sir RA DOn CUA HOAN QUAN TRONG UCH SlfVA CHE 0 HOAN QUAN THOTI QUAN CHU VIET NAM NGUYEN MINH TUttNG' T rong lich sfl chfnh quyin quan chu Vigt Nam, k l tfl thdi Ngd, Dinh, Tiln Lg dlh trilu Nguyin, cd mdt Io?i quan Iai kha ddc bidt, dd Id Hogn quan Cdn efl vdo nhiing tfl hdu lich sci, chung ta cd thd bilt ring, ban d i u H o ^ quan Id ehi mdt sd ngudi ddn dng sinh da thieu bd phdn sinh thflc khf hode phai chiu hinh phat clt bd bd p h ^ ndy, hay ty nguy$n thieh hoan, phu trdch nhiing vide tap dich nhU: Coi gifl cia eung, truyin d?t m$nh Ipnh, h i u vide dn sinh hoat cung vua Mdc dfl dja vi eiia Hoan quan thd'p k6m, nhflng vi hp Id ngUdi h i u gin gui cua vua, chiia, nen cd t h i dl ddng nhdn dupe sy tin c^y cua vua, chfla so vdi cac quan Iai khdc, vi v§y ed kha nang gay dfldc mdt sd anh hfldng ndo dd ddi vdi vua, ehua, thdm chf edn can dy vdo cdng viee trilu ehfnh Do dd, chiing tdi cho rdng, vide tim hieu ngudn gd'c, danh xflng vd anh hfldng eua Hoan quan lich sfl ehfnh quyin qudn chu Vidt Nam Id dilu h i t sflc cln thiet I N g u o n go'c va cac t e n goi c u a Ho^n q u a n t r o n g lich sii Hogn quan, cdn gpi la TU nhdn, Yem nhdn, Trung quan, Ngi thi vk Thdi gidm • PGS TS Vidn Sfl hoc ., Id san phim rieng cua t h i chg' chfnh tri qudn chu phfldng Ddng nhfl: Trung Qudc, VietNam Nhflng tdi Hdu ghi ch6p vl Hogn guan, sdm nhdt thfiiy ciKinh Thi vk Chu Ii Thien Xa Ldn - Tdn Phong, Kinh Thi cd ghi ehgp edng vi$c cua Hogn quan: " ^ ^ ^ 7-, # A :^ 'n - Vi kien qudn tu!, Tii nhdn chi lenh" (Luc chfla dflpc gdp nhd vua, thi khiln quan Ndi giam (Hoan quan) thdng bao trflde) Thidn Hgng Bd - Tieu nhd, Kinh thi \k sdng tdc eua Mgnh tU, mpt b l tdi thdi Chu U vfldng (781-770 tr Cn) mie phai ldi gidm pha md bi thiln, ldm Hoan quan Manh tfl ldm bdi thd ndy dl bdy td ndi oan khul^t eua minh, ed cau: " # A^T-, ^^itm, nsmj', m.mm^ - Tli nhdn Mgnh tii, Tdc vi thU thi; Phdm bdch qudn tu!, Kinh nhi thinh chi' (Hoan quan tdn tU la Manh tfl, xin ldm bai thd ndy Mong hdng tram bde qudn tii, hay kfnh cdn nghe theo, canh gidc gifl minh, trflde dfla xilm ninh) Thien Thieu Mdn - Dgi Nhd, Kinh Thi chi trieh bpn sdu mpt va Hoan quan lam roi loan dd't nflde: " S IS [h H, # # ^ - Mdu tgc ngi hong; Hdn trdc my c6n^' (Bpn sau ddn, mpt nflde thi gay rdi 8y diii cfla hoan quan Bpn Hoan quan thi hd'ng hach (khdng khiem cung) d ngodi) Danh nho thdi Ddng Han Id Trinh Huyen chu: "Hon, Trdc deu Id ydm nhdn, diu la ten quan vdy Trac ed nghia h\ cdt bd dUdng vdt" Trong chUdng Thien quan chiing te, sdch Chu Li dd ghi chdp cac lo^i ehfle danh vd edng vi$c cua Hogn quan, nhfl: "Ngi tieu thdn truyin menh l^nh cua hodng hgu", "Ngiicfi coi gia cOa giaa cua cung vua", "Tii nhdn trdng coi ngiicfi viidng thdt vd thac hiin Unh tritng phgt cung niit', "Ndi gidm truyin dat minh linh ngodC Xud't hi^n sau mpt ehut so vdi cae bd sdch k l trdn, Id thidn Nguyit linh vd Ngi tdc d Li Ky, da cd nhiing ghi chdp ey the hdn ddi vdi chflc trdch eua Hogn quan TrUdc thdi Ddng Hdn (25-220 tr Cn), Hogn quan khdng h i n diu Id ngfldi hi thiln hoan "Tat thdy deu diing ngadi thien hogn" {Tdt dung yem nhdn) Idm ngfldi h i u h^ cung vua Id chuypn sau thdi Ddng Hdn Sau thdi Ddng Han, Hoan quan hodn todn Id nhflng ngflcfi da bi hoan Cac trilu d^i ke thfla nhau, d i n d i n trd thdnh chd' dd eddinh B i t d i u tfl gifla thdi Ddng Han, cd nhilu d'u chfla Idm vua (1), ehfnh quyin thfldng rdi vdo tay Ngogi thich (Hp ngoai cua vua, tfle than thudc cua Hodng Thai h4u) Sau Hodng d l trudng thdnh, khdng cam tdm vdi tinh trang chuydn quyin ciia ngoai thieh, bdn dfla vdo hoan quan, phdt ddng chfnh bid'n, mudn doat ehfnh quyin tay ngoai thfch Trong cupc da'u tranh ung hd Hodng dl, ehd'ng lai t4p dodn ngoai thfeh, nhflng hoan quan ndy hinh thdnh thd' Iyc chfnh tri manh, thao tling chfnh quyin, thay thd' tdp dodn ngoai thfch Dfldi thdi Hdn Linh dd' (168188), Id thdi k^ hoan quan da long hdnh, khid'n cho nin ehfnh tri cdng hu bpi nhdn