sevak Hovhannisyan, Board Member and Senior Associate Tamara Karapetyan, Research Associate Australia Australian Industry Group Colleen Dowling, Senior Research Coordinator Julie Toth, Chief Economist Innes Willox, Chief Executive Botswana Botswana National Productivity Centre Letsogile Batsetswe, Research Consultant and Statistician Baeti Molake, Executive Director Phumzile Thobokwe, Manager, Information and Research Services Department Brazil Fundaỗóo Dom Cabral, Innovation Center Carlos Arruda, Dean for Business Partnership, Professor of Innovation and Competitiveness Fernanda Bedê, Research Assistant Ana Burcharth, Associate Professor of Innovation and Competitiveness Austria Austrian Institute of Economic Research (WIFO) Karl Aiginger, Director Gerhard Schwarz, Coordinator, Survey Department Bulgaria Center for Economic Development Adriana Daganova, Expert, International Programmes and Projects Anelia Damianova, Senior Expert Azerbaijan Azerbaijan Marketing Society Fuad Aliyev, Deputy Chairman Ashraf Hajiyev, Consultant Bahrain Bahrain Economic Development Board Eman Al Asfoor, Junior Officer, Strategy and Market Intelligence Khalid Al Rumaihi, Chief Executive Nada Azmi, Manager, Strategy and Market Intelligence Bangladesh Centre for Policy Dialogue (CPD) Khondaker Golam Moazzem, Additional Research Director Meherun Nesa, Research Associate Mustafizur Rahman, Executive Director Burundi University Research Centre for Economic and Social Development (CURDES), Faculty of Economics and Management, University of Burundi Dieudonné Gahungu, Director Léonidas Ndayizeye, Dean, Faculty of Economics and Management (FSEG) Gilbert Niyongabo, Head of Department, Faculty of Economics and Management (FSEG) © 2015 World Economic Forum The Global Competitiveness Report 2015–2016 | v Partner Institutes Cambodia Nuppun Institute for Economic Research (NUPPUN) Chakriya Heng, Administrative Assistant Pisey Khin, Director Chanthan Tha, Senior Research Assistant Cameroon Comité de Compétitivité (SELPI) Lucien Sanzouango, Permanent Secretary Guy Yakana, Expert Junior Samuel Znoumsi, Expert Senior Canada The Conference Board of Canada Michael R Bloom, Vice President Jessica Edge, Senior Research Associate Douglas Watt, Director Cape Verde INOVE RESEARCHInvestigaỗóo e Desenvolvimento Júlio Delgado, Partner and Senior Researcher Jerónimo Freire, Project Manager José Mendes, Chief Executive Officer Chad Groupe de Recherches Alternatives et de Monitoring du Projet Pétrole-Tchad-Cameroun (GRAMP-TC) Antoine Doudjidingao, Researcher Gilbert Maoundonodji, Director Celine Nénodji Mbaipeur, Programme Officer Chile School of Government, Universidad Adolfo Ibáñez Ignacio Briones, Dean Julio Guzman, Assistant Professor Pamela Saavedra, Assistant China Institute of Economic System and Management Chen Wei, Division Director and Professor Li Xiaolin, Research Fellow Li Zhenjing, Deputy Director and Professor China Center for Economic Statistics Research, Tianjin University of Finance and Economics Bojuan Zhao, Professor Lu Dong, Professor Jian Wang, Associate Professor Hongye Xiao, Professor Huazhang Zheng, Associate Professor Colombia National Planning Department Rafael Puyana, Director of Enterprise Development Sara Patricia Rivera, Research Analyst John Rodríguez, Project Manager Colombian Private Council on Competitiveness Rosario Córdoba, President Marco Llinás, Vicepresident Cơte d’Ivoire Chambre de Commerce et d’Industrie de Côte d’Ivoire Anzoumane Diabakate, Head of Communications Jean Rock Kouadio-Kirine, Head of Regional Economic Information Marie-Gabrielle Varlet-Boka, Director General Croatia National Competitiveness Council Jadranka Gable, Advisor Kresimir Jurlin, Research Fellow vi | The Global Competitiveness Report 2015–2016 Cyprus European University of Cyprus Research Center Bambos Papageorgiou, Head of Socioeconomic & Academic Research Bank of Cyprus Public Company Ltd Maria Georgiadou, Consultant for Innovation & Entrepreneurship Charis Pouangare, Director of Corporate Banking and SME Czech Republic CMC Graduate School of Business Tomáš Janča, Executive Director Czech Management Association Ivo Gajdoš, Executive Director University of Economics, Faculty of International Relations Štěpán Müller, Dean Denmark Danish Technological Institute Hanne Shapiro, Innovation Director, Division for Business and Society Stig Yding Sørensen, Center Director, Center for Business and Policy Analysis Ecuador ESPAE Graduate School of Management, Escuela Superior Politécnica del Litoral (ESPOL) Virginia Lasio, Director Andrea Samaniego Díaz, Project