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NGHIÊN CỨU LỊCH SỬ
CONG NGHIEP KHAI THAC VANG CUA PHAP VIET NAM THdl THUOC OjA: NCHIEIN CUU TRUdlNG HOP MO VAINC BONG MIEU (QUANG NAM) MAI T i n TIIANH NGA" T rong lich sfi, vang la edn khat cua cfie dg' quoc thuc dan, cd Phap Tfi cuoi thg' ky XIX, ngfidi Phap da tham dd va phat hien d Viet Nam ed nhieu md vfing tfi nhfing dfi'u tich khai thae cu cua ngfidi Viet hofic Hoa kieu d^ lai Ngoai Bfie Ky, hp tap trung sfi quan tam cua minh vfio md Bong Mieu d Quang Nam Dfiy lfi md vfing nhfi't d Trung Ky dfidc Phap dau tfi xay dfing va khai thac vdi quy mo ldn, sii dung may mde va phUdng phfip hien dai Nghien cfiu trfidng hpp md vfing Bong Mieu khong chi nham phan anh nhfing dac thu qua trinh tfi ban hda cua ngfidi Phap, mfi cdn di sau tim hieu mpt ngfinh cong nghiep khai khoang cu the d Trung Ky de' thfi'y ro ban chfi't cua tu ban Phap qua trinh khai thac thupc dia d Viet Nam I Vai net v6 md vang Bong Mieu va viec k h a i t h a c vang thdi phong k i e n Bong Mieu nam d xa Tam Lanh, huyen Phu Ninh, tinh Quang Nam, cacb Da Nfing (Tourane) 96 km dudng bS Tfi nhieu the' ky trUdc, Bdng Mieu dUpc menh danh la "doi vfing", "canh dong vang" Thdi bfi'y gid, vfing Bdng Mieu dUdc nhac dg'n dudi cai tgn "Chien Dan" - mpt ngo ' ThS Khoa Lich sfi, TrUdng Dai hoc Vinh nguon cua xfi Quang Tong Chien Dan dau the ky XX c6 29 lang, phia dudi long d^t chfia rfi't nhieu vfing sa khofing nhfing noi bat nhfi't la d lang Bong Mieu Thdi Le mat, nhan dan Quang Nam da lfip thfinh nhfing thude kim hp ehuyen di dai eat la'y vang d Chien Dfin va nop thufe' cho nha nfidc Thdi Nguy§n, cac md vang nha nfidc triic tie'p quan ly vfi dpc quyen khai thac Nam 1831, vua Minh Mang cii Trfidng Phuc Cfidng dem theo thupc phoi hdp vdi efic quan dia phfidng to chdc khai md, tig'n hanh qua ddt vdi sd nhan eong md len de'n 1.000 ngudi Cung nam do, Bo HS da dinh quy chg'l^y vang eua dan phu, theo dd, cfi 10 dfin phu lap thfinh dpi va moi ngfiy mot dpi phai lay tfi - phan dg'n ddng can vfing com, n6u Ifi'y thfia se dfide thfidng va ngfidc lai (3) Tuy nhien, vi khSng cd bien phap thich hdp nen mo vang Chign Dfin phai ngfing hoat dpng De'n nam 1839, Phan Thanh Gian lai dUde phai vfio Quang Nam tai lfip mo Chien Dan Khac vdi nam 1831, lan Phan Thanh Gian tien hanh thue ngiicfi cac kim hp, tfic la nhfing nguSi chuyen di dai cat tim vfing, ed nhieu kinh nghiem chfi khdng sfi dung binh linh va Cdng nghigp hhzii thae vang ciia Ph^p dan phu tfi eae dia phfidng khac dg'n Hang thang, nhflng ngfidi tham gia khai thae dfidc cfi'p - 10 quan tien va phfidng gao, ve sau giam xuong cdn quan tien va phUdng gao - so tig'n gfi'p dSi thdi diem nam 1831 (3 quan phfidng gao) Mac dfi eo gfing thay ddi each thue mUdn dan phu nhfing tri^u Nguygn vfin khSng thu dfidc ket qua kha quan d Chien Dan, nha nfidc ehi thu dfidc hdn lang vang, it den mfic Minh Mang tha'y "khSng dang thu vao kho" nen da "dem thudng cho dan kim hp de sau nop thug" (4) Md vfing Chien Dan lai bi ddng ciia, trieu dinh giao cho efie kim ho dia phfidng tu dai vang vfi nop thue' Nguyen nhfin giai thich cho tinh trang la "Chidn Dan da het vang" nhfi ldi bao eao eua Phan Thanh Gian (5) Md vfing Chien Dan ciing nhu nhieu md vang khac (luc bfi'y gid ca nfide ed 34 md vang (6)) thuoc sd hfiu doe quygn cua nha Nguyin Tri^u dinh da efi cfie vi quan dia phfidng hofic cung cd the lfi nhfing vien quan cd ISi bi giang ehfie dUde cit di phu traeh khai thac md vang Chien Dfin de "thfi thach" hoac "lap eong chupc toi" Bdi vay, mfic dp hieu bie't va each tS ehfie, de xua't eae phfidng phap, ki thuat khai md phu hdp gan nhfi khSng dang ke Ho "thfidng phai nhd nhfing chu md cu hfidng dan eae mach qufing vfi each thfie khai thac" nhUng "nhflng chu md nfiy vfia bi nha nfidc tudc doat mfi't nguon kinh doanh va mdi lpi khdng bao gid that hudng dfin eho nhfing phai vien cua trig'u dinh" (7) Them vfio dd, nan tham S, vd vet cua quan lai d nhflng cdng trUdng khai md ciing khie'n cho viec khai thac trd nen dinh do'n Die'u cang chfing td sfi bfi't liic cua nha nfidc viee nfim gifl nguon ldi ldn ve khoang san Song, "nguyen nhfin sau xa va can ban hdn hg't dfin tdi sfi thfi't bai cua cac cong triidng khai md dfidi trieu Nguyin nfim d phfidng thfie khai thae ehung" (8) Phfidng thfic khai thae d day dfidc hieu dfidi hai khia canh: ki thufit khai thae va each tuygn md, sfi dung nhan edng Vg^ ki thuat, nganh khai khoang thdi phong kig'n, nhat lfi khai thac vang cdn d tinh trang thu cdng thd sd Tfi cuoi the' ky XVIII, Le Qu}' DSn da mieu ta vigc dai vang d nguon sdng Thu Bdn: "ndi nao ed vang thi dfi't mem, ndi nfio khdng cd thi dfi't ran, thudc dan d dau nui tim tha'y thi dao da't len, lam nha che Ifi'y va trfi dfi't go dd'ng, mue nfide tudi vao de dai lay vang " (9) Sang thg' ky