dan edng thdm khd'n khd' Stt Trung Qudc thudng nhdc tdi 10 vien hoan quan quyin hdnh rl^t Idn, thdi ky ndy, gpi Id Thdp Thidng thi Id: Trfldng Nhflpng, Tridu Trung, Ha Hdn, Quach Thang, Tdn ChUdng, Tat Lam, Tue Tung, Dodn Khue, Cao Vpng, Trfldng Cung, Han Khdi, Td'ng Dien Mfldi hai ngfldi diu Iam quan Trung Thiidng thi, rd't dupe vua Linh De quy trpng, sung ai, ndn gpi chung Id Thap Thiidng thi Thdi Dfldng, dd'n ddi Dfldng Huyin Tdng (712-755), hoan quan cdng dUdc tin dung Dudng Huyen Tong rdt sung hoan quan Cao Lfle Si Ong ta cd quyin quyd't doan chfnh sfl, ndi ehung, nhflng td'u bilu ca nudc giii v l trilu, diu Cao Lye Si quyd't dinh, cd dang ldn vua xem hay khong Sau cudc nd'i loan An - Sfl (An Ldc Sdn va Sit Tu Minh), kdo ddi ndm (755763), Hoan quan Ly Phu Qude ed cdng ldp Dfldng Tuc Tdng (756-762) Idm vua, quyen the' cdng ldn NhUng thdi ky ndy, hoan quan cung ehi dya vdo sU tin dflng eua nhd vua, de ean thi$p vao ehfnh sy B i t d i u tfl ddi Dudng Dflc Tdng (780803), de ngan chan vo tfldng dung binh Idm lopn, Hoang de' thiet Idp rieng nhflng ddi cd'm binh, nhfl: Td, HUu Thdn sdch, Uy viin, va giao eho hoan quan ndm gifl Vi thd', binh quyin tai Kinh dd Trfldng An hoan todn thudc v l ho^n quan, gpi Id Td, HOu qudn Trung uy Tfl dd, hoan quan lai ed nhflng binh tfldng Id ngUdi ngodi, gpi la Qudn dung Quan sdt sa Tran qudn Tiet sa thien ciing deu ed hoan quan gidm sdt Sau cd binh quyin, sy chuyen quyin, can dy vdo chfnh sy ciia hoan quan da ed eho dya, khdng h i bilt e sd, chang nhflng vdn vo bach quan chiu khud't phuc vd Hodng dd' cung khdng ed each ndo dep ydn dupc Thdm chi, cdc Hodng dd'nhd Dfldng nhfl: Hid'n Tdng (L^ Thuin), Kfnh Rghien cflu Ljch sfl stf 2.2015 Tdng (Ly Tram) ddu bi hoan quan dau ddc md che't Cdn eac Hoang de khae nhfl Mue Tdng (821-824), Vdn Tong (827-840), Vu Tdng (841-846), Tuyen Tdng (847-859), t Tdng (860-873), Hy Tdng (874-888), Chidu Tdng (889-904) diu hoan quan sdp dat md dfldc ldn ngdi Cd the ndi, Hoan quan vdo thdi Van Dudng hd't sfle ngang ngflpc, dc, hp lung doan trieu chfnh, kd't bd dang tidu digt ldn nhau, trilu dai nha Dfldng (618-907) eung theo dd md sup Thdi Minh, nhd't la tfl nien hidu Vinh Lae (1403-1424) ddi Minh Thanh To, Hoan quan bdt d i u dfldc trpng dung Nguyen nhdn sau xa khdng chi vi Minh Thdnh Td khdi binh tai Bie Binh (nay Id Blc Kinh), td'n cdng vd chid'm doat ngdi Hodng dd' cua ngfldi chau rupt Id Kie'n Vdn dd' (Chu Doan Vdn), sit gpi la "Su kien Tinh ngn", dfldc hoan quan giup dd rd't nhilu, ma nguyen nhan chu yd'u Id d ehd ehe' dp qudn chu chuydn ehd' thdi Minh da dat tdi dinh cao Minh Thdnh Td' dd trpng dung hoan quan dl tid'n hanh khd'ng ehe, cai quan cae mat ehfnh tri, kinh tg', xa hdi, quan sy Bdi vdy, tfl dd trd di, t h i lUc hoan quan khdng ngflng dUde tang cfldng, gay ngn nhflng hdu qua vd eung nghigm trpng cho ddi song xa hdi thdi Minh \ ^ quyin thd' eua hoan quan trdn cac mdt chfnh tri, kinh tg', quan sy qua ldn, nen mfle dd vd sfl nguy hai cua hoan quan chuyen quyen vdo thdi Minh edng nghidm trpng Trong so' hoan quan thdi ky ndy, cd bd'n ngUdi quyin lye ra't ldn, sii gpi Id Ta hay Ta Dgi Thiin viicfng la: VUdng Cha'n ddi Anh Tdng (1436-1449) vd (1457-1464), Udng Tryc ddi Hid'n Tong (1465-1487), LUu C l n ddi Vo Tdng (15061521), Nguy Trung Hien ddi Hy Tdng (1621-1627) VI each gpi, nhilu ngUdi cho rdng Hogn quan vd Thdi gidm la hai tfl ed ciing mdt khdi niem, nhflng thfle khdng phai nhfl vdy Thfl nhd't, ban d i u khdng phai mpi Hogn quan d i u bi thien Thfl hai, lich sfl thdi quan ehu, Hogn quan vd Thai gidm khdng phai ed cung mdt khai nidm Nhu trgn da ndi, Hoan quan Id tgn gpi ehung nhflng vign quan phuc vu Hodng de vk hodng tdc hoang cung Cdn Thdi gidm, trflde thdi Minh khdng phai Id Hoan quan Tfl Thdi gidm xud't hien sdm nha't Id vao nam Long Sde thfl (662) ddi Dfldng Cao Tdng (650-683), da dd'i didn Trung Tinh chuydn quan ly vide di lpi, xe ed, phuc sflc thdnh Trung ngy phu, ldp