Assistant Sara Wong, Professor Egypt The Egyptian Center for Economic Studies (ECES) Sherif EL-Diwany, Executive Director Omneia Helmy, Director of Research Maye Ehab, Economist Estonia Estonian Institute of Economic Research (EIER) Marje Josing, Director Estonian Development Fund Pirko Konsa, Chairman Ethiopia African Institute of Management, Development and Governance Adugna Girma, Deputy Manager for Operations Tegenge Teka, Senior Expert Finland ETLA—The Research Institute of the Finnish Economy Markku Kotilainen, Research Director Petri Rouvinen, Research Director Vesa Vihriälä, Managing Director France HEC Paris Marina Kundu, Associate Dean in charge of Executive Education Bernard Ramanantsoa, Dean Gabon Confédération Patronale Gabonaise Madeleine E Berre, President Regis Loussou Kiki, General Secretary Gina Eyama Ondo, Assistant General Secretary Gambia, The Gambia Economic and Social Development Research Institute (GESDRI) Makaireh A Njie, Director © 2015 World Economic Forum Partner Institutes Georgia Business Initiative for Reforms in Georgia Tamara Janashia, Executive Director Giga Makharadze, Founding Member of the Board of Directors Mamuka Tsereteli, Founding Member of the Board of Directors Germany WHU—Otto Beisheim School of Management Ralf Fendel, Professor of Monetary Economics Michael Frenkel, Professor, Chair of Macroeconomics and International Economics Ghana Association of Ghana Industries (AGI) James Asare-Adjei, President John Defor, Senior Policy Officer Seth Twum-Akwaboah, Chief Executive Officer Iran, Islamic Republic of Iran Chamber of Commerce, Industries, Mines and Agriculture, Department of Economic Affairs Hamed Nikraftar, Project Manager Farnaz Safdari, Research Associate Homa Sharifi, Research Associate Ireland School of Economics, University College Cork Stephen Brosnan, Research Assistant Eleanor Doyle, Head of School Sean O’Connor, Research Assistant Economic Analysis and Competitiveness Unit, Department of Jobs, Enterprise and Innovation Conor Hand, Economist Greece SEV Hellenic Federation of Enterprises Michael Mitsopoulos, Senior Advisor, Macroeconomic Analysis and European Policy Thanasis Printsipas, Associate Advisor, Macroeconomic Analysis and European Policy Guatemala FUNDESA Felipe Bosch G., President of the Board of Directors Pablo Schneider, Economic Director Juan Carlos Zapata, Chief Executive Officer Israel Manufacturers Association of Israel (MAI) Shraga Brosh, President Dan Catarivas, Foreign Trade & International Relations Director Amir Hayek, Managing Director Italy SDA Bocconi School of Management Paola Dubini, Associate Professor, Bocconi University Francesco A Saviozzi, SDA Professor, Strategic and Entrepreneurial Management Department Jamaica Mona School of Business & Management (MSBM), The University of the West Indies Patricia Douce, Project Administrator William Lawrence, Director, Professional Services Unit Densil Williams, Executive Director and Professor Guinea Confédération Patronale des Entreprises de Guinée Kerfalla Camara, Vice-President, Officer in charge of International Affairs Mohamed Bénogo Conde, Secretary-General Aïssatou Gnouma Traoré, Presidente Japan Keio University Yoko Ishikura, Professor, Graduate School of Media Design Heizo Takenaka, Director, Global Security Research Institute Jiro Tamura, Professor of Law, Keio University Guyana Institute of Development Studies, University of Guyana Karen Pratt, Research Associate Tessa Pratt, Research Associate Clive Thomas, Director Haiti Group Croissance SA Jean Hubert Legendre, Head of Administration and Finance Kesner F Pharel, President and Chief Executive Officer Hong Kong SAR Hong Kong General Chamber of Commerce David O’Rear, Chief Economist In cooperation with Keizai Doyukai (Japan Association of Corporate Executives) Kiyohiko Ito, Managing Director, Keizai Doyukai Jordan Ministry of Planning and International Cooperation Imad Fakhouri, Minister Mukhallad Omari, Director of Policies and Strategies Kazakhstan National Analytical Centre Aktoty Aitzhanova, Chairperson Assylan Akimbayev, Expert-analyst Saule Gazizova, Director of Department Hungary KOPINT-TÁRKI Economic Research Ltd Éva Palócz, Chief Executive Officer Peter Vakhal, Project Manager Iceland Innovation Center Iceland Karl Fridriksson, Managing Director of Human Resources and Marketing Tinna Jóhannsdóttir, Marketing Manager Snaebjorn Kristjansson, Operational R&D Manager India Confederation of Indian Industry (CII) Chandrajit Banerjee, Director General Danish A Hashim, Director, Economic Research Marut Sen Gupta, Deputy Director