XIX, nhfi't lfi euoi thdi Minh Mang, nha nudc da cd nhigu co' gfing nhiing ki thufit dai vfing h i u nhu khong c6 gi thay dS'i, cong viec khai md van lg thupc nhieu vao thien nhien vfi t h i n linh "Vide khai thac vang thiic tg' ehi la dem da't eat ed lan qufing vfing bd song, bd sud'i dg dai eat la'y tiJfng hat vfing mpt" (10) V^ cfich thfic tuygn mp va sfi dung nhan cdng, hau hg't nhfing cdng trfidng khai md cua nha nfidc thfidng sfi dung binh linh va dan phu Md vang Chien Dan nam 1831 sfi dung den 300 linh, hp vfia phai tuan theo npi quy eua quan dpi vfia cbiu sfi gifim sat, don do'c cua chu mo Binh linh phai chfi'p hanh mpt che' dp lao dich cudng bfic vS cfing nang ne Dan phu lam viec cac trfidng md dfide gpi theo nhflng ten khac nhau, khai thac vfing gpi la sa dinh, cac hp dai vang d cac dia phiidng gpi la kim hp dan phu Ve danh nghia, cac sa dinh dupc thue mfidn va tra Ifidng, nhiing trgn thuc te', ho cd dfidc nhan du tien cong hay khong lai phu thuoc hoan toan vao ket qua tim vang cua minh Nd'u khong Ifi'y du so' vang quy dinh, hp bi trfi vao ldn sau Thiic cha't dd eiing chinh lfi chg' dp lao dieh cfidng bfic Ddng thdi, eae sa dinh chu ye'u lam viec theo che' dp trfing tap mua vu, Rghien cmi Lieh siV ad 6.2015 ngan sdng Vang, dSi dien nui Kem va khu vfic canh ddng Bdng Mieu, ta ngan sSng Vang, each Co Bai km ve Ifiu Rieng khu Nui Kem cd mach song song, viec khai thac eiia ngfidi Phap chu yg'u tfip trung d maeh chinh • ndi cd qufing dfiy tif vai centimet de'n - met tdn tai dfidi dang pyrite sfit, sulfure chi va galen Nam 1896, Cdng ty md Bdng Mieu ddi vdi so vd'n 800.000Fr da nhanh chdng tig^n hanh xay dfing cd sd tang can thie't phuc vu khai thae nhfi van phdng, dfidng cap, nhfi may, phdng thi nghidm, efie xUdng sifa chfia Nha may dien dfit trgn sSng Vang, each Co Bai 1km ve phia luu, co tuSc bin Neyret Brenier lOOHP vfi may phat Vg" ed ban, tinh chfi't nS dich phong kie'n dien cung cfi'p dien pha 550vSn Nha thi vin dg nang len cac trUdng md, dd cd nghiem dUdc xay vfio nam 1902, gdm khai thfic vang Vi the', "sinh mSnb cua cae phdng: phdng nfi'u chay quang, phdng thi cdng trfidng nfiy ra't ngfin ngiii, thdi gian nghiem, phdng can vang Phdng thfi nhfi't hoat dong lien tuc cua mot cong trUdng cd 16 nung chay va Id de nung bun kem nhieu nhfi't chi khoang nfim trd lai, roi cd vang theo phUdng phap Macarthur hdm md hofic phai bd hoang hofic phai giao Forrest - phUdng phap tfich vang tfi quang cho tu nhan linh trUng Nang sufi't lao bie'n trgn the' gidi lue ba'y gid Phong dpng vfi san Ifidng cae trfidng md tap thfi hai eo Id de thii, mdt be'p Id lfim bay trung eua nhfi nfidc thudng thua xa nang hdi va 16 tinh luyen vang bac Phong sufi't lao ddng vfi san lUdng ciia trUdng md dUde xay dUng mdt each than trpng va c^n fi'y tu nhan khai thae" (11) Dieu than Tie'p do, cdng ty xay hai bdn chda trd ngn ro net tfi Phap tig'n hanh quan bfing XI mang d^ xfi ly niidc bun, lfip mfiy ly vfi khai thac vang d Bdng Migu nen d Nui Kem, lap nhig'u may khoan II Qua t r i n h k h a i t h a c md v a n g vfi tdi; thay thg' banh xe Peltort bang tudc Bong Mieu dfidi thdi P h a p t h u d c bin, xay dilng mdt xudng cd mdi gdm Qud trinh khai thdc mo vdng may due, may tien song song, may dua, 16 ren cd ong thd'i bfing kim loai Tfi nam Bong Mieu tii ndm 1896 den ndm 1918 CuSi thg' ky XIX, nhieu nhfi tham md 1890 deh nfim 1895, ngudi Phfip da md cua Phfip nhfi Fuchs, Saladin, Sarran, dfidng Tam Ky - Bdng Mieu phuc vu cho Leclere noi sang Dong Dfidng Hp vice khai thae va van chuyen vfing dfi phat hien md vang Bdng Mieu nhd Quang d Bdng Mieu tdn tai dfidi dang dfi'u tieh khai thae eu eiia ngudi Vigt va pyrites chfia vang, bae va chi nhfing ngfidi Hoa kieu d trgn dinh eung nhfi hai sudn Phap chi tap trung khai thac vang vdi Nui Kem Ngudi Phap nghien cfiu vfi ehia phUdng phap khai thac hien dai Dau tien lfi mo Bdng Mieu thfinh khu vuc: khu vue riia quang nhfim loai bd khoang 38% da sUdn bfic nui Kem, khu vUc Co Bai d hflu md (12) Sau dd, qufing dfidc ein thi dfidc dieu den, he't thdi ban se dfidc "tha cho ve" nhfing neu bd trd'n se hi xfi nhu lmh dao ngu Ve cd ban, than phan cua binh Unh vfi dfin phu ehUa phai la nhfing ngudi lao dpng lam thue tu vfi chuyen nghiep ma van chiu sfi chi phSi nfing ne cua che' dp lao dich phong kig'n Tuy nhien, cd mpt so ra!t it nhfin cdng tfidng doi tfi hdn eae trfidng md Hp ehinh la nhflng Hoa kieu chuyen sd'ng bang nghe khai md da tfing lam thue cho chu mo ngudi Hoa trUde day hoac la nhfing ngfidi thd ehuyen mdn cd tay nghg\ dam nhan mSt so viec quan trpng nhu tim mach quang, nfi'u qufing Ho la hoa phu, chie'm ty lg ra't nhd Cdng nghiep hhai ftae rang cAa Phap chuydn bfing dfidng cap "Ottofilet" dai 1.200m d tren khong de'n may nghien He thdng cap "Ottofilet" tu dpng gom 24 ben, moi ben van