Trung ngli Thdi gidm, Thiiu gidm Trong chfnh quyen cua nhd Lidu (tdc Khid't Dan: 9071160), eac quan nhU Thdi phu gidm, Thiiii phu gidm, Mat thii gidm, deu cd chflc Thdi gidm Nhd Kim (1115-1234), nha Nguygn (1279-1368) deu theo che dp eua nha Ligu, bd't efl nha nguc ndo cung co chflc Thdi gidm Thdi gidm thdi Nguyen la quan lai ca'p hai nha nguc, chfl khong phai la ngudi ehiu hinh phat bi thieh Den thdi Minh mdi dat ehfle Thdi gidm la vidn quan dflng d i u Hoan quan Nam Hdng Vo thfl 28 (1395) ddi Minh Thai T^, hang ngu Ndi quan (tfle Hoan quan), thie't lap 11 giam, ddt chflc Thai giam, dia vi d trdn chflc Thie'u gidm vk Gidm thUa VI sau, lai thid't lap 24 nha mdn, moi nha mdn dat vien hodc nhieu vign Thdi gidm, trdt Chdnh ta phdm (2) Thdi Minh, mudn ldm Thdi gidm, deu phai Id Hogn quan, nhflng khdng phai mpi Hogn quan diu la Thdi gidm Thdi gidm Id cd'p trdn cua Hogn quan, dd la nhflng Hogn quan cao cd'p, eo phim cdp, bong ldc nhd't dinh Tuy nhidn, vao thdi Minh khdng phai cfl ldm Thdi gidm la chi cd mdt vide h i u hoang cung, ma cdn cd mdt sd' Thai giam dupe nhd vua trao cho nhiing cdng vide hd't sflc quan trpng, nhu trfldng hpp "Tam Bdo Thdi gidm" Trinh Hda chdng han Su" dCrt ciia hoan quan Trinh Hda, von hp Ma, ten hdi nhd Id Tam Bao, xud't than mdt gia dinh dan tde Hdi d Van Nam, Trung Qud'c Ddi dng va ddi cha cua Trinh Hda diu theo dao Islam (tfle Hdi giao), da tflng hdnh hfldng tdi dia La Mecque (nay thudc Ardp Xdut) Sau nay, dng vdo Idm Thai giara d eung Ydn Vfldng, vi td thdng minh thao vat nen dflpc Ydn Vfldng (tfle Minh Thdnh Td': 1403-1424) ygu men Tfl ndm 1405 dd'n ndm 1433, g i n 30 nara, Trinh Hda trUdc sau da Iln ddn dodn thuyin Gin d i u 1405, cd 62 thuyen ldn vdi hdn 27.800 ngfldi) qua An Dd DUdng, tdi tham vieng hdn 30 qud'c gia, xa nha't Id Somali, thudc Chau Phi n Sfl dien tien cua che Hoan q u a n t r o n g lich suf thdi q u a n c h u Viet Nam Hogn quan xud't hien tfl bao gid lich sfl quan ehu Viet Nam? Thye ra, de tra ldi dUdc eau hdi tren khdng phai Id dieu dd dang Cd dilu, chung ta diu bid't, cac trilu dai qudn chu budi d i u thdi dde ldp, vide td chflc chfnh quyin trung fldng, dai dd thfldng phdng theo quan che ddi Dfldng, Tong cua Trung Quoc Nhfl vdy, ed t h i khang dinh, vdo thdi Ngd, Dinh, Tiln Ld, da thid't lap trieu dinh, ed Vua, Hoang dd', Hodng tdc vd nhd't Id cd eung vua, thi at phai dat chflc Hogn quan de sai khie'n, lam eac cdng viec h i u Sfl cu chep ve vidn Hogn quan thude so' d i u tign cua Vipt Nam Id Do Thich, nhdn vdt da sat hai Dinh Tien Hodng vd Dinh Lien, vdo mua Ddng, thang 12 nam 979 Viit su! lade chdp: ":*: ^ + ¥ , H— ^ : Thdi Binh thdp niin Ddng, thgp nhdt nguyet, VUdng dg yen, vi Phuc Hdu hoanh Dd Thich sd thi cap Viet vUcfng Liin ddng " (3) (Thdi Binh ndm thfl 10 (979) Mua Ddng, thang 11, vua (ehi Dinh Tign Hodng - TG) an yd'n ban ddm, bi ten Phuc Hdu hoanh Dd Thich, gidt cung vdi Viet VUdng [Dinh] Liin" (4) Trong dd, sach Dgi Viet sit ky todn thli va cae bp sii chep sau nhfl: Dgi Viet sH ky tiin biin cua Ngd Thi Sy d the ky XVIII, Khdm dinh Viet sa thdng gidm ciicfng muc cua sfl t h i n trilu Nguyin d the' ky XIX, Viet sa ciiang muc tiii yi'u cua Ddng Xuan Bang d thd' ky XIX, deu chep Dd Thich ldm chflc Chi hgu ngi nhdn Dgi Viet sa ky todn tha ehep: "Mua Dong, thdng 10 nam Thai Binh thfl 10 (979), Chi hgu ngi nhdn Id Dd Thieh gidl vua d san cung Nhan luc dn yen ban dem, say rUdu ndm sdn, Thfch bdn gidt chd't, Iai gid't ludn ea Nam Vigt vfldng Liln" (5) Theo saeh Trung Qudc lich dgi quan chi' dgi ta diin thi Chi hgu ngi nhdn vd'n ed ten ehinh thflc Id Chi hdu ngi phdm, dflpc ddt vdo d i u ddi Td'ng (960-1279), ndm Nhgp ngi Ngi thi sdnh Cac vien Hoan quan ndi trdn Ndi thi sanh, chflc vu d dudi vidn Chi hdu Cao phdm Diu Id chflc quan h i u cd'm cung (6) NhU vdy, cd t h i thd'y, nhd Dinh ddt chflc Chi hdu ngi nhdn la ed sfl md phdng chflc Chi hdu ngi phdm tren day cua trieu Td'ng, Trung Qud'c Thdi