TRirOTNG V I I N DONG BAG CO PHAP (EFEO) VOTI VIEC BAO TON CAC Dl TiCH LjCH sur- VAN HOA HA NQI (GIAI DOAN 1900 -1945) PHAN PHirONG THAO* D THI TAM" Dan nhap Di tich la ndi lUu giQ nhieu gia tri lich SLt - van hoa, truyS'n thong tot dep - NhiJng gia tri nhan vfin c6 tac d6ng tfch cUc den tig'n trinh phat trien ciia da't nUdc, dan toe B(Si vky, su6't tie'n trinh lich sii, cac c6ng dong ngUcii Vi?t lu6n nSu cao y thilc bao t6n cSc di tich lich SLI vSn h6a Trai qua hai cu6c khang chid'n cho'ng Phap vk cho'ng My, di gin giQ lai du^c hdn 2.000 di tich lich Sli - van hoa tai Thfing Long - Ha Noi (1), cSn ghi nhan nhflng no lUc vUdt hkc cua cac thiet che vfin hoa, cdc nhfi khoa hoc Viet Nam vfi quo'c tS', dd khong thd khong nh^c tdi nhflng d6ng gop quan cua cac hoc gia Tru6ng Viln Dong Bac co (EEFO) giai doan 1900-1945 La nhflng tri thflc mang tU thUc chflng va CO truyen tho'ng ton vfin hoa, tfl th6i Napoleon, nhieu nhfi khoa hoc Phap cuoc chien tranh xam lUdc Ai Cfip dfi CO y thflc bao ton nen van minh ruc rd nfiy cua nhan loai Tfldng tU nhU vfiy, c6 mfit bo may ciaa chinh quyg'n bao hp Phfip tai Vi$t Nam, nhi^u hoc gia da khong tan dong vi$c Iam bien doi muc dich sii dung cua cac di tich lich sii Bfi't chap ly do; Quan doi cln phai co "nhflng doanh trai can thi§'t cho 450 bmh linh dong quan" (2) de sdm binh on tinh hinh va trien khai viec td chflc cai tri, gidi tri thflc Phap van phan doi viec qufin doi vien chinh Phap sau chidm Ha Noi (nam 1882) vfi da bien khu vUc ciing mot so' ngoi chiia cd xung quanh h6 Hoan Kidm va Van Mieu (3) trai linh Paul Doumer - Tofin quyen Dong Dudng (giai doan 1897-1902) lfi mot nhfi chinh tri thflc dan song vdi tfl chat cua mot nhfi khoa hoc c6 tham vong muon bie'n Ha Noi thfinh "mot Paris thu nho" (4) da len tigng phan do'i viec pha Ha Noi Ong noi: 'Toi de'n qua cham de cflu Ifi'y nhflng phdn dac sfic, cu the la cac cong Nhflng di tich a'y dang le phai dUdc bao ton Chiing co nhflng dac trUng quy gia, chi nhU vay thoi cung dang dUdc chung ta tran Do lfi nhflng ky niem lich sfl gfin bo vdi ndi day, chung CO the lam dep cho cac khu vUc xay dung mdi cua pho" (5) • PGS.TS Khoa Ljch silt, TrUOng DHKHXH&NV, DHQG HN " ThS Trung tam ho^t dong Vfin h6a Khoa hoc Vfin Mieu-Quoc Tfl Giam Ha Noi 22 Tuy nhien, thdi ky trUdc nam 1900, "vide quan ly, bao ton cac di tich lich sfl d D6ng Dfldng khong mot td chflc nao dam nhiem Chinh vi vay, nhieu cong trinh lich sfl da bi xam hai qua trinh qui Anh 1: So d6 Van Mie'u Ha Ndi nam 1913 hoach pho" (6) (Ngudn Leonard Aurousseau Temple de IM Paix (Van Mieu) Nhid'u di tich ciia Hfi Tap chi Dmg Duang lap XX- Sd iCl tiidng 07 den ihdng 11-191 i) Noi xfla bi "ngflcfi ta cho pha ta't de xay dung cac iKng trinh the hien cac cong trinh hch sii" (11) "qui dinh ro vai tro, traeh nhiem cua EEFO sflc manh cua chinh quyen thuoc dia" (7) viec quan ly cac di san khao co, cac cong Trudc tinh hinh d6, 20-1-1900, trinh lich sfl va cd d Dong Duong" (12) Tofin quyen Dong Dfldng da ky Nghi dinh Nam 1901, den Sinh Tfl dUOc tu sia; thfinh lap TrUctng Viin Bong Bac co Phdp EFEO (tien than la Phdi dodn Khdo cd nam 1902 Quan Chudng va tUdng Vua thiidng trtic tgi Bong Ditcfng - mot td chflc Le cf bd ho Hoan Kiem (bi mUa bao lam hi( cua cac nhfi khoa hoc Phap ddi nam hong) da nhan duoc kinh phi siia ch^a tir 1898) Luc dau EFEO c6 hai nhiem vu Chinh phu Bfie Ky (13) Trong cac nam chinh la nghidn cflu ve van hoa cua Dong 1900-1902, trai linh Quang Yen va trUcfng DUdng vfi cac vung lfin can nhU An dp, linh ken (chie'm dong Van Mieu tfl nam Nhat Ban, Trung Quoc, Malayxia (8) 1884) da tflng bu6c rut quan khoi di Dd'n thang 4-1920 dUdc Bo trUdng Thuoc tich; de'n dau nam 1904, sau mpt thdi gian dia Albert Saraut giao cho "dam bao viec bi bien trai each ly cac benh nhan bao quan va gifl gin cac cong trinh hch sfl mac dich ta, Van Mie'u Ha Npi dUdc phun ciia cac nudc Dong Dfldng thuoc Phap" (9) thuoc khfl trung, tra lai cho ngUdi Viet tht) vfi "trinh len Toan quyen viec xep hang va cung, cho tu sfla, mua