chuyen dUdc 250kg quang vfi cd the chuygn chd 7,5 tfi'n/gid (13) Dfidng efip la mpt phfidng tipn re tien, thufin tien, khac phuc dUdc nhUde di^m cua caeh vfin chuyen quang bfing sfic ngfidi trudc day Xfidng eyanure gdm be chfia bang xi mang (150m%e) cd thg' thu nhan dung dich eyanure; mpt d i u keo hdi nfidc 50 ma lfic eung cfi'p dign eho mfiy bdm li tam dUa dung dich tfi cac hd chfia vfio eae bdn chfia; mpt vfin phong cho ki sfi thUc hien eyanure hda (15) Tfi sang sdm, eyanure dupe bdm vfio nhflng chfiu quang nhuyen, Diu thg' ky XX, mpt bS cS'i xay ChiUien phli len khoang 20 cm sud't efi Tuy (mfiy nghien lfin) va hai bp may mdi, tfing thdi diem thich hdp de sfi dung dung moi bp may nghien dUdc trang bi cho dieh eyanure I^/QO, IIS^/QO hofic 3%o bdm vao Bdng Mieu Trong 24 gid, bp may nghien cac bdn chfia de tach vang khdi bun, cat vfi dfipc g i n 50 tfi'n quang Sau nghien loai bd tap chfi't (16) Phfidng phap tfich nhd, quang se dfidc trpn nUde vfi danh vang bang eyanure hoa lfi phUdng phap nhuyin mang gS rdi chuyg'n dg'n eae mdi va hiSn dai theo kigu chfiu Au, chi dUdc thung nhpn bang sat (ed 0,4m x Im va 0,6m ngUdi Phap thUe hign tfi tien hfinh khai X Im) thupc he thS'ng Spizt - Luttles Tfi dd, thfic d Bdng Migu vdi hieu qua vUdt trpi qufing di xuong ban hinh chfi nhat (3,5m x hdn cfie phUdng phap thu cSng trUdc day 1,5m) vfi tie'p tue chay vao thung nhon ra^t nhieu bling gS va vao ban hinh thang (2,8m x Thdi gian diu, Cong ty md Bdng Mieu 1,35m) MSi gid mpt ban chfi nhat nhfin da dao cac dfidng ham xign di xuSng (dai 500kg, ban hinh thang nhan 300kg quang khoang 900m) va thu dfidc mpt Ifidng nghien Dd la he thd'ng Ferraris, mac du quang tot dang ke Nam 1898, khai thae ddn gian nhUng hoat dpng rfi't td't va mang dUdc 2.600 tfi'n quang, dau the' ki XX dat 3.255 tfi'n Thdi diem nay, gia tfi'n quang lai ldi ich ldn Tie'p theo la cdng doan xfi ly quang bling dao dpng tfi 3Fr de'n lOFr (17) Ngay 26-5-1900, theo de nghi cua Kham phfidng phap eyanure hda Day la phUdng phap da ap dung eae md vfing d sfi Trung Ky, Tofin quyen Paul Doumer Geldenhuis Estate - Transvaal (Nam Phi), Quyet dinh sd 702 cSng nhfin CSng ty md lfim chay vang bdi eyanure protat Dung cu Bdng Mieu la ehu sd hflu eua khu vfic md de eyanure hda la ehfiu bang tSn thep dat ed dien tieh 1.006ha la Bdng Mieu, Gyp, ngam dfidi dfi't, nam ben xfidng Nui Kem va Doc Ba thupc tinh Quang Chung dfide xg'p hai hang dat ehdng Nam Quye't dinh phu hdp vdi quy dinh len nhau, ehfiu ben tren (dfidng kinh cac sfie ISnh 21-4-1891 va 7,3m, eao 1,8m) va ehau d dfidi (dfidng 25-2-1897 ve chg' dp mo d DSng Dfidng Bon kinh 7m, cao 2m), dudi day mdi chau cd Id khu vUp md ehinh la ndi cdng ty md trdn dfidng kinh 0,5m de quang ehay qua Bdng Mieu da tim kigm va xay dUng cd'sd NhQng chau cd thg chfia 150 ta'n quang vat cha't phue vu khai thfic tfi nam 1896 da trpn nhuyin (14) Qua trinh xfi ly quang (18) Quye't dinh da tao ed sd phap ly bfit d i u tfi nhfing chfiu bgn tren va kg't de Cong ty md Bdng Mieu hdp phap hda thuc d nhflng chfiu ben dudi de dua quang quyen ldi va tie'p tuc md rpng cac hoat dpng khai thae d Bdng Mieu nhuyin vfio godng Deeauville Hghien eiru Lich sir, so 6.2015 Trong t h i n g 7-1901, CSng ty md Bong Mieu khai thae dfidc 676 tfi'n quang cd ham Ifidng vang khoang 20 - 28g/tfi'n Cac may nghien da nghien 175,945 ta'n qufing, san xufi't 15,725 ta'n quang nhuyin vdi hfim Ifidng vang trung binh 120g/ta'n Thdi didm nfiy, edi xay Chillien da nghidn 40 tfi'n de khai thac dfide 600g vang Trong thang 81901, Cdng ty da khai thfic dfide 138,95 tfi'n quang, tfi may nghien da cung cfi'p 13,687 ta'n qufing nhuyin cd ham Ifidng 120g vfing va 350g bac mSi tfi'n Col xay Chillien da nghien 92,2 tfi'n quang vdi ham Ifidng trung binh la 23g vang va 58g bac mdi tfi'n (19) Ket thue giai doan chuin bi cd sd vat chfi't bfidc dau, thang 11-1901, Cong ty md Bdng Mieu cai td thfinh CSng ty md Bdng Mieu mdi vdi so vo'n 75.000Fr (20) Thdi gian nfiy, cac boat dong cua ngfidi Phap d Bdng Mieu chi dfing lai d viec tri va nhien, mach md cfing ngn ehi dao dfidc - 3m 15 Tien dp eham da bupc cac ki sfi phai thay ddi sd tham dd va chuydn sang phfidng an lfip dat khoan may Viec chd'ng dd mai h i m dfidc thuc hign bang cpt gS hoae cpt da Tfi nam 1903, CSng ty md Bdng Mieu mdi bfidc vfio thdi ky khai thac lien tuc, hieu sufi't cdng viee cua nhan cdng md b Bdng Mieu mang lai kha ldn San Ifidng quang van chuyen tfi Tam Ky de'n CS' Bai dat 265 tfi'n nam 1903, 175 ta'n nam 1904, 396 tfi'n nam 1905 (Xem bang 1) (21) Theo bang 1, nam 1903, may nghien sd 1, so va cSi xay Chillien boat dpng tdng cpng 483 gid, trung binh mdi may hoat dpng lien tuc 161 gid 40 phut, nghidn dfidc 4.750 tfi'n quang, trung binh dat 30 tfi'n/ngay Nam 1904, ba may nghien boat dpng hgn tuc 766 ngfiy gid 35 phut, trung