Ly (1009-1225) dd ehinh thflc ddt cae chflc Hogn quan eung dinh Saeh Dgi Viet sa ky todn tha chdp: "Mua ddng, thang 12, ndm Thien Phu Due Vu thfl (1120), cho Ndi nhdn thfl gia Id Phan Canh va Mau Du Do ldm Ngi thadng thi' (7) Sau dd, Bgi Viet sii ky todn thd Iai chdp: "Thdng nam Thien Phu Dud Vu thfl (1125), vua (tfle Ly Nhdn Tdng - TG), tfl hdnh cung (8) Ung Phong de'n hanh cung Ly Nhan, Nhdp ngi thiidng thi Trung thfla la Mau Du Dd vdng tuydn bao cac quan ngodi ring: Cd rdng vang hidn didn kin ciia hanh cung, chl cd eung nfl va Hogn quan trdng thd'y" (9) Rghi&n ciju Ljch M^ stf 2.201 dflng Ly Thfldng Kidt va Ly Thfldng Hidn Vi$e Ly Thfldng Kiet ty yem de Idm hopn Ngi thi sdnh Id ten quan thy, vdo thdi quan Id mdt sfl thye, vi Thdn tich ed ndi Tfly (581-618), d^i tfl cd quan Trung Thi dng da Id'y vp, md sau dd, sfl ta eiing nhfl Trung sdnh cua ddi Blc T l md thdnh, phy sach Mdng Khe but ddm cua Thim Hopt ddi trdch mpi cdng vide h i u cung Td'ng diu ndi dng Id mdt hoan quan Cd Id, dinh Npi thi sanh ed cac chflc Ngi thi, Ngi Ly Thfldng Kidt chi Idm nhidm vu eua mdt thadng thi diu vidn, Ngi cdp sa vidn, hoan quan dfldi trilu Ly Thdi Tdng (1028Ngi y^t gid gidm vidn, Ndi thi bd vien, 1054), cu the ehi khoang 13 ndm (1041Ngi yii gid 12 vidn, Ty nhan vidn diu 1054), vi theo sfl cu dd'n ddi Ly Thanh Tdng (1054-1072), thi dng da dUpe vua tm tudng dflng Hoon quan (10) trpng dyng Dgi Viet sU ky todn thU chdp: Vdo thdi Ly, hoan quan khdng ehi ldm "[Ly] Thdnh Tdng phong cho [Ly Thfldng v i ^ h i u hp cung cd'm sud't ddi, md Ki$t] chflc Thai bao, trao cho tid't vidt di di n l u nhfl cd tai, trilu (finh cd't nhdc ldn cdc kinh ly thdm hdi I ^ dan d Thanh Hda, Ngh^ chflc vu quan trpng nhu trUdng hpp h$ An Den vua than di danh Chidm Thdnh Thudng Ki^t ehing han Sfl cu chdp; "[LS'] (1069), Id'y Idm tUdng tien phong, bdt dflpc Thudng Kidt ngudi phudng Thdi Hda, vua Chidm Id Che Cu Vi ed cdng, dflpc thdnh Thdng Long, ndi ddi lam quan, nhilu phong lam Phu quoc Thai phd, dao thy chfl mflu Iflpc, cd tdi Idm tudng Khi cdn ft tud'i, trd'n tid't dp, Ddng trung thU mdn h?, vi ve mdt tUdi dpp dupc sung Hodng mdn ThUdng tru quoc, Thien tit nghia dd (14), chi hdu theo h i u [Ly] Thai Tdng, thdng Phu qudc Thupng tfldng quan, tfldc Khai din chflc Ngi thi sdnh Dd tri " (11) qudc cdng, sau Iai cd cdng nfl!a, dflpe phong Chflc Hodng mdn chi hgu Id mpt chflc ldm Thai fly, rdi chd't" (15) Nam 1105, Thdi hoan quan Theo ail eii thi Ly Thfldng Ki§t uy Ly Thudng Kidt ehe't, dupe truy t ^ g chflc vd'n da cd vd, khdng ro vi Ie gi dng Iai tinh Nhdp ndi didn Dd tri, kilm hipu, Thai iiy, thfin (12) d l Idm hoan quan? Vl vide ndy cd Binh ehUdng quan qufic trpng sy, tfldc Vi^t nhilu thuyd't qudc cdng, thyc dp van hd" (16) cac chflc Ngi thiidng thi, Nhdp ngi thiidng thi thudc cd quan Ngi thi sdnh Bia Thdn phd Ly ThUdng Kiet cua Nhfl Ba Si cd vid't ring: V l v i ^ dng ty yem, cd thuydt: Mpt thuyet, lue vua Ly Thai Tong danh bat dfldc Nflng Tri Cao rdi Iai tha (1041), Ly Thudng Kidt nha't thid't ean ngan Vua cho Id thd't Ie, ben phat b i t tinh thdn Sau dng trd v l nhd, vua Ly Thai Tdng I?ii tridu vdo h i u cdn Thuyet thfl Id thuyd't da thdy d sach Viet dien u linh tap ring: Vua thd'y mdt miii dep, dd cho dng vpn quan tiln, bao ty yem " (13) Thuyit thfl cd le dling hdn, vi sii nhd T r i n sau ndy cho biet: Ndm 1254, vua T r i n Thai Tdng ban tien cho Pham Ung Mdng bao tfl hoan dl vao hiu,' la b i t chfldc 1§ cu cua trilu Ly Sau Ly Thudng Kidt ehit, vua LJ Nhan Tdng lai eho em dng Id Ly Thudng Hid'n (vdn eung Id hopn quan) dUpc k l phong tfldc h i u (17) Theo sii gia Ddng Xudn Bang Su" hoc bi khdo, thi: Trong quan c h l ddi Trin cung cd ed quan Ngi thi sank, ed cdc chflc Ngi thi, Ngi thudng thi gifl vide h i u cung vd tuygn phung chd'l^nh (18) Nhflng vdo thdi T r i n , cd mdt ch^ dd kha ddc bi$t Id chuygn dung hoan quan gifl ehfle Hdnh khien (tfle tfldng dfldng vdi Te tudng) Sach Bgi Viit sa