sam te khi, xac xd'p hang lai cac cong trinh ljch sU cung dinh moc gidi tren ban tiianh (14) nhu cac bidn phap bao quan chung" (10) Bang kinh nghiem quan ly di san van Ngay sau thfinh lap, Truong Vien Dong Bac cd Phap da ti^n hanh nhieu hoat dpng nghidn cflu van hoa, khao sat thuc dia, lam cd s6 tu va'n cho Chinh quyd'n thuoc dia xay dung hang loat chinh sach, che dinh, mo hinh ve quan ly vfi xd'p hang, bao ton di tfch Ve van de kiem ke, xep hang de bao ton di tich Vai nhflng y kid'n d6ng gop dau tien cua EEFO, Toan quyen Paul Doumer da ky "Nghi dinh ngfiy 9-3-1900 ve van de bao ton hoa tai Phap quo'c va ket qua dieu tra, khao sat ve" cac di tfch tai Ha Npi, EFEO da trinh chfnh phu ke hoach kiem ke, xep hang cac di tich hch sfl de quan ly va bao ton Theo do, 5-4-1905, Toan quyen Dong Duong Jean Baptiste Paul Beau ban hanh Nghi dinh ve" viec xep hang mot so cong trinh ljch sfl cua Thanh pho' Ha Noi Chieu theo Nghj djnh nay, di tich dau tien tai Ha Npi da dUdc xep hang la di tich can dupc bao ton: Van Mid'u, den Quan Twang V i ^ dong Bac cd PhAp Thfinh, dd'n Ngpe Sdn, Quan Chfldng, den Hai Ba Trflng (Dong Nhan), dinh Bach Ma, chua Mpt Cot Quyet dinh nfiy khong chi mci mfin cho mpt chinh sach quan ly di tich mdi me tai Dfing Dfldng mfi ph^n nfid xoa diu sfl bfi't binh cua ngUcii Vidt trUdc viec hfing lo^t eac ng6i dd'n, chua linh thieng cua hp hi xam pham, pha dd d^ Ifim dfldng (15) Tiep do, thang 6-1905, vdi sfl tham gia true tie'p ve chuydn m6n cua EFEO, Thfinh da to chflc m6t cudc tdng di^u tra vd' dfi't dai vfi dia diem thd cung cua tfi't ca cac dinh, de'n, chua, mieu tren dia ban Hfi Npi Ket qua, sau ddt tong dieu tra, da lap dflpc danh muc cua hdn 400 di tich ldn nho Hfi Noi (16) Nhi^u ban ve hidn trang di tich cung bang ke ten, dia chi ciia cac dinh, d^n, chfla da giup phat 16 "nhieu di san chUa dfl^ mfi'y bid't den (17) tai Thfing Long - Hfi N6i Theo Nghi dinh ngfiy 23-12-1924, cac cdng trinh nhfi ciia c6 gia tri lich sii hoae nghe thuat d Dong Dfldng thupc Phfip vfi cac nudc bao ho dupc Tofin quy^n xd'p hang theo de nghi cua Giam doc EEFO Cac cong trinh da xd'p hang dfldc khoanh vung, Ifim vd sinh sach se Qui dinh xd'p hang tuan thu theo luat phap nUdc Cdng hoa Phap, dd' nghi xep hang dUdc quan Toan quyen thong bao cho cac chu sd hflu di tich Vide xet xep hang dfldc thflc hien thdi gian thang tinh tfl ngfiy thong bao {Bieu 2) Chinh phu mac nhidn cdng nhfin xd'p hang cac cong trinh da dfldc dfla vfio danh sach bao ve theo Nghi dinh 9-3-1900 Danh sach cac di tich da dfldc xd'p hang se dflpc Giam doc EEFO cong bo va tai eong bo' 10 nfim mpt lan theo cung qui dinh vfi dfldc Cong bdo Bong Bitcfng vfi Cdng bdo Phdp qu6c dang tai thang sau xd'p hang {Bieu 3) Vide tu siia, bao ve di tich dfldc ghi ro; Tfl sau nam 1920, tren cd s5 chflc nfing, nhi^m vu dfldc giao, EFEO chiu traeh nhidm Khdng dflde pha huy hofic di chuyen du ehi mdt bd phfin cua cac di tich da dupe xd'p xfiy dflng cac "qui dinh, hfldng diin (xd'p hang di tich) vfi giam sat viec thflc hidn cac hang, cung nhfl khdng dflpc trung tu, siia cong trinh giai toa, stia chfla, khai qufit vfi chfla hay co ba't efl thay ddi nfio doi vdi cac cac quye't dinh, qui che' ve' vide di chuyen cac cong trinh nfiy n§u khong co quye't dinh cho phdp cua quan Toan quyen (Dieu 10) Trong bao tfing, hien vat dUdc thao dd" (18) trudng hdp c4n thid't phai gia cd kh^n cfi'p Cu6i nfim 1924, can cfl Nghi dinh ngfiy cac di tich da dfldc xd'p hang, quan Tofin 3-4-1920 vd' vi^c td chflc lai EFEO va bao quyen cho phep sfl dung tam thdi nhfi ciia cao cua Bp trfldng Bp Thuoc dia, Bp trUdng cua cac cong trinh nfiy vfi cae cdng trinh lan Bp My thufit, B6 trfldng Bd chien tranh , cfin {Bieu 12) Kinh phi tu siia quan Tofin Tdng thdng nflde Cpng hoa Phap da ban quyd'n quyd't dinh phan bd tfl ngfin sach cua hfinh Nghi dinh ngdy 23-12-1924 hiidng chinh phu vfi cfie ngudn ngan sfieh khac d ddn viec dp dung ngi dung dg,o Luat bdo ve Dong Dfldng trdn cd sd d^ xua't cua Giam cdc cong trinh lich si (31-12-1913) cua •ddc EEFO {Bieu 11) Phdp quae ve viec xep hgng vd bdo ve cdc di Vd' chinh sach flng xii doi vdi cac di tieh tich lich su" tgi Bong Bitcfng Npi dung Nghi dinh gom 39 dieu (19) cho thfi'y vai tro quan da dfldc xd'p hang, Chinh phii Phfip qui dinh: Khdng dflpe phdp trUng thu vfio muc trpng cua EFEO tfl vfi'n cho Tofin quyd'n Dong Dfldng vi$c phe duy$t, xd'p dich cdng bfi't cfl di tich da dflde x^p hang, hang cung nhfl tu sfla, bao vd cfie di tich khong dfldc phdp xay them bfi't cfl eong ljch sLl - vfin h6a d Dong Dfldng thudc Phap trinh mdi nfio t^i cac di tich da dfldc x^p hang ne'u khong eo ldnh cua quan Tofin quyd'n {Bieu 8, 13) Khdng dfldc mua bfin cfie cdng trinh dfi dflpc xep hang Khdng dfldc bfit bupc hofic lam ba't cfl did'u ^ gdy xudng ca'p cac di tieh da dflpc xd'p hang Khong dUdc quang cao cac di tich da dupc xep hang hofic tai khu vflc xung quanh ehi gidi cong trinh vdng bfin kfnh quan d i u tinh hoac EEFO a'n dinh {Bieu 13) Cfin cfl Nghi dinh ngfiy 23-12Anh 2: Ddn Quan Thanh dflu thf ky XX 1924 cua Tdng thong Phap vfi td (NguSn • TfiU vien Tiidng tin Khoa hpc xd hoi (KHXH) trtnh cua Gifim ddc EEFO (giii kem bien ban sd 2979 21-8-1923 cua Hoi Nghien vfi cac di tich nhin hd Hoan ddng EEFO), ngfiy 11-7-1925, Toan quyen Kie'm), Cdng chua Bfio An, Dd'n Hai B& Ddng DUdng ky Nghi dinh ve vide xd'p Trung (Ddng Nhfin), Chfla Mdt cot, Chila hang, bao tdn cac di tich lich sfl tai cae Bfi Da, Chfla Phd Quang, Chua Hdng Phiic, nude thude dia (20) Tfl day, EEFO da ed Chfla Trfi'n Qudc, Chfla Ly Qudc Sfl, (Jong mpt hfinh lang phfip ly vflng chac de hoat Thfinh Hfi (O Quan Chfldng), Tam bia Nam ddng trdn linh vflc di san: vfla gifl vai tro Giao tai phd' Hud', tfi'm bia t^i cdng chiia ciia mpt vi$n nghidn cflu, vfla vfin hanh Ham Long, phUdng hofing va stf nhu mdt Ban quan ly di tieh trUc tie'p Ifip tfl Mie'u Hpi ddng b vfldn Bach Thao, ho sd, de nghi xd'p hang, de xufi't md rpng Vfin Mie'u Hfi Ndi Tinh dd'n cudi nfim 1925, tai Viet Nam da ed tdi 306 di tich qui mo xe'p hang di tich dfldc xd'p hang, d6 d Bfie Ky co 89 di Ngfiy 15-4-1925, Tofin quyd'n Dong Dfldng tich (22) Hfi Npi la dia phfldng ed efi^di M Merlin da ky Nghi dinh cong nhfin tda tich dfldc xep hang nhid'u nhfi't Bfie Ky thfinh cd tai Bfie Ky lfi di tich Iieh si( cua Sau nam 1925, cac di tich khac ciia Dong Dfldng, dd co Thfinh cd Ha Ndi Thfinh phd tid'p tuc dupc kiem ke, xd'p hging Cac hang muc cua Hfi Npi dfldc xep Tuy nhidn, cung cd nhflng hd sd xd'p hang di hang ddt bao gdm: Cdt cd Hfi Npi, tfch EFEO dfla da bi Thdng sfl B^c KJ Bac mdn, Doan mon, cdng nhd ciing b^e hoae Chinh phu Phap tfl ehoi vi ly nha dfi cham rdng vfi cfii diu rdng khu qui hoaeh md dfldng hofic khdng du« phao binh, chudng ddng vfi khau sflng edng nhan gia tri ve mat kid'n tnic (23) thdn cdng lam gifi treo chudng (21) Tiep tuc d^y manh vi$c xep hang di tich, Hai thang sau, ngfiy 16-5-1925, Toan 28-1-1932, Ddc 1^^ Hfi Npi ky quylt quygn Ddng Dfldng ky tid'p quyd't dinh edng dinh 663 tridu tap mot Ban gdm 13 nhfin mpt sd edng trinh lich sfl d Bfie Ky lfi vien soat, Ifip danh sach nhflng di tich di tich lich sfl eua Ddng Dudng, dd c6 chua dUdc xep hang Nhipm vu lap danh 19 cd tich cua Hfi Npi: Den Quan Thanh, muc va did'u tra, trinh xdt cac di tich du D€n Bach ma Cum edng trinh quanh hd dieu kidn xep hang dfldc giao cho EEFO Hofin Kiem (d^n Ngpe Sdn, Thap Bflt, Dfii thiic hien Cfie hd sd mieu ta di tieh ngiy Tnrtog Vien dOng Bde c6 Phap cfing chuan hda (24) Ngofii sd Hdu ve' ten, dia diem, nam thfinh lap, anh hoac ban ve, trdn bang kd cac di tich theo tflhg khu phd ghi r o t e n vi t h i n dflde thd tfl vfi so thfla dfi't xay dflng edng trinh tren ban trieh luc cua Thfinh pho" (25) 1945 (29) dudi sfl giam sfit cua kie'n true sfl Henri Parmentier vfi cac Giam dde EEFO dUdng nhidm: Louis Finot, Alfred Foucher, Claude - Eugene Maitre, Leonard Aurousseau va (Jeoi^e Coedes Trong linh vflc bao ve di san, mSe du la Bang nhflng n6 Iflc vfldt bfie, tinh dd'n td chflc chinh quyd'n thupc