binh mdi may boat dpng Bang 1: San lucmg qufing nghien tir nfim 1903 den nam 1905 (22) (Dan VI tdn) San luong qudng nghien duuc Thang 1903 0 1904 836 599 1905 1,055 637 108 840 784 960 860 612 '590 440 890 I.OIO 710 715 630 565 380 775 980 105 520 945 10 11 12 770 536 539 1.088 905 1.106 1.315 400 1.335 Tong 4.750 10.853 10.937 danh dfi'u cac dftdng h i m d nhfing mfic khae Tfi nfim 1903, ngudn nhan cong dan tang len, tie'n dp ciia cSng viec cac dfidng h i m thay ddi dang ke Tuy 255 gid 10 phut, nghie'n dfidc 10.853 tfi'n, trung binh dat 42,5 ta'n/ngay Nam 1905, ba may boat dpng lien tuc 655 ngfiy 20 gid phut, trung binh moi may Cdng nghiep khai thac vang eua Phap hoat ddng 218 gid 41 phut, nghien dUdc 10.937 tfi'n, trung binh dat 50 tSin/ngay (23) Ro rang, nhd vao che' dp bao dfidng may mde can than va tri ngudn lao ddng tUdng dd'i on dinh nen san Ifidng qufing nghien ciia nha may tang len theo tfing nam Tuy nhign, vao mot so thdi diem, nha may phai dfing boat ddng han han hoac thie'u nhfin cong, khong dii qufing ein thie't de cung ca'p cho cac may nghien Tfi dd dat va'n de la can phai ed ke' hoach du trfi quang dam bao sfi hoat dpng lign tuc cua nha mfiy mpi didu kien thdi tie't Nam 1904, sd lao dpng tai nha may lfi 92.888 ngfidi, nfim 1905 la 127.639 ngUdi, tang 34.751 ngudi nhfing san Ifidng qufing nghidn dfide chi tang 84 tfi'n (tfi 10.853 ta'n nam 1904 len 10.937 ta'n nam 1905) Sfi tang lgn khong tUdng xflng nfiy nhan edng nam 1905 dSng nhfing p h i n ldn bi trfing dung vfio viee xay dfing mdi cd sd ting, it cd thdi gian tham gia khai thac va nghien quang Hai kim loai dfidc thu ve sau qua trinh xii ly loai bd tap chfi't la vang vfi bac Nfim 1903, thu dfide 17.830g vfing nguyen chfi't, 9.218g bac, tdng tri gia khoang 61.545,8Fr Nam 1904, thu dUdc 37.335g vfing nguyen chfi't vfi 17.218g bae, tong tri gia khoang 129.664,4 Fr Nam 1905, thu dfidc 74.290g vfing nguyen cha't va 33.776g bae, tS'ng tri gia khoang 256.425,92 Fr Nam 1903 va 1904, Phap xua't khau 100% vang, bac ve ehinh quS'c, rieng nam 1905 ehi xua't khfiu 91,1% vang (67.748g) va 90,7% bac (30.656g), dat tri gifi 233.950,67 Fr Phan edn lai (6.542g vfing vfi 3.120g bae) de phuc vu nhu eiu eiia ngfidi Phap d DSng Dfidng (24) Tfi niim 1896 den bet Chie'n tranh thg' gidi thfi Nha't (1914 - 1918), cfie boat dpng thfim dd va khai thfic ehu yg'u dien tren 57 mach md chinh cua Nui Kem Tinh rigng 15 nam (1903 1918), san Ifidng trung binh mdi nam CSng ty dat dfidc la 70kg vang vfi 25kg bac Lfidng quang chfia vang khai thfic dUde tfing tfi 200.000 tfi'n len 250.000 tfi'n (25) Tfi nam 1897 dg'n nam 1919, cac cSng ty Phap d Bdng Mieu san xua't dUdc 1.185kg vang nguyen cha't, 3.378kg bae, trung binh dat 53,8kg vfing va 153,5kg bac mdi nam (26) Nhan sfi lam vide d Bdng Mieu cd ngudi chau Au gdm nha hda hpc, ke' toan, ngudi phu trach nha may ddng thdi la thd may, giam sat dem, giam sat edng viec trgn mat da't, thd mo chinh va thd md Nhan cong ban xfi co khoang 80 thd md, 15 thd xay, 10 thd moe, - thd rgn, 10 cai hoae giam sat cho dudng cap cua nha mfiy eyanure hda Nha may eyanure cd khoang 50 ngUdi vfin hanh eong doan trpn nhuydn quang va eyanure hda Ngoai cdn cd khoang 250 cong nhan (euli) hang phue vu viec xay dUng, 150 ngUdi d Nui Kem va 100 ngUdi d Co' Bai Lfidng hang eiia nhan cdng dfidc chi tra theo nhiem vu: thd xay 0,5 ddng, thd moc 0,48 ddng, eai va cong nhan rgn 0,4 - 1,55 ddng, ngfidi vfin hanh 0,25 ddng; nhflng ngUdi thd md lam khoan nhan 0,6 - 0,8 ddng Nhflng euh lam viec theo ben md dUdc tra 0,25 ddng, nhflng ngudi lam d ben ngoai dfidc tra 0,2 ddng (27) De cd phu md, Kham sfi Trung Ky da lenh cho Cdng sfl Quang Nam dua mpt sd tu nhan vao lam viSc d mo nhfing hieu sua't cSng viec tha'p ngn bi sa thai Thing 51898, cong sfi Quang Nam da ep bupc cae lang lan ean Bdng Mieu phai cung cfi'p culi lam eong nhat hang ngfiy cho md theo quy dinh cfi ngfidi dan phai cd culi Cdng ty md Bdng Mieu eam ke't tra Ifidng tren sS' Ifidng euli dfide eung ca'p de dam bao quyen ldi cua lang Ta't ea eae lfing eiia tdng Chien Hghien cfiu IJch sit, sd' 6.2015 Dan (29 lang) bupc phai cung cfi'p lao ddng Cude khung hoang sau chie'n tranh tie'p tuc cho Bdng Migu vdi sS' Ifidng la 216 ngfidi/ dfiy ehi phi khai thac len cao hdn so vdi Bien phap tam thdi giup cdng ty hieu qua thu dupe khien md phai tam thdi giai quye't nhflng khd khan ban d i u nhfing dfing boat dSng Thik hai, tinh trung binh khong the tri lau dai vi gay khong suS't ca qufi trinh khai thac, ham lUdng cang thfing, ngpt ngat cac lang vang eua Bdng Mieu chi dat 4g/ta'n, thfi'p Mac du cSng ty da tfing lUdng thgm 0,2 hdn d Transvaal (9g/ta'n) (32) Trong qua xu/ngay cho cac culi nhung dd vfin la mot trinh khai thac d Bdng Mieu, ngudi Phap khoan tidn qua it di (28) Du vfiy, chu md da bd qua nguyen