ky todn thU nhdn chdp sy kipn "Miia ha, thang ndm Dinh SIT ddi efla hoan quan Mao (1267): Chpn dung nho sinh hay chfl sung vdo quan, cdc, sanh, vidn Bdy gid, Ddng Ke' Idm Hdn Idm vidn Hpc si, Dd Qud'c Ta lam Trung thfl sanh Trung thfl ldnh, diu Id nho si vdn hpc" (19), sfl t h i n trieu Ld sd nhdn xet ring: "Theo che cU, khdng phdi Id Ngi nhdn (Hoan quan), thi khdng dflpc ldm Hdnh khien, chfla bao gid dung nho si vdn hpc Bat d i u tfl ddy, nho si vdn hpe mdi dfldc gifl quyen binh" (20) Che' dp chuydn dung Hoan quan gifl chflc Hdnh khien, cd the kdo ddi sud't tfl d i u thdi T r i n cho dd'n ddi T r i n Anh Tdng, mdi ed sy thay dd'i Dgi Viet sa ky todn thU chep: "Mua Ddng, thdng 10, nam Quy Mao (1303); Ld'y T r i n Khic Chung lam Nh^p ndi Dai hdnh khiln Chflc Hdnh khiln ma ed thdm chfl "Nhdp tigi" Id theo trilu Ly, chuyen dung hogn quan Idm chflc d'y Dg'n day, Thflpng hodng (chi T r i n Nhdn Tdng TG) mdi ld'y Khdc Chung Idm Hdnh khiln, lpi thdm ehfl "Nhdp ngi" nhU xUa, va dung ca si phu Idm Hdnh khien" (21) Diu thdi Le sd dd thie't dat cde chflc Thdi gidm, Ngi gidm Ngi nhdn thi hgu Nhflng chflc Thdi giam dflng d i u Ngi quan (tfle Hogn quan), cd the khdng phai Id' Hoan quan, md trieu (finh dung cdc vign dai t h i n kiem nhipm ehfle d'y, nhfl: Trfldng hpp dau thdi Lg Thai Tdng (1434-1442) ld'y Didn tiln dd kilm dilm Ld E dflpc kiem gifl chflc Thai gidm, Ndi giam ndi ngopi chfl dieh (1434) (22) ehing ban Lg E tflng dflpc Le Thai Td' vinh phong la Cdng t h i n hang nhd't, tfldc Thfldng tri tfl nam 1428 (23) Nhflng ghi chdp dfldi day cua sit cu ve Thdi gidm, eang cho thd'y vdo d i u thdi Le sd, chflc a'y khdng phai diu la Hoan quan sach Dgi Viet sH ky todn thU chdp: "- Thdng nam Thipu Binh thfl (1437): Ld'y Thdi gidm Tham tri chinh sy Trinh Kha iam Thig'u uy " (24) Hodc eiing vao thang 8, nam d'y, vua Le Thai Tdng: "Ra ehi du cho cae dai than, Thdi gidm va Hinh quan ring: Nhflng ngfldi xii dn, phai cdn cfl vdo cac dilu ehinh ludt md xet xii, edn edn efl vao dilu nao de xii mdt tdi nao, thi phai tham khao ludt hinh rdi trinh cho dpi t h i n , Thdi gidm, Dai quan (tfle quan Ngy sit ddi - TG) vd ndm dao eung xem xdt " (25) Thdi bd'y gid, cdn mdt hi$n tUdng Id cac vign hoan quan khdng phai chi ldm cdc vipc h i u hdu cung, md cd kha nhieu ngfldi gifl nhflng chflc vu quan trong, nhfl trudng hdp Hopn quan Ludng Ddng, dupe vua Ld Thai Tdng eho gifl chflc Ld bd ty Dong gidm kiem tri Dien nhgc sU Vua Le Thai Tdng da sai Lfldng Ddng vd Nguyen Trai soan dinh nha nhae cho cdc nghi thflc dai trilu Vi "kiSh gidi khdng gidng nhau" vdi Lfldng Ddng, ndn Nguyin Trdi "xin trd lgi cong viic dUOc saf Vua Ld Thai Tdng bdn sai mdt minh Lfldng Dang dinh cde quy chd' Khi edng viec hodn thanh, nhd vua thdng Lo bg ty Dong gidm Lfldng Dang len Idm Bo ^ m (1437) (26) Vdo thdi Le Thai Tdng, cd mdt so ldn hopn quan chuyen gifl vide hau cung cd'm, nhu cdc vidn Hopn quan Dinh Phuc, Dinh Thing chdng han, nhflng dfldng nhfl s6^ hoan quan ndy, dfldc trilu dinh "nudng chiiu" cho ndn hp cd quyin thg'khd Idn Bii cu chdp trfldng hdp Hoan quan Dinh Thing ddm qudt mdng vign Tham nghi Nguyin Lilu, ong tau vdi vua: "- Tfl xUa tdi nay, chUa bao gid ed canh hoan quan ehuyen pha hoai thidn nhu thd'ndy!" Dinh T h i n g tfl bUdc ra, mdng rang; "- Hoan quan lam gi md pha hopi thidn ha? Nd'u pha hoai thidn thi chdm d i u ngfldi trflde!" (27) Thdi Ld Thanh Tdng, theo saeh Thien Nam du hg tap, thi tfl ndm 1471, sau hieu dinh quan che, ehe' dp hopn quan dflpc quy dinh ro rdng hdn trUdc 14 Bit diu tfl ndm Hdng Bite thfl (1471), Ndi quan hay Hogn quan cd edc chflc sau day: Trfldng quan: Thi trung linh, vien, trdt 3a - Phd quan: Pho thi trung lenh, vidn, trdt 3b - Thudc quan: ••- Bat triic lenh, vidn, trdt 4a + Pho bat true lenh, vidn, trdt 4b (28) C6 Id rflt dfldc bdi hpe ve sfl long quyin cua hopn quan dUdi trieu Le Thai Tdng (1434-1442), ndn dm vdi ddm hoan quan, tfl mdi len ngdi, vua Ld Thdnh Tdng td