dia ldp de n5m 1950, Viln Ddng Bac ed da Ifip ky luc giiip vide cho ehinh quyd'n tren phfldng di^n xep hang dflpe 1.256 di tich trdn tofin coi quan ly di tich, song EEFO da khdng n g i n Dong Dfldng, e6 401 di tich cua ngai dflng bao vd quan diem khoa hpc, Vidt Nam (26) Hfi Npi c6 31 di tieh dfldc dua cac y kid'n trai chie'u doi v6i nhflng quyd't dinh gay tdn hai cho di san cua nhfi xdp hang H o a t d o n g t u siia, b a o ve, xuf ly vi cdm quyen Thang 4-1925, qui hoach lai khu vflc p h a m di t i c h hd Hofin Kid'm (Hd nhd), Thfinh phd da cho Ben canh vide xep hang, EEFO tid'p tuc la'p mpt phan long hd phia bd Bfie (giap phd' tfl vfi'n eho chinh phu bao hp ban hfinh cac Hang Khay hien nay) Giam dd'c Vien Ddng qui dinh ve tu sfla, bao v$ di tich, ddng thdi Bfie cd da gfli thfl phan doi va td ro quan gifl ludn vai trd hfldng dfin, giam sat viec diem khdng chiu trfich nhidm vd' viec nfiy bao quan di tich vfi giai quyd't xfl ly eac vi vdi ly hon dao vfi khu vfle bd Hd nhd da pham di tich tai Hfi Npi dupc lipt kd danh sach cae edng trinh Ngay 11-7-1925, Toan quyd'n Dong lich sfl cfla Bfie Ky, muc Thfinh phd' Hfi Npi Dfldng ban hfinh Nghi dinh bat bupc ba't cfl EEFO lap vfi Giam dd'c EEFO da phd mpt di tieh nfio cua Thfinh da dfldc xd'p duy^t Trdn cd sd dd, ngfiy 1-5-1935, Thdng hang mudn tu s^a dd'u phai gfli ddn de'n Sd sfl Bac Ky da gfli cdng dien sd 5537/A ydu Quoc gia Bdo ton co tich de Sd nfiy xem xdt cdu Ddc ly Hfi Npi eho tam ngflng mpi hoat vfi trinh tid'p ldn chinh quyd'n dia phUdng dpng dd dfi't t^i ho (30) Dang tide vide Ifi'p hoac chinh phu phd duy$t (27) mpt phdn hd c u ^ eung vfin dupe tid'n hfinh Vfi'n de xet duypt sfla chfla (finh, den, vi Dd'c ly Hfi Npi cho rang: Nghi dinh edng chfla ve' sau cdn dflpc phan cfi'p theo gifi tri nhfin danh sach cfie di tich lich sfl eua cfla tijfng di tich: doi vdi cfie dd'n, mieu nhd Ddng Dfldng Vidn Dong Bac cd d^ trinh thi tda Ddc ly tri^c tiep quyd't dinh, rieng edn ehfla dfldc Toan quyen Ddng Dfldng ky ddi vdi cac cd tieh da dfli?c xd'p hang thi vfi cdng bo' tren Cong bao, hdn nfla nd'u phai CO y kid'n chuydn mdn cua EFEO (28) Nghi dinh cd dupe ky thi cac bd Hd nhd (chi Nhd viec tim hidu, khao sat gia tri khoa hpc nhfl mpt cai ao) cung khdng the dfldc xep cua cfie di tich vfi dfla kd' hoaeh de triing hang nhfl cfie di tich lich sfl khac nen tu, EEFO da giup cho nhid'u cdng trinh lich khdng thd ap dung vfio vide Ifim cua Thanh Sli tai Hfi Npi, gifl dfl^c dang ve eo kinh, phd dflde (31) khdng bi bien dang qua trinh tu sfla Ngofii ra, bang cfie kidm tra, giam dinh Tieu bieu nhfl ddt tu siia Chua Mot Cot tinh xac thflc ciia nhieu van ban, EEFO da nfim 1922 vdi sfl tham gia eiia kid'n true sfl giup Thfinh phd quydt dinh xii ly dung Charle Batteur hay cfie ddt trung tu Van nhid'u sfl vu lidn quan dd'n vide ki^n tyng, Mid'u Hfi Ndi giai do^n 1897-1901, 1904- cfi'p gia'y ehflng nhfin quyen aii dung dfi't Thang 7-1929, sU ba tru trt chua Trang Tin (Nhfin Bfie) viet ddn giii tda Ddc ly xin trich luc ban dd dfi't chua Trfing Tin tfl ban dd dia chinh cua Thfinh phd Theo ydu cau eua Ddc ly Hfi Ndi, Giam ddc EEFO cho kiem tra lai tofin bp gifi'y td, van ban ehfl Hfin vd ngdi ehua vfi ngfiy 27-10-1929 da cd giii thu tra ldi ghi ro: Gifi'y td chflng nhfin quydn sd hflu cu (do nhfi Nguyin cfi'p) ghi didn tich chfla lfi sfio (tUOng dfldng l.OSOm^ song theo ke't qua dac mdi la 2.200m^ Nhd viec xac minh dd ma td trtnh xin hpp phap hda sd dfi't chdnh lech (1.120m^ cfla nhfi chfla da dUdc Thfinh phd xem xdt, giai quyd't Ngofii ehfle traeh efla mdt Vien nghien cflu, EEFO edn dam nhfin nhiem vu bao ve cd vfit, xfl phat ddl vdi cfie hfinh vi pha hoai di tich Day lfi edng vide rfi't kho khfin, d i n den nhid'u va ch^m gifla eac nha khoa hpc vdi cfie ehu sd hflu di san, budn dd ed nhflng ngfldi thudng chi quan tam de'n ldi ich cua minh dem ban hay cac vu eo y pha huy di san tai Hfi Ndi Ddn eii, phat Men trudng hdp tffm bia CO da dflpc xd'p hang d chua Hdng Phuc (Hoe Nhai) dfi bi due di mot mang