tfic cd ban dfidc fip dung tra Ifidng diy du vfi dam bao nhu ciu cupc nghiem ngat d Transvaal la trfidc khai so'ng d mfic toi thieu cho cSng nhan nen vfin thfie phai dao eae ham tham dd cd thd du gifl dUdc ngudn nhan lfic on dinh Mdi nam, kie'n dii lUdng quang dam bao eho nam eong nhan phai lam vide 334 ngfiy theo boat dpng binh thfidng cua nha mfiy Hdn Ifidng, CO 26 ngfiy dUde tra them tien, dfidc nfia, ngudi Phap da dao nhfing mach mo nghi ngfiy Te't vfi QuS'c khanh mfi khdng tinh de'n tiem nang eua no, Cpng hoa Phap (14-7) khong lam thi nghiem dd thie't lfip sd Trong 10 nam d i u the' ky XX, ngudi ham Ifidng vang Trong mot thdi gian dfii, Phap khai thac dUde 386,7kg vang, hp ehi la'y vfing tfi da thach anh, khong la'y dd cd 384,6kg vfing khai thac dupc d Bdng vfing tfi galen - mot loai quang chfla trung Mieu, d Bfic Ky ehi cd 2,1kg (29) binh 400g vang tfi'n (33) Chinh vi Chi rieng nam 1911, md vang Bdng Mieu le do, cSng vice khai thac d Bdng Mieu tam dat san lUdng hdn 100kg vang va 50kg bac; thdi phai dfing lai hieu qua khong cao, d nam 1918 dat 60kg vang (30) Chien tranh Bac Ky, Phap chi khai thac dUdc 50,5kg the gidi thfi Nhfi't bung no nhUng khdng vang tfi nam 1920 don nam 1929 (34) anh hfidng dg'n viec khai thae d Bdng Mieu Nam 1926, Cong ty Las Dos Estrellas Trong tu ban Phap khong thu dUdc gi mpt eSng ty ldn eiia Phfip, khai thac mo tfi eae md vang Bac Ky giai doan nfiy thi Lataveeraats d MehicS c6 trfi Ifidng vang md vang Bdng Mieu dat san Ifidng 801,3kg kha ldn da mua lai md Bdng Mieu Cong ty (31) Dd la nhflng ket qua ban diu, dat cd vfia ed phfidng tien ki thuat hign dai, sd cho boat dpng khai thac vang ciia ngudi vfia cd kinh nghidm khai thac, xfl ly qufing Pbap d Bdng Mieu giai doan sau eiia cae md kim loai quy Do dd, Las Dos chie'n tranh vdi nhflng thay ddi vfi cai tie'n Estrellas cd cd hdi bich Bdng Mieu mdi • mpt dia chi lfim an cd lai tS't nha't d thuoc Qua t r i n h k h a i t h a c tfi n a m 1926 dia den n a m 1945 Nam 1928, eSng ty cii cac ki sfi giau Sau Chig'n tranh the' gidi thfl' Nhit,' md kinh nghidm va tay nghd gidi de'n khao sat Bdng Mieu dfing khai thac hai nguygn vung Bdng Mieu Hp da danh dfi'u va tim nhan Thi nhdt, vang khai thac d Bdng dUde mpt Ifidng quang du cho nam hoat Mieu dfidc ban nhfing nfim chig'n dSng Clia cae nhfi may nghien Ham Ifidng tranh theo gia eila ddng Fr gifi'y trfidc nam qufing dat - lOg vfing tfi'n vfi lan 1914, gia tri hang hda ein thie't dd mpt lUdng dfing ke ehi va bae (35) de khai thac va gia nhan cong theo ddng Fr Cae ki sfi da nghien cfiu can than ve mach gifi'y da tang dfing ke tfi gifia nam 1915 md, didu kien dia phfidng va nhanh chdng Cdng nghiep hhai thac rang ciia Phap trang bi them cho Bdng Mieu nhflng thid't bi cin thie't CSng ty da tie'n hanh tu sfia lai dfidng giao thdng, dudng noi md vdi dUdng thudc dia so" d Tam Ky da keo dai them 7km Cac thiS't bi dien cao the'dudc tu bS, cpt gS dfide thay bfing cpt kim loai, xay dfing cac toa nha, tie'n hanh nhflng cdng viec dfidi dfi't ngam, khai thac nhflng vung md mdi Cdng ty kidm soat chat che chi phi va cai thien san Ifidng, hieu sufi't xfi ly hda hoe, thu lai khoang 60% kim loai quy chfia quang, cho phep bu dfip du so' vS'n da bd gia vang tang len (36) Ngay 27-2-1929, Cdng ty Las Dos Estrellas lap CSng ty khai thae md va ndng nghiep Ddng Dudng, cd thdi ban 50 nam vdi so vo'n 1.300.000 ddng Tru sd chinh cua cong ty ddng tai Hai Phdng; van phdng dieu hanh dat d Bdng Mieu HSi ddng hanh chinh eua cong ty cd - thfinh vien, moi ngfidi sd hflu it nhfi't cd phie'u, dfidc bd nhi?m nam mot l i n (37) Nam 1933, md Bdng Mieu dUdc khai thac trd lai va cung cfi'p 30.000 tfi'n quang cd ham lUdng lOg vang/ta'n (38) Cong ty da lap dat nhflng cai ban Deister de dap nhd vfi nghien nat quang, sau dd tig'n hanh xfi ly eyanure hda Thang 1-1934, nha may xfi ly mdi xfiy dfing lai di vao boat dpng, cd kha nfing tie'n hfinh lien tiep viec nghien va eyanure hoa qufing, khdng cdn phai tach rdi tfing cdng doan nhfi trfidc day Nang sufi't cd the nghien la 28.000 30.000 tfi'n/nam, nhflng nam sau dfi kig'n se tang lgn gfi'p doi Nhfi may thiiy dien cu da dUdc phfit trien them nhd vao kha nfing dfi trfi nfidc Thdi diem dd, nha may difin cd cong sua't 1.100 CV gdm tuS'e bin nfidc vfi diezen du phdng cho mua khd Ban Giam ddc va nhan vien de'n 1-7-1933 gdm n g Rigat dai dien Ban Giam do'c d Bdng Mieu, efie k! sU, trfidng phdng hanh chfnh Borga va nhan vien chfiu Au (39) Nam 1936, cae ki sfi da tie'p cfin de'n khu A N (mach so 1) va mach so' eiia md Nui Kem O dia diem nay, cd mpt khS'i lUdng ldn vfing d cac mach xuyen ngang eua Nui Kem, A N va Herber Trong ban kinh 50km xung quanh md, nhflng cupc tim kiem ed he thS'ng dfidc tbfic hien song song vdi cac nghien cflu dia cha't vfi thach hpc da cho nhfing ke't qua tfch