hd't sflc canh giae vd nghigm khdc Sdch Dgi Viet sa ky todn thU cho bid't: "Thang ndm Quang Thuan thfl (1463), cdm Ngi quan va gdi cung khdng dupc kd't bpn vdi ngudi ngodi, khdng dflpc trao doi trd chuypn vd dua bdn vdi (29) Dfldi thdi Le - Trinh cd the ndi, hoan quan ra't cd thd' lye vd dupe trpng dung hdn hdn eae trilu dai trflde dd Tfl Trinh Tung (1570-1623) trd di, khdng ddi chfla Trinh ndo, khdng cd mot vai vidn hoan quan than can, dupc trao cho quyin hanh rl't ldn, cd trUdng hpp Id'n at ca uy quyin cua chua Trinh Cd t h i k l den mdt vdi nhdn vdt tidu bieu nhfl: Npi giam Nhac qudn cdng Bfli Si Lam thdi Trinh Tung; Thid'u bao, Chudng tu le gidm, Qudn cdng Hodng Nhan Dung (dupc ban hp Trinh la Trinh Ldm) thdi Trinh Trdng; Han qudn cdng Than Cdng Tdi thdi Trinh Cdn; Thie'u bao, Van qudn cdng Dd Ba P h i m thdi Trinh CUdng Trong cdc vi chua Trinh, thi Trinh Giang (1729-1740), bi eac sci t h i n eoi Id vi ehfla hdn kdm nhd't Chinh ehfla Trinh Cudng, than phu cua Trinh Giang ciing bid't: "Giang la ngudi ngu dot Udn hen, khdng the gdnh vdc dugc cdng viec" (30), ndn Trinh Cudng dd c h i n chfl khdng mudn trao ngdi chua cho Trinh Giang (31) Rghien curu Ljch sfl stf 2.2015 Vi thd', ma Hoan quan Hodng Cong Phu (qud xd Que' Trao, huydn Hipp Hda, tinh Bae Giang) c6 thd ehuydn chinh, long quyin, tac oai, tdc phue Th^m ehi, Trinh Giang edn cho xay hdnh cung Qud' Trao, tai que hUdng cua Hoang Cdng Phu de d vd hdnh Ipc (32) Dde bipt, chiia Trinh Giang dinh mdt t h i chg' chfla tflng cd quan chl thdi quan ehu Vidt Nam, Id dat ridng mdt "ban" cho Hoan quan, gpi la Gidm ban: Sdch Dgi Viit sa ky tuc biin chdp: "Mua ha, thang 4, ndm Vinh Hyu thfl (1739), khao thi Gidm ban Chd' dd eu ehi ed ban: Vdn, Vd Dd'n Iai ddt them Gidm ban, thdnh ban, td chflc khao thf, trflng thi trao chflc" (33) Saeh Khdm dinh Viet sa thdng gidm cUdng muc eiing chdp; 'Thang 4, mfla hp, ndm Vinh Hyu thfl (1739), Trinh Giang bdt d i u dat Gidm ban Theo ehe' dp eii, cac quan ehi ed ban; Van, Vo Dd'n bpn hoan quan long quyin, Giang mdi ddt thdm Gidm ban Ha Ipnh: Ai thi khao trung cdch sd dupe trao eho quan chflc Cde quan Id'y the ldm hd' thpn, nhflng khdng dam noi Dd'n d i u ddi Canh Hflng (1740-1786) mdi bdi bd vide dat Gidm ban" (34) Tuy gpi Id Gidm ban, nhflng phai hieu la Thdi gidm ban, vi dUdi thdi quan ehu, chfl Gidm ed dd'n nghia: Tfl d l ehi quan thy ndi ehung nhu: Quo'c Tii giam, Thilu phu giam, Quan khf giam, Dd thuy gidm ; Gpi tat cua Qud'c Tii gidm, nhfl: Gidm sinh (Sinh vidn Quo'c Tfl giam), Trfldng gidm ; C h i r ; i d i ^ m ( ) Theo sfl gia Phan Huy Chii, Gidm ban thdi Le - Trinh cd cac ehfle: - Tdng Thdi gidm, trdt 3a - Dd Thdi gidm, trdt 3b, - Thdi gidm, tr^t 4a (36) - Thiem Thdi gidm, trdt 4b Sir d6i efla hogn quan - Dong tri Thdi gidm, trat 5a - Td Thieii gidm, trdt 5b - HOu Thieii gidm, trdt 5b - Gidm thaa, trdt 8a (37) Sau thdnh ldp Gidm ban, tfl thdi ehfla Trinh Doanh (1740-1767) vi ed nhieu eude khdi nghia ndng ddn nhfl: khdi nghia eua Qudn Heo Nguyen Danh PhUdng, khdi nghia cua Qudn He Nguyen Hflu Clu trieu dinh phai efl tUdng di danh dpp, trd'n dp, nhieu vidn hoan quan ed tai lam tfldng, cdng dflpc trpng dung Nam 1770, ehua Trinh Doanh bd' dung Hopn quan Hodng Cdng Ky gifl chflc Thdng ldnh chinh Tdy Bgi tUdng qudn, de di ddnh Nguyin Danh Phfldng (38) Ndm 1743, chua Trinh Doanh bo dung Ta Thie'u giam Hodng Ngu Phue gifl chflc Doc Ilnh dgo ky binh phdi hdp vdi Thdng tUdng dgo Chinh binh Id Hoan quan Hoang Cdng Ky di danh Nguyen Hiiu Clu d Dd Sdn (nay thudc Thdnh phd Hai Phdng) (39) Chua Trinh Sam (1767-1782), vfla len ngdi da phong cho Hoan quan Hodng Ngu Phuc tfldc cdng mdt ehfl (tfle Viip Qudn cdng), lpi gia phong eho la "DUc van ddng dac cdng thdn" (40) Sau nay, Hodng Ngu Phiic dflpc thang Ien chflc Dgi tU do, Chudng phu Sli, trdt Chanh nhd't phdm (41) Hoang Ngu Phuc Id bde danh tfldng vdo hang so mot eiia trieu dinh Ld — Trinh Trong lich sfl quan chg' thdi quan