chfl Hfin va khfic chdn ldn dd lfi ten cua vi sfl tru tri chiia (Dfldng Tam Vidn), EEFO da gid cdng di^n trinh bao sd 1639 19-5-1936 dd'n Doc ly Hfi Npi Theo ydu cau cua EEFO, ngfiy 1.71936, Thfinh phd" da quyd't dinh sd 285 bai nhidm quyd'n tru tri chua Hong Phuc ciia sfl Dfldng Tam Vien vfi khdng cho phdp nh^ sfl nfiy dfldc tru tri d bfi't cfl mdt ngdi chiia nfio tgi Hfi Npi (33) Sau sU kidn nfiy, sudt thdi Phap thudc, tai Hfi Npi khdng thiy nhfic dd'n trfldng hdp nhfi tu hfinh nfio tu cho phdp tdn vinh minh nhfl vay nfla Tfl v a n x a y d i ^ g m o h i n h quan ly di tich d a c thii t a i H a Noi Ngofii vfi'n de' kiera kd, xep hang di tfch, trdn cd sd kd't qua nghien cflu vd' phong tyc t^p quan, thdi quen sinh hoat tfn ngfldng, phfldng thflc hoat dpng cua nhflng td chitc "phfldng, hpi" cdng ddng ngfldi Vi^t, Thflc hi?n sfl m$nh bao ve cd vfit, ngfiy Trfldng Viln Ddng Bfie co da tfl vfi'n cho H^i 21-6-1926, Giam ddc EEFO L.Aurousseau ddng Thfinh pho" vfi Sd Qudc gia Bao ton c^ ky quyet dinh cfl cfie biet phai vien EEFO tieh xay dflng md hinh "Hpi ddng quan IJ di de'n cfie ben cang ldn d Ddng DUdng Ifim tich" dd quan ly, giam sat hoat ddng tai cac nhidm vu kilm tra, cfi'p giSy phep hidn vfit cd sd thd tfl chfla d\i(}c xep h^ng cho chung cac loai Ban du thao trinh Thfinh phd' ngfiy 15-2my nghe tfl Ddng Dudng chuydn nUdc 1927 gdm die'u, qui dinh vd' muc dich sii ngofii Chieu theo quye't dinh nfiy, tai Viet dung vfi vide thd cung cfla cac cdng trinh tin Nam, Thfl ky EEFO dfldc giao phu trfich ngudng: moi cdng trinh mdt Hpi dong cang Hai Phdng, M.J.Buochot phu trfich quan ly, gdm de'n ngfldi, cd efi'u Hdi g6m cang Sfii Gdn Cdng viee nfiy bupc eac dfic hdi trfldng, hdi phd, thfl quy vfi cfie phai vidn EEFO ddi phai "hanh xfl nhfl vien Hpi cd nhidm vu Ifla chpn ngfldi trdng nhflng hien binh", song bfing nhflng nd lfle gifl cd sd thd tfl, lua chon ngfldi hfinh le, theo khdng mdt mdi, hp da c6 nhilu ddng gdp ddi, kidm tra edng viec cfla hp, Ifip danh sach vide ngfin chfin tinh trang ma't trdm nhflng ngfldi trinh len Ddc 1^ (34) Trong hien vfit di tich, ehay mau cd vfit d dd, moi did'u khoan co nhflng qui dinh rfi't cu Dong Dudng ndi chung vfi Ha Npi ndi ridng thd Ddng thdi, Hpi ddng eung c6 quyin l|ip Dien hinh phai kd' de'n vu viec phu nhan bien ban xin quan Dd'c ly phe duy^t di duoi cua Andrd Mahaux (32) tham gia fin cfip khdi ed ad thd tfl nhflng ngfldi khdng tuSn tfldng CO cua dd'n Angkor (Campuchia) theo cae qui dinh da dd 37 Nhu vfiy, mac dfl cd ngudn gd'c ban ddu tfl nhflng td chflc sd khai dan cfl tgi cac dinh, dd'n, chfla ciia ngfldi Vidt (hpi Tu vfin, hdi ddng tu sfla Van Mie'u trudc nam 1898 ) song cd the ndi md hinh "Hpi ddng quan IJ di tich" lfi mot thie't chd' quan IJ cae edng trinh tin ngfldng kha chfit che, khoa hpc Tuy nhien, vi tdn giao lfi vfi'n de rfi't nhay cam, hdn nfla cac qui dinh lai ed lidn quan dd'n phong tuc, tfip quan eua ngudi Vidt va dung eham trUc tie'p dd'n vai trd cfla cac than hao lang xa (luc Ifldng ma chinh quyen Phap dang cdn tranh thii dd vdi tay de'n cfie xom, thdn) (35) nen sau dd chinh quyen thude dia da phai rflt gpn cac tieu chi lai Ngfiy 24-10-1927, Nghi dinh 351 dupe Thdng sfl Bac Ky chufin y quye't dinh ve' quan ly cfie cong trinh tin ngUSng vdi npi dung: Cfie dinh, chua thudc cdng san Thfinh pho' mot Hpi dong tfl den thfinh vien quan ly (Hdi ddng dan dia phfldng bdu ra, dfldc Dd'c ly bd nhidm) Hdi ddng quan ly trinh Ddc ly qui dinh bd nhi^m, bai nhipm sfl sfii, thu tfl, cfie qui tfie tri an dinh, chfla (36) Theo dd, tfl nfim 1928, hfing Idat eac Hpi ddng quan ly eac dinh, de'n, ehua dupc thfinh Ifip Phd' trUdng, Ly trudng chiu trfich nhidm ldp danh sfich cac thfinh vien Hdi ddng thupc khu vflc minh quan ly vfi trinh Dd'c ly phd duydt bd nhiem Hdn nfla, moi Hgi dong qudn ly di tich deu phai Ifip did'u Id, npi qui hoat ddng theo hUdng d i n cua Thanh phd' (dfla tren cae qui dinh ehi tiet Dfl thao ngfiy 15-2-1927 cua EEFO) Thfinh vidn Hpi ddng lfi eac than hfio hogc nhflng nho