LfiNG NGH€ VUNG DONG B^NG SONG HONG TOr COI NGUON T R O N G THdl KV DOI Mdl HICN NflV LUU THI TUY^T VAN' T fl ldu nghien cflu ve lang nghd" Ik di t&i dupc quan tdm rd't nhi^u trdn sdch vd, bao chi va da dUdc de cap kha phong phu, sau sSc, nhung nhflng nSm vfla qua, h^u nhfl nhidV ke't qua nghidn cflu cung mdi chi thidn ve tinh hinh cv the va vdn thie'u mdt gdc nhin todn di$n Bdi vi nghien cflu ve ldng nghe", nhd't thid't phai nghidn cflu ldng trUdc he't rdi dg'n nghe Nd'u chi nghidn cflu nghe thi ch^c chan la chfla d l y du Thie't chd' lang xd c l n du^c nghien cflu d day de thd'y mdi quan h$ hflu cd thUc sU gan bd cua lang xa vdi n g h i ndng va nghe thu cdng Ndi gon lai, mud'n nghien cflu nghe ldng nghd" thi ddng thdi phai nghien cflu trUdc hd't Id thiet che* ldng xd vd ndng nghidp d cac ldng xd dd Danh tfl ldng cd le da xud!t hien kha sdm lich sii Vidt Nam Dd'n thdi Bde thuoc, nUdc ta lai chia thdnh qudn, huydn va hUdng, xa Thdi doc lap tU chu, tfl ho Khuc da cd cac dun vi: Id, phu, chau, giap vd xd Thdi Dinh - Le cd dao thay cho Id Thdi Ly Trin ldp lai Id va hUdng Thdi Ld cd trdn thay cho Id Thdi Nguyin cd tinh, huydn, xa, xd cd thdn, giap, xdm Trong ngfl tfl Han Vi?t dfldc dung chfnh thflc tfl xfla den • TS Vi^n Sfl hoc tdn niia d i u the' ky XX nUdc ta chi cd chfl xa, chfl khdng cd chfl ldng Chfl Ndm dfldc dung phd' bid'n tfl the' ky XIII, phat trid'n manh til the ky XVIH-XIX Trong ngfl tfl Ndm c6 til ldng, nhung khdng ro xu^t hidn vdo thdi nao Cd '^ kie'n cho rdng chfl ldng cd mdt tren vdn bia thdi Ly - Trin nfla cudi th^ ky XX, vdn khdng cd chfl ldng vd chi cd chfl xd trdn vdn til Han Vi$t thi trdn vdn ban chfl Qud'c ngfl (dflng phd' bid'n tfl cu6i thd'ky XX) da xud't hi$n chfl ldng Nhan dan ta da goi cdc ddn vi cfl trfl nh6 d ndng thdn la ldng, thon, xom tfl rd't ldu, C6 the gia dinh rang vao d i u thdi Bde thuge, nhflng tfl: ke, chid"ng, cha da dfli?c thay th^ bdng mdt tfl thd'ng nhd't chi chung Id lAng, roi dUdc ngfl tU Han 'Vi$t ghi la xd (1) Cung cd thi dodn dinh rdng chfl ldng da dfldc nhan dan ndi dd'n trflde dfldc phan dnh vao chfl Ndm vd chfl Quoc ngfl Nhflng du chfl lang cung khdng dUdc dung tfl buoi d i u dflng nflde Tuy ddi mudn hdn nhflng khai niem ldng v i n la tfl chi chung cho cac cpng ddng cu dan ddng bdng sdng Hdng ngUpc vi cdi nguon cung nhU xudi theo ddng lich sfl vl sau Cac cdng dong cU ddn ndy rd rdng Id chu nhdn cua nd"n ndng nghi$p Ifla nUdc, Lang ngh^ vimg d6ng bang sdng ^ n g cua nen vdn minh sdng Hdng cdi ngudn dan tdc Khi chinh phuc ea mot vung chau tho rdng ldn vdi nhieu bai dd't b6i mdu md ven sdng, ven biln, cdc cu dan ndi ddy phai hdp Iflc vd hinh nhiing cdng ddng ngUdi hodc theo ddng ho, hodc theo tin ngudng, hay theo phong tuc tdp quan, NhQng cpng dong ndy mdi ngdy mdt phdt trien ddng dao va phan nhfl phan chia te bao thdnh cac te' bao nhd theo cd'p 80* nhan Sfl phdt trien ndy khdng chi v l so lfldng md v l ea chd't lupng, tfle Id v l mdt cd'u true t h i chd' vd ddi song Moi mot t l bdo la mdt ddn vi ddc l^p cd bd mdy quan ly, cd lu^t Id song, cd each thflc dl lao dong san xud^t, dn chia cdng bdng, d l sd'ng theo phong tuc tdp qudn tin ngUdng Nhflng ddn vi dd cd tinh ddc ldp tfl quan, tfl cung tU cd^p nhung khdng cd ldp md ed lidn hd vdi cdc ddn vi khac