ehu Vigt Nam, de'n trieu Minh Mgnh (1820-1841), thi dpi ngu hoan quan mdi dupc quy dinh vl nhiem vy vd thfl hang m^t each rd rdng Thdng ndm 1824, trieu dinh cd Ignh cho cac dia phUdng tfl Nghd An Blc Hd, xdt hdi ddn gian xem cd ngudi nao Id Yim hogn (tfle sinh dd khdng ed dUdng v^t), thi tram dieh ddn ve Kinh Phu Xuan (tudi tfl 13 trd ldn, dd'n 65 tudi trd xud'ng), khdng dUdc gid'u giem Trieu dinh quy dinh nd'u quan dia phUdng ndd che gid'u ngUdi thi bi phat 80 trfldng, cfl moi ngfldi Iai tang them bde Nhan ddy, vua Minh Menh du bao Thai thudng Ty khanh Hodng Kim Hoan rdng: "Ddi trUdc nhd Hdn, nhd Dfldng md't nflde, rang sd trdi, nhflng ehfla ban la khdng bdi bpn ndy gay Song cdng viec eung cd'm khdng cd nd, cung khdng xong Nay bpn eung giam ehi ed hdn 10 ngUdi, khdng dii sai khid'n, cho ndn mud'n kdn thdm NhUng ehi dung dd gifl cfla va truyin bao mpnh ldnh, khdng cho ean dy dd'n chinh sy trilu dinh, tfldng cung khdng hai gi" (42) Thang nam 1836, vua Minh Menh ban du chi bat d i u quy dinh cd'p b^e cho eac Thai giam Tfl day trd di, nhd vua quy dinh "Khdng cho da vdo phdm cdp quan che, de to rang hogn quan khdng dUpc ke uao hgng tdn thdn" (43) Cuoi bdi Du, vua Minh Mdnh lai nhdc nhd chdu dng ring: "Cho hp, ngudi nao vide d'y, de sai khig'n h i u ha, nhUng mdi mai khdng dy vdo giai vd phdm quan ehfle trilu dinh Ve du ndy, ehuin cho Qudc Tfl gidm khie vao da, lai Iuc giao Qud'c sfl qudn kinh cln tang trfl, truyin lpi cho chau ta mudn van nam, ddi ddi kinh gifl ma khdng thay ddi Ne'u mudn thay ddi thi eac bay tdi, trilu vd ngoai tra'n ndn neu Idi Trim, ndm Id'y dd ma can ngdn de siia chfla lam ldi " (44) Bai Du cua vua Minh Mdnh tren day, sau dd vao ngdy mung thdng nam Minh Mdnh thfl 17 (1836), dupc cae vidn dai t h i n cua Cd mat vidn Id TrUdng Dang Q u i va Phan Ba Dat khdc todn vdn vdo bia da dyng tai nhd bi dinh ben phai Van Mid'u, Kinh dd Phu Xudn (45) Rghien o i u Ljch sfl^ stf 2.2015 Theo bdi Du trdn, thi Thai gidm dupe nhflng ngUdi chiu hinh phpt ndy nhU d chia thdnh hang (xem bang 1) (46); Trung Qudc, hau nhfl khdng ed Vl vdy, Bang 1: Cdc hang Thai giam thfli Nguyen TT Tdn dang^hang Thu ddng Thfl ddng Trung ddng A ddng Ha ddne Chflc vu Thai Kidm Quan vu Thai gidm; Didn sU Thai gidm Kidm sU Thai Ridm; Phung nghi Thai gidm Thfla chune Thdi giam; Dien thing (47) Thdi gidm Cung sy Thai giam; Hp nd Thdi gidm Csung phung Thai gidm; Thfla bign Thai giam Bang 2: Bang ca'p tien Ifltfng h a n g thdng cho Thdi giam (48) TT T€n dkng hang Thu ding Thd dins Trunp danp; AdSng Ha ddnR Tien (Quan) 6 i n Ket lu$n Qua diln tid'n cua che dp Hopn quan lieh sit thdi qudn ehu Viet Nam, vfla dfldc trinh bay trdn day, chung tdi xin rflt mdt so nhdn xdt nhfl sau; Che' dp Hoan quan cOia Nhd nflde qudn chu Viet Nam Id mo phdng theo c h l dp Hopn quan cua Trung QuS'c thdi cd', trung dpi Nhflng dpi ngu Hoan quan thdi quan ehu Viet Nam thudng ehi ldm cdng vi$c h i u cung cd'm, vd so' lUpng cung khong nhieu nhU Hopn quan eac ddi Han, Dudng cua Trung Qud'c Do vdy, d Vi^t Nam, khong t h i xua't hidn cdc Hoan quan Idng quyen, ngang ngflde, hong hdch nhfl kieu Thgp thudng thi ddi Han hay Ta ddi Minh nhu ndi d trdn Vi dudi thdi qudn chu Vipt Nam, tfl the ky X din the ky XDC, Nha nflde da ap dyng Ngd hinh QCuy ddnh roi; TrUdng: ddnh bing g^y; Do: dd ldm Iinh chdn voi, ngya, hau nhd quan, ; LUu: day di xa; Ta: gig't chd't), nen ludt hinh h i u nhU khdng dp dung Cung hinh, tfle c l t bd bd phdn sinh due cua ngUdi pham tdi Cho ndn, sd* Hoan quan dUdc tuyen ehpn tfl Gao (PhXolns) 3 2 ngudn bd sung eho ddi ngu Hoan quan thdi quan ehu Vidt Nam, chu yd'u b i n g dudng: Thfl nhd't, ty nguydn thiln hoan dl dflpc Idm Hopn quan; thfl hai, Id ngfldi vd'n sinh da khdng cd bd phdn sinh due Trong Iieh sti thdi quan ehu Vi$t Nam, cd khong it ngfldi vd'n xud't than U hoan quan, nhihig bang tdi ndng, dflc dp cua minh, hp da trd thdnh nhflng danh tudng, danh nhan lich sfl ed nhilu dfing gdp ddl