si, ngfldi cd tam huyd't, uy tin dan eii Hoat dpng cfla eae Hdi ddng quan ly di tich hi chinh quyen thupc dia giam sat khfi chfit che Tfi't ca cfie viec td chflc te le, xin dfinh mo thit gia sue phuc vu td'cfic ky td tai cac den, chfla dd'u phai cd ddn trinh bfio gfli Tda Dd'c ly Khong nhflng thd', ngfiy 26-9-1934, H Virgitti - Ddc ly Hfi Ndi cdn ydu edu Hpi trudng cac Hpi ddng quan ly dinh, ddn, chfla yeu cdu bao cao ro ve hoat ddng cua cac Hdi ddng theo mfiu c6 san (37) nhfim cung cfi'p thdng tin eho chinh quyd'n Phap giam sfit chat che hoat ddng cua cae ed sd tinh ngfldng, dfic bidt lfi cac dinh lang - ndi hpi hpp nghi sU truye'n thdng ciia ngUdi Vidt Nhfl vfiy, tfl nam 1927 dd'n nfim 1934, chinh sfich dflng "Hoi ddng quan ly di tich" de giam sat hoat ddng tai cac dinh, dd'n, chua da dfldc thflc hidn rdng khap khdi di tich thupe cdng san ciia nhfi nudc Tfl nfim 1934, Thanh phd' bat ddu vdi tay sang khoi cdng triph tin ngudng tU san, cho dfing thdng bao yeu cdu cac chu sd hflu tfl nhan mpt thdi gian nhfi't dinh phai trinh bao gifi'y ehflng nhfin quyd'n sd hflu da't vfi Ifim thu tuc thfinh l^p Hdi ddng quan ly, nd'u khdng se bi trUng thu Nfim 1936, nham ngfin chan sfl lam dung tdn giao vfi dfla viec quan ly cac dinh, chiia vfio tr^t tu, Dd'c ly Hfi Npi lai ban hanh Nghi dinh sd387 (ngfiy 14-9-1936) quydt dinh ddi ten cac Hpi ddng quan ly dinh, dd'n, chfla d Hfi Ndi thfinh cac Ban Hgi dSng tri sit, gdm chu tich, phd ehii tieh, thu ky, thu quy va vidn (38) Nhidm vu eiia Ban Hgi dong tri sit dfldc qui dinh ro Thdng tU sd' 240 226-1936 cua Thanh phd': lfi phai thay mat Thanh phd trdng nom ciia cai eiia dinh, chua (nhfi, dfi't, bia, tupng thd ), Moi vi^c dinh, chfla mud'n sfla ehfla hay thay ddi, nhfi't thid't Ban Hdi ddng phai xin phep Toa Dd'c ly D5i vdi eac dinh, chfla dflde lidt vfid hang cd tich, viec sfla chfla phai dfldc sfl ddng y cua Trfldng Viln Ddng Bae cd Cac nhfi sfl, ong tfl thi chi dflde trdng nom ve vide Id bai, ddn hfldng, gifl gin cho ehfla sach sd Ngofii khong dflde tfl y sfla chfla hay thay doi gi chfla (39) Cd the thay, nhflng y kid'n tfl vfi'n chi tidt ciia EEFO ban Du thao ngfiy 15-21927 mfi Thdng sfl Bfie Ky e ngai khdng dua vfio Nghi dinh so 351 (ngfiy 24-101927) ve' viec thfinh lap Hot dong qudn ly di tich thi dd'n day da chfnh thflc dudc hdp thflc hda Theo qui dinh mdi, cfie Ban Hgi dong tri sit dupc phep dflng thu hoa ldi vfi tid'n thue tfl cac gian nhfi, da't dai thudc di tich de' chi tidu vfio vide tu sfla, thd cflng Thfinh phd Hfi Ndi chi thu tie'n thud' dfi't theo di^n tich thflc td' ciia cae edng trinh Did'u nfiy khdng chi mang lai cho Thfinh phd mdt ngudn thu nhfi't dinh ma cdn giflp bdt di ganh nang rdt kinh phi cho vide stta chfla cfie di tich thudc edng san cua Hfi Ndi Tuy nhidn, vi sd tien thu tfl hoa ldi va thud nhfi qufi it oi, khong du de chi tra cho cac di tfch ldn nen theo tham vfi'n cua EEFO, Ddc ly Hfi Npi da quye't dinh mien, giam thud' dfi't khu vUc npi va khu vue vanh dai bao ve xung quanh eua mdt sd di tich tieu bie'u (Vfin Mid'u Ha Ndi) (40) Cac chinh sfich nfiy da giflp cfie Hdi ddng quan ly di tfch (ngfldi Viet) tu ehfl hdn viec tid'n hfinh cfie hogt ddng bao vd, tu sfla, trt boat ddng thd eflng, td ll tai cfie di tieh Vdi each thflc hogt dpng kha cdng khai, minh bach, nhid'u Hpi ddng quan ly di tich da cd nhiing ddng gdp dfing kd vfio vide gin gifl phong tuc vfi bao ton cac dinh, den, ehua tgi Hfi Npi (Hdi ddng quan IJ Vfin Mid'u, dd'n Voi Phuc, dinh Ydn Phu ) Sau nflde Viet Nam Dfin ehu Cdng hda dfldc thfinh Ifip (thang 9-1945), md hinh "Hdi ddng quan ly di tich" tie'p tuc dUpc ehinh quyen each mang tri, hofin thidn vfi sii dyng phong trfio "Van hda eflu qudc" Tfl van \ i v a n de chuyen doi muc dich sii dung cua di tich Trong qua trinh qui hoach lai lai Thanh phd' tfl nam 1888 dd'n nam 1945, song soi^ vdi vide md dfldng, chinh quydn thudc dia Phap da cho xay tai Ha Npi 69 edng trinh ldn nhd (phu Tofin quyd'n, Tda thdng sfl, co sd van hda, y te', giao due ) (41) De thi^e