cfie Cong ty cung da cd ban xda bd che' dp cai t h i u , xay dUng lai lang bi chay trUdc day, lap chd, tuyen bac sT, xay nhfi hp sinh, lap dfit cac thiet hi y tg' can thie't Su thay ddi nhfin sfi va quan ly nha may da dem lai mpt sU khdi sac d md Bdng Mieu Nhd nhfing no lUc d6, san lupng khai thae eiia eSng ty rfi't kha quan Trgng Ifidng vang thdi dupc ban nam 1935 la 497,210kg, dd cd 258,9kg vang nguyen cha't va n , k g bac Nam 1936 ban dfidc 326,233kg vang thdi, dd chfla 197,4kg vang nguyen chfi't va 77,8kg bac (40) Tfi nfim 1942, mo vang Bdng Mieu giam khai thac d i n , sau dd ngfing boat dpng hofin toan IIL N h a n xet Md vang Bdng Migu thUc sU chuydn minh nd l i n Ifidt dfidc chuyen vao tay cac eong ty Pbap tfi cuoi thg' ky XIX Dd la cac cSng ty cua tU ban tfi nhan ehinh quS'c, hp da khSng ngai vfit va, ton kem dc dau tU vo'n vfi kl thuat nham dpe chigm hoan toan md vang ldn nha't Viet Nam luc bfi'y gid Tfi mpt vung rfing thieng nfide dde, Bdng Mieu trd mdt tri trfi'n vfing gifla nui rfing Trung Ky thdi thupe dia nhd vao each td ehfic, quan ly khoa hpc vfi phUdng phap khai thfic cd tinh hien dai luc bfi'y gid 'Tac nhfin kinh te' ed mat d khap ndi va nang dong nhfi't dd lfi cdng ty v6 Rghieo curu Lich siSr sd 6.2015 danh Qua cdng ty vS danh, tinh thfin sfing tao doanh nghiep vfi tinh than tig't kiem cung hoat dpng Do lfi gfi de trfing vang, cin phai gin gifi nd" (41) Didu trd nen ehinh xac xem xet nhfing diln big'n d Bdng Mieu dudi sfi dieu hanh cua cac cong ty tfi nhfin Ve quy mo khai thde, CSng ty md Bdng Mieu da md rpng va hdp phap hoa nhflng khu vUc md gianh dUdc nhflng nam cuSi the' ky XIX Mac du viec thfim va khai thac thdi gian d i u chi difin tren mach md chinh cua Nui Kem nhfing dien tich dUdc cfi'p quyen sd hflu cua Cdng ty len dg'n 1.006ha, ldn hdn ra't nhieu so vdi nfia diu thfi' ky XIX Khi md Bdng Migu thuSc Cdng ty Las Dos Estrellas tfi nfim 1926, vigc khai thac khong cdn gidi han d maeh chinh mfi da md rdng sang cae mach md xung quanh Nhfi vay, so vdi thdi phong kie'n, quy mo khai thac da md rong hdn nhieu lan ea ve chieu rpng lan chieV sau Ve cO sd vgt chdt, tfi euoi the' ky XIX, Bong Mieu mang mpt dien mao mdi vdi dfidng sa, nha xudng, kho bai, phdng thi nghiem, dfidng vfin chuyen bang cap treo, nha may difin, nha d cho giam dd'c va nhfin vign Sau tig'n hanh nhflng boat dpng tham dd, tu ban tu nhfin Phap da lien tuc diu tu vdn dfi hofin thien va md rpng quy mo ciia nha may Bdng Migu Do la nhflng chufin bi quan trpng de tnen khai boat dong khai thac mpt each eo quy mS va rpng ldn eiia ngudi Phap Theo dd, each didu hfinh vfi giam sat, quan ly khai thac vang cung trd nSn ehat che va ddng bg hdn rfi't nhieu so vdi thdi ky phong kie'n Dieu quan trpng nha't la ue phUcfng phdp khai thde, cfie cdng ty tfi nhan Phap da sfi dung mpt day chuyfi'n khai thfic vang hifin dai vfi ddng bg d Bdng Mieu Viee khai thac vfing trai qua nhieu cdng doan lien hoan, noi tifi'p va dfide hS trd dfic lUc bdi nhie'u loai may mdc eSng nghifip, hien dai didu chfia bao gid xufi't hien d tfi't ca cfie mo vang nfidc ta thdi phong kifi'n Phfidng phap tach vang khdi quang bang eyanure hoa dfidc ap dung nhfim thay thg' eho viee dung khay Ifidi, mang dai de dai cfit, nhat tfing hat vfing dge bd sdng, bd sudi nhfi trUdc day De fip dung phUdng phfip nay, mdt nha thi nghiem va nha may eyanure da dupc xay dfing tfi d i u the' ky XX, tig'p tuc dUde sfia sang vfi nang ea'p dfidi quyen didu hanh cua Cdng ty Las Dos Estrellas Dieu ean ra't nhieu tri tue cua cfie ki sU md va vd'n cua Phap nhfing vfin la mgt sU diu tfi qua nhd be so vdi nhflng thoi vfing thu dfide xua't khau ve chinh quS'e Vang Bdng Mieu vfipt khdi gidi ban DSng Dudng va trd ngn nSi tifi'ng thfi' gidi chinh la nhflng no luc vfi quye't tam chig'm linh, khai thac bang mpi each cua tfi ban Phap Hdn bao gid he't, sil khfic biet gifla mot bgn la phUdng phap khai thae tho sd, gian ddn, phu thupe p h i n nhieu vao thifin nhien thdi phong kifi'n vdi mpt ben la phfldng phfip khai thac mang tinh chfi't eSng nghiep, hifin dai ma Phap fip dung da d i n tdi nhflng hieu qua ro ret ve nang sua't cung nhfi chfi^t lUdng san p h i m thu dupe Day lfi mgt sS' it eae md cd dfiy ehuyen khai thac dong bp, khep kin d nfidc ta thdi bfi'y gid Ve thue mUdn nh&n eong, ckc cdng ty cl Bdng Mieu vfin tri each thfic tuyen mo vfi sfl dung nhfi thdi phong kifi'n Ban Giam dS'e nha may dfide thfinh lfip, bao gdm nhflng ngfidi chau Au dam nhfin vide vfin hfinh eae may mde hien dai ddng thdi difiu hanh, quan ly nhan cdng ban xfi De c6 nhan cSng, thdi gian d i u ehinh quyen thiic dan sfl dung tu nhan, vd sau quy dinh cho cac lang tong Chifin Dan cfi ngfldi phai cd culi dc cung cfi'p cho md Thflc Cong nghiep hhai HiAc vang ciia Phap chfi't, day cung chinh la hinh thfic tuydn md nhan edng