General Kenya Institute for Development Studies, University of Nairobi Paul Kamau, Senior Research Fellow Dorothy McCormick, Research Professor Winnie Mitullah, Director and Associate Research Professor Korea, Republic of Korea Development Institute Joohoon Kim, Executive Director, Economic Information Education Center Seungjoo Lee, Research Associate, Public Opinion Analysis Unit Youngho Jung, Head, Public Opinion Analysis Unit Indonesia Center for Industry, SME & Business Competition Studies, University of Trisakti Ida Busnetty, Vice Director Tulus Tambunan, Director © 2015 World Economic Forum The Global Competitiveness Report 2015–2016 | vii Partner Institutes Malta Competitive Malta Matthew Castillo, Board Secretary Margrith Lütschg-Emmenegger, President Kuwait Kuwait National Competitiveness Committee Adel Al-Husainan, Committee Member Fahed Al-Rashed, Committee Chairman Sayer Al-Sayer, Committee Member Mauritania Bicom-Service Commercial Guèye Ibrahima, Administrative Financial Director and Analyst Ousmane Samb, Technical and Marketing Director and Analyst Habib Sy, Director Général Kyrgyz Republic Economic Policy Institute Lola Abduhametova, Program Coordinator Marat Tazabekov, Chairman Lao PDR Enterprise & Development Consultants Co., Ltd Latvia Stockholm School of Economics in Riga Arnis Sauka, Head of the Centre for Sustainable Development Lebanon Bader Young Entrepreneurs Program Fadi Bizri, Managing Director Sandrine Hachem, Programs Associate Mauritius Board of Investment, Mauritius Manaesha Fowdar, Investment Executive, Competitiveness Khoudijah Maudarbocus-Boodoo, Director Ken Poonoosamy, Managing Director Joint Economic Council Raj Makoond, Director Mexico Center for Intellectual Capital and Competitiveness Erika Ruiz Manzur, Executive Director René Villarreal Arrambide, President and Chief Executive Officer Rodrigo David Villarreal Ramos, Director InfoPro Barrak Dbeiss, Project Manager Joseph Haddad, Research Operations Manager Lesotho Private Sector Foundation of Lesotho Nthati Mapitsi, Researcher Thabo Qhesi, Chief Executive Officer Kutloano Sello, President, Researcher Instituto Mexicano para la Competitividad (IMCO) Gabriela Alarcón, Research Director Juan E Pardinas, General Director Mariana Tapia, Researcher Lithuania Statistics Lithuania Ona Grigiene, Deputy Head, Knowledge Economy and Special Surveys Statistics Division Vilija Lapeniene, Director General Gediminas Samuolis, Head, Knowledge Economy and Special Surveys Statistics Division Ministry of the Economy Emilio Aguilar Barroso, Deputy General Director for Competitiveness María del Rocío Ruiz Chávez, Undersecretary for Competitiveness and Standardization Francisco Javier Anaya Rojas, Technical Secretary for Competitiveness Luxembourg Luxembourg Chamber of Commerce Annabelle Dullin, Research Analyst Marc Wagener, Director of Economic Affairs, Member of the managing board Lynn Zoenen, Research Analyst Moldova Academy of Economic Studies of Moldova (AESM) Grigore Belostecinic, Rector Institute of Economic Research and European Studies (IERES) Corneliu Gutu, Director Macedonia, FYR National Entrepreneurship and Competitiveness Council of the Republic of Macedonia – NECC of RM Dejan Janevski, Project Coordinator Viktorija Mitrikjeska, Administrative Officer Madagascar Centre of Economic Studies, University of Antananarivo Ravelomanana Mamy Raoul, Director Razato Rarijaona Simon, Executive Secretary Malawi Malawi Confederation of Chambers of Commerce and Industry Hope Chavula, Manager, Head, Public Private Dialogue Chancellor L Kaferapanjira, Chief Executive Officer Malaysia Malaysia Productivity Corporation (MPC) Mohd Razali Hussain, Director General Lee Saw Hoon, Senior Director Mali Groupe de Recherche en Economie Appliquée et Théorique (GREAT) Massa Coulibaly, Executive Director viii | The Global Competitiveness Report 2015–2016 Mongolia Open Society Forum (OSF), Mongolia Oyunbadam Davaakhuu, Manager of Economic Policy Program Erdenejargal Perenlei, Executive Director Montenegro Institute for Strategic Studies and Prognoses (ISSP) Maja Drakic Grgur, Project Manager Jadranka Kaludjerovic, Program Director Veselin Vukotic, President Morocco Confédération Générale des Entreprises du Maroc (CGEM) Meriem Bensalah Cheqroun, President Si Mohamed Elkhatib, Project Head, Commission Climat des Affaires et Partenariat Public Privé Ahmed Rahhou, President, Commission Climat des Affaires et Partenariat Public Privé Mozambique EconPolicy Research Group, Lda Peter Coughlin, Director Mwikali Kieti, Project Coordinator © 2015 World Economic Forum