hidn viec nfiy, Thfinh pho" da cho triftig thu, trUng dung nhid'u nhfi cfla, Id dfi't rpng lfin, dd cd mdt so dinh, dd'n chua ciing budc phai phfi dd, di ddi (dinh Nghla Quan, chua phd' Hfing Vdi, chua Phuc Co Hud', chua Bich Lflu phd' Thd Nhupm, chiia Ifing Nghia Dung, (finh Ydn Thfii, mid'u Hoi ddng vUdn Bfich Thao ) Viec khong ehi ddng chgm de'n vfi'n de' tam linh ciia ngfldi Vidt ma cdn khie'n khdng it ch san bi tdn hai Trflde tinh hinh dd, tid'p noi tham vfi'n cfla cac vidn tid'n nhidm ciia Phfii doan Khao cd Ddng Dfldng, EEFO da tfl vfi'n eho ehinh phu bao hd trdng vi§c v ^ dung chinh sach flng xii vdi cae di tich theo tiJtng logi hinh sd hflu (cdng san, tU san), Theo dd, di tieh thudc cdng san ciia nhi nude hfl hdng dfldc chinh phu cSfp tien tu siia (Van Mid'u, tfldng vua Ld, chua Mot Cpt ) nhflng phai di chuydn, pha d3 de xay dung cfie ed sd tdng edng cdng thi khdng dUdc ddn bfl (42) Ddn, mid'u thuoc sS hflu tu nhan (cd gifi'y chflng nhfin quyen s5 hflu da't dai) khong dUdc cfi'p kinh phi tu bo nhflng di chuyen thi du^c den bii dfiit dai theo gia thda thuan The ehd' hda chinh sfich nay, ngfiy 18-41918, Tofin quyen Ddng Dfldng ban hfinh Nghi (finh ve vide trung dung dfi't dai, c6i^ trinh vi muc dieh cdng tgi Ddng DU(Jng Trdn tinh than ciia Nghi dinh, Thfinh dfi chuydn nhfldng lgi mot sd Id dfi't cdng c6 didn tich phu hdp eho dan cfie lfing c6 di tieh hi phfi dd toan phan de xay lai (finh, ddn, chua mdi (dinh Yen Phu d hang Rfldi bi di chuyen nfim 1921 (43), dinh Sdng Sdn d dfldng Hfing Bdt di chuyen nfim 1932 ) (44) Ridng doi vdi cfie di tieh chi bi pha dd mpt phdn (dinh Giao Phong, dinh Ddng Hg d pho" Hud', dinh Ngpe Hfi phd Sdn Tfiy, dinh Dong mdn hfing Can nfim 1932 ) (45), neu lfi dfi't tfl thi hoac dflpc den bfl thdm phdn dfi't lien ke, hofic dupe bdi thfldng tie'n dd tu sfla Lidn ddi de'n vi^c nay, EEFO gifl vai trd xac minh cfie van ban, gifi'y td ehfl Hfin Ndm dd xac dinh quyd'n sd hflu ciia cac di tieh Tren cd sd dd, Thfinh phd' se quyd't dinh den bfl hay khdng den bfl eho cfie cdng trinh bi di ddi, cung nhu cfi'p gifi'y chflng nhan quyd'n sd hflu dfi't cho cfie dinh, chua mdi xdy lgi, EEFO cung theo ddi vfi xii IJ cfie vu viec vi phgm nguydn tic bao tdn xay dUng lgi cac dinh, dd'n, chfla sau bi pha dd Theo qui dinh, trUdc xdy dflng lai dinh, ddn, chfla Hdi ddng quan IJ di tich hofic chu sd hflu, sfl tn^ tri, thii tfl.,, phai trinh ddn vfi ban ve ldn Ddc ly Thfinh phd xem xdt, sau dd mdi dfldc tid'n hanh theo dung ndi dung da dfldc phe duyet Trong hai nfim 1940 vfi 1941, Thanh phd nhfin dupc ddn thfl eua dan lfing Trang Lau vfi Sd Trang khidu ngi rfing: Theo td trinh ciia dfin lang Trang Lau tfl ngfiy thang 31891 thi trflde mfit dinh lfing Trang Lfiu ed khac chfl Han 'Thfldng dfing thdn tfl" nhflng xay di^ng lgi dinh vfio thfing 111941 thi chfl nfiy lgi bi ddi thfinh 'Trang Lfiu thdn tfl", Sau kiem tra lai anh chup ngdi dinh (trflde pha dd), EEFO da dd nghi D6c IJ Hfi Ndi giii edng vfin budc Hpi ddng Tri sfl dinh Trang Lau phai cho s^a lai ehfl dd thfinh 'Thfldng d i n g thdn tfl" y nguydn nhfl ngdi dinh cd Lien tuc eac nfim 1930-1938, Vien Ddng Bac cd da giii nhieu thfl tfl trao dd'i qua lgi vdi Dd'c IJ Ha Ndi, Thd'ng sfl Bfie Ky vfi Toan quydn Ddng Dudng ve vide ehuyen ddi muc dich sfl dung cua mdt so' di tieh Qua dd, EEFO ludn gifl lap trfldng bao ve di san, yeu cau Thfinh khdng phfi dd nhflng di tieh da xep hgng de xay dflng eae cdng trinh mdi Ke't qua da cdng mpt so' trfldng hdp nhfl: phan ddi viec trung dung vfi gifl lgi dupe khu vfle edng Den Hai Ba TrUng (Ddng Nhan) khdng hi pha dd lam Ifim nghia trang, gifl lgi phdn di tich Thfinh co Ha Npi tai Vfldn Bach Thao sfla sang khu vfle Phu Tofin quyd'n (giai doan 1931-1935) (46) Did'u cho tha'y, ca phai thfle hidn "sfl menh" Phap qud'c giao phd hay trUc tid'p va chgm vdi quyd'n lfle, cac hpc gia EEFO v l n tufin thu nguydn tac Ifim vide cua nha khoa hpc chan chinh Cac cong t r i n h , b a i vidt, tfl lieu n g h i d n ciiu ve lich sii, v a n h d a Viet