eudng bfic dudi thdi phong kifi'n ma Phap co" tinh tri va ap dung Mac du nhan cSng dfidc tra Ifidng theo nhiem vu nhfing than phan eiia hp vfin khSng khac trfidc Nhan cdng ban xfi chu yg'u dam nhfin nhfing eSng vige khai thac quang trfic tiep, it cd ed hdi tham gia vao eae cong doan phfie tap nhfi eyanure hoa hoac tinh che vfing han chg' ve trinh dp ki thufit va tay nghd Sau Chie'n tranh the' gidi thfi Nhfi't, CSng ty Las Dos Estrellas quan ly, ta't ca nhflng cong doan tfi thfim dd dfi'n khai thac, nghien quang va tinh chg' vfing d Bdng Mifiu dupe thfie hien lign hoan, khdp kin nha may va chu yg'u ngfidi cua cdng ty tig'n hanh, nhan eong ban xfl ra't it dfidc tham gia Didu da giup eSng ty thau tdm ta't ca mpi chi phi vfi cai thien chfi't Ifidng san phfim, cd the bu dfip du sd' vdn bd ban d i u Dg cd dfidc g^n 3.000kg vang tinh ehg' sud't thdi gian tfi nam 1896 de'n nam 1942, Phap da d i u tu vo'n, ky thuat, phUdng tien, may mde va hdn hg't da sfl dung sflc lao dpng eiia hang tram phu dao vfing ngudi dia phfidng - tu nhan cac h i m Id cua ehu tfi ban Hinh hai ciia mot nha may eSng nghifip mang tinh chfi't tu ban chu nghia eang thg hign ro d Bdng Migu thSng qua mpt day chuydn san xufi't quy mS va phfidng phap khai thac hifin dai Nhflng kfi't qua thu dfide tfi khai thfic vang hoan toan tUdng xfing vdi nhflng gi Phap da bd d Bdng Mifiu thdi cfin dai Nhflng thoi vang cua ngUdi Phap thu dfldc ed lfin xfldng mau eua ngfidi dan Vifit Nam, nhfi't la phu vang Bdng Migu Muc dich tdl cao mfi tfi ban Phap de tifi'n hanh khai thae khoang san d Viet Nam lfi "hofin toan khong nhfim xay dfing cho nfide ta mdt nen cSng nghiep md tign tig'n va hign dai" Trung thfinh vdi muc dieh nfiy, suS't thdi ky thupc dia, Phap da "han chg' viec hdp ly hoa va cd gidi hoa khai thae md" (42) The^ nhfing, vi ki thu&t khai thdc, md vang Bdng Mifiu nam sd it, thfim chi la nhat d Trung Ky dfidc d i u tu xfiy dfing nha may dd thUc hign trpn ven eae cdng doan tfl tham dd, thi nghifim, dfio quang, nghien quang de'n xfi ly quang de tach vang thupc dia Ban diu, dieu dudng nhU mau thufin vdi quan difim cua chinh quyen thuc dan xay dfing eong nghiep Viet Nam Thfic te', vifie dau tfi vdn de xay dung cd sd ting, lfip dat he thong may moc cdng nghiep va ap dung phfldng phfip eyanure hoa - mdt phUdng phap tign tig'n luc ba'y gid, de xfl ly quang d Bdng Migu la bign phap bat bupc bdi chfnh sU tdn tai dac thu eua kim loai quy nfiy ThSng qua cac mfiy mdc va bang phUdng phap hien dai, san pham khdi long da't la quang pyrit chfla tinh the vang c6 trpng Ifidng hang tram nghin tfi'n nhUng mang xuo'ng tau rdi DSng Dfidng chi la nhfing thoi vfing nguyen cha't dfidc tfnh bang ddn vi kg Difi'u khac vdi cac md kim loai nhfi kem, chi, crSm, sat, mangan, thifi'c xua't khau chu yeu d dang quang chfl chUa dUdc tach hofic tinh chfi' kim loai nguyfin cha't Tfi ban Phap cha'p nhan phfidng an van chuyfin cac loai quang vc nUdc hoae ban cho nfidc khac vi ham lUdng kim loai chfla quang kha cao, thudng tfl 50 60% (nhfl Crom) Nhifng khong the lam nhu the vdi quang pyrit chfla vang d Bdng Migu vi vang chi chig'm ty le trung binh • 5g vang ta'n quang (43) De thu dupc kim loai gia tri nay, chinh quyen thilc dan bupc phai d i u tfi xay dfing nha may xfl ly quang tai chd, each lam nfiy kinh tg' hdn nhieu so vdi viec chuyen quang chfia vang ve chinh qude Nhfi vay, xet ve ban cha't, viec khai thac vfing d Bdng Migu vlin nfim quy dao chung cua chu trUdng khai thae md ciia Phfip d DSng Dudng, ehi dflng lai d mfle sd chfi' de cung ca^p nguyen hfiu cho cdng nghiep ehinh qudc Vifie san xufi't san phim cuSi cung phuc vu tigu dung vfi tai san xua't khSng dfidc phep tdn tai d thupc dia Cung giS'ng nhu vdi cac kim loai khac, san phfim cuoi eung sfl dung nguyen lieu vang nhu dd trang sfic, ddn vi tidn tfi khdng dupc san xufi't d thupc dia vi chung can mpt sfi gia cdng va d i u tfi ldn vd vdn, ki thufit, tay nghe, thfim chi lfi ca bi quye't gia truyen Khai thae va xua't khau nguygn lieu thd ve ehinh quo'c nhflng nhfip khau vfio thuoc dia nhflng san phara sfi dung chinh nguyen lieu tho dd (dien hinh la nhflng cai dinh vfi dc vit san xua't tfi quang sat khai thae d Viet Nam) la each lara giau phd bifi'n cua tfi ban Phap thdi thupc dia Mpt hien tUdng dg nhfin thfi'y khSng chi d BSng Mieu ma cdn d nhidu md khac la chinh quydn thilc dfin luon dfing trflde nhflng mau thuan ldn: vfia muo'n khai thae nhanh vfi nhidu nhfing lai bd it vS'n va khdng diu tu cai tig'n may mdc, thie't bi va phfldng phap; vfia mudn cd du sS' cdng nhan cin thie't de khai thac md nhUng lai han ehd sfi gia tang eiia sS' thd md de giam chi tigu Do vay, cd nhiing thdi diem nha% dinh, "vi khdng mud'n bd nhieu tu ban va phfidng tien ki thuat hoac vi thi trfidng tieu thu CO hep lai, ehu tfi ban tam thdi dinh ehi khai