vdi dd't nudc, nhfl: Thai fly Ly Thudng Ki§t ddi Ly, Vidp Qu^n cdng Hodng Ngu Phue ddi Le - Trinh, Chudng Ta quan Ld Vdn Duydt ddi Nguyin ehing hpn Mpt nhiing nguydn nhdn quan trpng khid'n cho Hoan quan Vidt Nam c6 nhilu dilm khac biet dw vdi Hoan quan Trung Qudc Id vi: Vua chua Vidt Nam thud xfla khdng song qua tdch bipt doi vdi ddn chung; eung cam eua hp eiing khdng I^y ^ lam to ldn, qua xa each vdi khu ddn cU; cimg phi cua hp cung khdng ndo ldn tdi vdi nghin ngfldi nhfl hdu cung cde hodng dl Trung Quoc Ly dl hieu Id vi trilu (finh qudn ehu Vidt Nam khdng qua gidu cd dl nudi vd tra Ifldng cho vM nghin cimg phi nhfl Sir d i cfla h o a n quan T r u n g Q u d c Vi Id do, dpi n g u H o a n q u a n V i e t q u d n c h u , nd'u n h u cd v d i t r f l d n g h p p l o n g N a m , c h u a b a o gid l d n tdi sd' h a n g t r a m , q u y i n , c h d n g q u a t h d i bd'y gid t r i e u d i n h h a n g n g h i n n h U cac ddi H d n , D u d n g , Tong, g a p p h a i "Hdn qudn" N g u y g n , M i n h , T h a n h c u a T r u n g Quoc n d n h p m d i cd t h d i ed vd d i e u k i p n de xud't Hoan q u a n d Viet N a m chu yeu e d n g vigc hiu cung cd'm, lam so* lUdng t h u d n g k h d n g n h i e u T r d n g lich sfl t h d i CHU h o d c "du chda" h i d n Dd l a n h f l n g t r u d n g h p p h a n t r i vi, hflu, k h d n g p h a i thfldng x u y d n x a y r a t r o n g lieh sfl t h d i q u a n ehii V i d t N a m THICH (1) Tii Hdn Hda de'(89-105 a.Cn) trfl di, thdi Dong Han gdn nhU Hu Ku chua noi ngoi; - Hdn Hba de'flLUu Tn^u): len ngoi nfim 10 tudi - Hdn Thiicfng de (Luu Long • 105-106): len (14) Thiin tii: nghia de: nghia lfi em nuoi cua vua (18) Dfing Xufin Bang: Sii hpc bi khao Nxb Vfin hoa Thong tin, Ha Noi, 1997, tr.515 • Hdn An dS'QjMu H^iu • 107-125): len ngoi nSm 13 tudi (19) (20), (21), (22), (23), (24), (25), (26), (27), (29) Dgi Vlit sit ky to&n thU Sdd, t^p tr 36, 36, 87, 321, 292, 342, 342-343, 343-344, 345, 399 • Hdn Xung rfe'{Lau Binh - 145-146): len ngoi nfim tudi (28) Kham dinh Viet sil tkOng gidm ci^yng muc Nxb Giao due, Hfi Noi, 1998, tfip 1, t r l l l - Hdn Chat de'(Uiu nfim tudi (30) (31), (32) (34), (38), (39) Khdm dinh Viet sit thdng gidm cUOng muc Sdd, t§p 2, tr 472, 472, 507, 503, 525, 563 ngdi ndm tuoi Toan - 146-147): len ngoi - Hdn Hoan de'(Luu Chi - 147-167): len ngdi nfim 15 tuoi • Hdn Linh dS'(L\iu Hofinh - 168-188): Ien ngoi nfim 12 tudi (2) La Tong Lye (chu bien): Trung Quoc lich dgi quan che dgi tii dien Bfie Kinh xufi't ban xa, xufittban 1994, tr 126 (3) Viet su: luac Q.l: Binh ky (4) Viet su: lugc Nxb Thu^n H6a - Trung tam Vftn hfia D6ng Tay, Hue, 2005 Ban dich c i a Tr£n Quoc Vu^ing, tr 56 (5), (7), (9), (U), 915), (16), (17) Dgi Viet silky todn thli Sdd, tftp 1, tr 214, 291, 294, 285 285 285, 285 (6), (10) Trung Quoc lich dgi quan che dgi tii diin Sdd, tr 650-651, 156 (8) Hanh cung: lfi cung dien ldm t^im, lfim cho nghi ngdi cho nhfi vua di kinh ly cac ndi ngofii Kinh (12) Tinh thdn nhan: NgUcii dfin ong da cfit dflt sinh thUc (13) Hofing Xuan Han: Ly Thititng Kiet • Lich si ngogi giao triiu 1995, tr 33 Ly Nxb Vfin hpc Hfi N$i (33) Dgi Viet su" ky tuc bien Nxb Khoa hoc xa hoi, Hfi Noi, 1991, tr.l54 (35) Trung Quoc lich dgi quan che dgi tii dien Sdd, tr 681-682 (36) Phan Huy Chu Lich triiu hien chiicfng logi chi, eh^p thi^u chflc Thdi gidm • Toi cfin cfl vfio Quan che dbi Bdo Thdi mfi them vfio (37) Phan Huy Chu: Lich triiu hien chuang logi chi Nxb Sii hoc, Hfi Noi, 1961, t^p 2, tr.l5 (40), (41) Dgi Viit sil ky tuc bien Sdd, tr 301, 348 (42) Dgi Nam thUc luc Nxb Gifio due, Hfi Noi, 2004, tap 2, tr 331 (43) (44) (46), (48) Dai Nam thUc luc Sdd, tfip 4, tr 872 (45) Xem tofin vfin chfl Han vfi ban dich sach; Khoa cii vd cdc nhd khoa bdng tneu Nguyin Pham Dflc Thfinh Dung - Vinh Cao (Dong chu bien) Nxb Thufin Hoa Hue, 2000, tr 44-47 (47) Dien thdng, chfl Thdng, doc lfi No, nSn c6 ban dich lfi Dii'n nd Thdi gidm, Ho nd Thdi gidm