N a m va di s a n Ha Noi Ben eanh linh vflc quan IJ, bao tdn di san, eae tae gia ngfldi Phap va Vidt Nam vidn EEFO cdn de lgi rfi't nhidu cdng trinh, bfii vidt, tU lieu nghidn cflu v l lich sfl, van hda Vidt Nam va di san Ha Ndi Trong sd cfie cdng trtnh vidt ve di tich lich sfl cua Thanh phd', trflde tidn phai ke dd'n Louis Bezacier - mpt kid'n trflc sU ndi tid'ng cua EEFO Chi rieng nam 1900-1901, ong da cho dang lien tuc 33 bfii vidt (kem ban ve) trdn Tgp chi Bong Bitcfng (tfl sd 140 de'n 132) vd' lich sfl vfi kie'n true cae dd'n chfla d Hfi Npi nhfl; den Ngoc Sdn, Nam Giao, chfla Mot Cdt, Dflc Khanh, Quan Sfl, Lien Phai, Hd Qud'c, den Huydn Chan, Nhfi't Chidu, Hai Ba TrUng, Xien Phfip, Linh Lang, Viet Ddng Hdi qufin eflng nhid'u cdng trinh ehuydn de trdn Tgp chi eiia Vien Ddng Bae cd tfl nam 1914 de'n nfim 1959: Nghe thugt Viet Nam (Sur I'Art Annamite - 6/1914), Banh sdch cdc cong trinh lich sit Bac Ky, Trung Ky va Nam Ky (Liste des monuments historique du Tonkin, Annam et Cochinchine 1926), Kien trUc ton gido Bde Ky (L'Architeeture rehgieuse au Tonkin - 1938), Kien true cdc ngoi chiia tgi Bac Ky (Le Pantheon des pagodes Boudistiques du Tonkin - 1943) Vfi tidu bieu nhfi't la tac ph^m Cdc cdng trinh CO d mien Bac Viet Nam (Releves des monuments du Nort Vietnam - 1959) gidi thieu 85 ban dd cfie di tich lich sfl tieu bidu dfi dflde xd'p hgng tai Bfie Ky Tid'p theo L.Belzacier, Leonard Aurousseau, cung cd nhid'u bai viet ve Ha Npi, dd ed bfii "Ngoi den Hod Binh" (tfle Van Mie'u) dfing trdn Tgp chi Bong Ditdng nfim 1913 Md ta ve' cdng trinh nfiy, dng nhfin xdt: Kid'n true ciia Vfin Mie'u d vUdng qudc An Nam dupe chep theo mfiu eua Vfin Mie'u d Khue Phu tinh Sdn Ddng, Trung Qud'e nhflng cd kich thfldc nhd hdn (47) Ben cgnh cac tac gia ngfldi Phap, cac hpc gia Viet Nam ciing cd nhid'u edng trinh nghien cflu chuydn sau ve' cfie di tich cua Hfi Npi Nfim 1940, nhfi nghien cflu Tran Vfin Gifip cho dang bfii Bia Tien si Vdn Mieu Hd Ngi (Autour des stdles du Vfin Mieu de Hanoi), nfim 1942 xufi't ban cudn Cdc bgc de vitdng An Nam vd Phdt gido (Les Emperreur d' Annam et le bouhdisme) nha'n manh dd'n vai trd cfla Phat giao doi vdi cfie bfie Dd' vUdng (trong dd cd dd cfip den sU ddng gdp cua hp vide xfiy dflng chua ehien) Sau Trdn Vfin Giap, giai doan 1949-1951, tfie gia Trdn Hfim Tfi'n da cho dfing lidn tid'p bfii viet khao ve: chiia Mdt Cdt, den Ngpe Sdn, chfla Trfi'n Qude, quan Trfi'n Vu (de'n Quan Thanh), chua LJ Qudc Sfl, Van Mid'u trdn Tgp chi EEFO Anh 4: Ckaa Mdl Cot ddu theky XX (NguSn • Thu vien Thdng tin KHXH) Ve' ngudn tfl lieu de nghien eflu di san EEFO de lgi, ciing cdn nhfic dd'n gia trj CLta eac hd sd di tieh hidn dang lflu gifl t^i Trung tam Lflu trfl Qudc gia L Trong a^ hdn 400 cap tfii lidu ve cfie dinh, den, chiia eua Hfi Ndi, ben canh cac vfin ban hfinh chfnh edn ed hinh anh, ban vd, tU lieu chfl Han lfi nhflng kd't qua nghien cflu, khao sat EEFO eung cfi'p (48) Cac ban tu6ng trinh hoat ddng cua Hpi ddng quan ly cac di tfch (soan theo hfldng dfin cua Thfinh ph^ trdn ed sd dfl thao cua EEFO) ciing chita dUng nhid'u thdng tin ve cfie phong tuc t^p quan ciia ngfldi Hfi Ndi giai doan nfiy Dae bidt cfie vfin ban gifi'y td, sd lieu lidn quan dd'n hogt dpng tu siia di tich EEFO giam sat cho phep xac dinh nien dai eiia nhieu edng trinh di tich thdi hien dai TrUdng hdp Van Mid'u Hfi Npi lfi mot vi du tieu bieu: Qua tim hieu ve cfie ddt tu siia Ngdi den tfl nam 1888 den nfim 1945, chflng tdi da xae dinh dflde nien dgi cila mdt loat hang muc cdng trinh nhfl: Biic hoanh phi "Van the su bieu" treo tai B&i dudng vfi bfle hoanh phi treo tren cdng Dai Thfinh cd nidn dai nam 1888 Dien thd Mfiu Lidu Hgnh tai khu Khai Thanh xUa (nay la khu Thai Hpc) dfldc xay dflng tfl trflde nSm 1888 (49) Canh cdng ehfnh biing go hm, gian efla ehinh cua di?n Dgi Thfinh, cdng Dai Trung, cac bfie them dfi tai Khue Vfin Cfie, (hen Dgi Thanh, nhfi day Ta vu, Hflu vu dupe Ifim giai dogn 1905-1906 (50) Cdt nd'n cua cac cdng trinh tai Vfin Mid'u da dfl