thfic vang d Bdng Migu" (44) Cae md khoang san khac cung nfim tinh trang chung dd Kg't qua cuSi cung la sfl hinh thfinh vfi tdn tai "mpt nganh cong nghifip md khSng ed quan he gi vdi eae nganh cdng nghiep khac nude, khdng dinh da'p gi vdi kha nfing phat trien eong nghiep va thu cSng nghifip nfidc" (45) Md vang Bdng Mieu - md vfing dfidc diu tfi khai thac quy mS nhfi't d Trung Ky thdi cfin dai khdng phai la mpt ngoai le So vdi cac md khoang san khae d Trung Ky, md vfing Bdng Mieu dfidc khai thac sdm va lien tuc hdn Md than NSng Sdn ehinh thfic thuge ve ngfidi Phap tfi nam 1887 nhfing viSe khai thae chi tie'n hfinh de'n nam 1929 rdi dfing hfin Md Chrome Co Dinh dfi'n nam 1911 mdi dfidc phfit hien Mgt sS' md khac nhfi phS't phfit d Vinh Lgc (Thanh Hoa), ddng d Dfic BS' (Quang Nam), sfit d Nghfi An, nudc khoang d Vinh Ilao (Ninh Thufin) chi dflde khai thac mdt thdi gian ngan rSi ddng cfla Duy nhfi't ehi eo md vfing d BSng Migu dfidc khai thac kha lifin tuc tfi nhflng nam cuoi cua the'ky XIX de'n nam 1942 Dang ehu y la Chig'n tranh the gidi thfi Nhfi't, viec khai thac vang d Bdng Mieu khong nhflng khdng bi anh hudng ma cdn dat dUdc ke't qua VUdt trpi Tfi nam 1910 dfi'n nam 1919, Phap khSng thu dfide ket qua khai thac tfi eae md vang d Bfic Ky thi Bdng Mieu dat san lupng 801,3 kg vang (46) Sau thdi ky tam dfing boat ddng (tfi nam 1918 de'n nam 1926), md vang Bdng Mifiu sau dd lai bfidc vao thdi ky khai thac sdi dgng va thu dfidc nhfing kfi't qua kha quan hdn trfidc Dieu khfing dinh tinh chat quy hie'm cua vfing va gia tri kinh te' ma md vang Bdng Mieu mang lai cho tu ban Phap cao hdn ra't nhidu so vdi nhfing ^ hp da bd Thdi thupc dia, nhfing thoi vfing tfi ban Phap thu dxidc di nhifin khong hfidng tdi do'i tfidng thu hfidng la ngUdi dan ban xfl Trong tay tfi ban Phap, "tinh hinh khai khoang d nfidc ta hoc 16 mpt each rd ret tinh chfi't que quat, rdi rac va phien difin - mgt "a uyuiap nnai mac vang cua rnap nen cSng nghiep phfit trien mpt each vS td chfle, mdt cfich khdng cd he thS'ng, mpt nen cSng nghigp khSng dfnh dfi'p gi dfi'n ldi ich cua dan tpe Vigt Nam, hdn nfia di ngfipc lai ldi ich ciia dan tge Vifit Nam" (47) Tinh hinh dd da dfide chfing minh qua thilc te' cua ngfinh eSng nghigp khai thac vang d md BSng Mifiu thdi ky can dai CHU THICH (1) (2), (12) (13), (14), (15), (16), (21), (22), (23), (24), (27) E Mazeman, Note sur les mines de Bong Mieu, Imprimeur - Editeur, Hanoi, 1906, Tu lieu lUu b Kho lflu trit, Trung tam lUu trii quoc gia hai ngogi Phap (Archives Nationales d'Outre Mer ANOM), Thfinh ph^ Aix En Provence, Cong hoa Phap p 37, 39, 12, 10, 20, 21, 25, 32, 32, 32-33, 35, 31 (3), (4), (9), (10), (5), (7) (8), ( U ) Phan Huy Le, Tinh hinh khai mo dUdi triiu Nguyin, Tap chi Nghien ciu Lich si, so 52, 1963, tr 48, 49, 53, 53, 49, , , (6) P h a n Huy Le, Tinh hinh khai mo diidi triiu Nguyin, Tap chi Nghien ciu Lich si, so 51, 1963, tr 41 (17) Societe anonyme mines de BongMieu Rapport du conseil d'administration - Exercise 1897, Imprimerie chaix 1898, Tu h9u luu cl Kho liiu trfl, Trung tSm lUu triJ quoc gia hai ngoai Phap (Archives Nationales d'Outre Mcr • ANOM), Thanh Aix En Provence, Cong hoa Phap, p 10 (18) Mines et carrieres: Demande de concession en Annam, annee 1931-1932, Hd sd s6' 2789.RSA/HC, Ph6ng Kham sii Trung Ky, Trung tam LUu trii Quoc gia IV, Dfi Lat, p (19) Bullentin economique public par la Derection de VAgriculture et du Commerce N"!, Hanoi F.H Schneider, Imprimeur Editeur 1902, p 76, 229 (20), (26), (37), (39) L'industrie minierale Indochinoise en 1933, Hanoi Imprimerie d'extreme - orient, 1933, p 229, 231, 227, 229 (25), (32), (33), (43) Mines d'or de Bong Mieu, L'Eveil economique de VIndochine, N° 339 Dimanche 9-12-1923, p 15, 16, 16, 16 (28) Note sur la situation des mine d'or de Bong Mieu aupoint de vue recrutement de la main de oeuvre Tu hdu lUu b Kho lflu trfl, Trung tam luu trQ quoc gia hai ngoai Phap (Archives Nationales d'Outre Mer - ANOM), Th&nh Aix En Provence, Cong hoa Phap, p (29), (31), (34), (42), (44), (45), (46) (47) Pham Dinh Tan (1959), Chi nghla de'quoc Phdp vd tinh hinh cong ghiep d Viet Nam dUdi thdi thuoc Phdp, Nxb Su that, Iia Noi; tr 116, 117, 120, 142, 118, 138, 117, 143 (30) Indochine Francaise L'Annam, Imprimerie d'Extreme - Orient, 1931, p 218 (35) Chronique des mines Mines d'or de Bong Mieu, L'Eveil economique de Vlndocchine, N^SOB Dimanche 13-3-1927, p 14 (36): Mines de Bong Mieu (An Nam), L'Eveil economique de VIndochine, N''555 Dimanche 5-21928, p (38), (40) Bullentin economique de VIndochine, L'industrie miniere de VIndochine en 1936, Hanoi Gouverment General de I'lndochine, p , 63 (41) Dan theo Jean Pierre Aumiphin, SUhien diin tdi chinh vd kinh te Phdp d Ddng DuOng (Dinh Xuan Lam dich) Hoi Khoa hoc Lich sii Viet Nam, Iia Noi, 1994, tr 65