ydu clu cua san xud't hodc vi quan h$ hp hdng than tdc hay ydu eiu tu vd trflde sfl xdm Iflpe ciia edc t h i lfle ngoai iai NhiJng ddn vi nhfl t h i sau ndy goi la lang d t h i ky XIX, nhilu ldng hpp xd, ldng edn giap vd xdm Td't ca deu eflng mdt n g h i la khai phd dd't dai de Ifla, hoa mdu va chan nudi, hodc ddnh cd vi sdng rd!t nhilu vd bidn bd kha dai NhUng mud'n san xud't dUdc, du Id trdng lua hay chan nudi, ddnh ca thi phai cd cdng cu san xud't Thd' Id ngudi ta phai tU bang bdn tay vd khdi de cua minh sang tao cac loai cdng cu tfl thd sd tdi hodn thidn hdn Vdy Id • cdc ndng ddn cung la cdc thd thu cdng eho chinh minh Tu lidu san xud't cd ban cua ldng xa ndng nghidp Id rudng dd't Rupng dd't ldng xa ludn thudc quyin sd hflu cua t^p t h i cdng dong, sau bi nhd nUdc chd'p chie'm va giao l^i cho lang xa cd quyen sii dung Rudng tfl hflu luc d i u rd't it nhUng mai sau ndy mdi nhieu hdn Cac xa dan dupc bd mdy quan ly xa thdn chia rudng cdng dinh k;^ ng^n han ndi chung Id ndm mdt lin, roi dflpc thu hoi de lai chia tid'p Che dUdc nha nflde ung hd vd budc cac xa thdn phai thuc hidn theo ludt dinh cua nha nflde Che' dd edng dien edng thd' dflpc thflc thi ch^t che vd gdt gao d cae ldng xa ddng b^ng sdng Hong Xd dan ddng dao ldm ndng nghidp phu thudc rd't chat vdo che dp ehia rupng ndy Dd la sfl gan bd quyen ldi mdu thit nhd't ciia hp vdi ldng xa No edt chat xd ddn vao ldng qud eua hp Chflng ndo chd' dp rudng dd't edng ldng xa edn dfldc tri thflc hidn thi ehflng dd v l n edn eae xd thdn Cho dd'n gifla t h i ky XIX che dp rudng dd't ndy vdn edn dflpe thfle thi tri^t de ndng thdn ddng bdng sdng Hong Sau dd chinh quyin thupc dia Phap ke ca Nam trilu lai tid'p tuc cho cac bd mdy quan ly' ldng xa Bde Ky sflc thuc hien nd mdt cdch rdng rai de'n gifla the' ky XX Dd chinh Id vi ban than ldi ich thong tri cua thflc ddn (2) Trong thfle t i e d mdt soit ldng ehia rudng edng vdi mdt thdi han ldu ddi hdn (6 ndm hodc nhilu hdn) thdm chi chia mdt lan vinh viln (3) Dd Id nhflng ldng ed qua it rudng cdng hodc hdu nhu dai bd phdn xd ddn kid'm sd'ng td't hdn nhd ldm n g h i tilu thii cdng nghidp (TTCN) Chinh vi sfl bao lflu lien tuc chd' dd cdng diln edng thd' ma cac ldng xd cung ton tai vd tri ldu dai Tfl tinh hinh tren cd the xet thd'y rdng chflng ndo cdn chd' dd sd hflu tdp thd hay cdng cdng ve rudng dd't, thi chfliig dd xa dan cdn tiep tuc bam chat ld'y ldng xa cua minh, va ldng xd cdn hipn didn vung chau thd' sdng Hdng Ldng cdn thi ndng nghidp vd thu cdng nghiep cdn Ngfldi ndng dan ludn la thp thu edng ciia chfnh minh NhUng eung vdi sfl phdt trien lich sii, tay n g h i d ddu dd ndi trdi hdn, cd phfldng phdp san xudt hdp ly vd lam nhieu thdnh phdm hdn, ed Uu thd' tiep cdn nhieu nguydn vdt lidu tdt va san cd hdn, dieu ki^n phUdng tipn 36 giao thdng chuydn chd thudn tien hdn thi mdt ad thd thii cdng ldng nao khdng ehi san xudt cho nhu cau ban than hay ciia Idng minh, ma cdn cung cd'p san pham bid'n thdnh hdng hda eho ca vflng, ca tinh, ca nudc thdng qua chd dia phUdng, chd d nhilu dia phfldng khdc, chp d kinh dd Mdi ldng cd the cd n g h i nd'i tid'ng hodc nhilu nghe khdc ciing nd'i tiing trdn thi trfldng Dd chinh Id cdc ldng nghe Vdy ldng nghi Id nhCtng ldng co nghe tieu thd cdng nghidp sdn xudt cdc sdn phdm hdng hda phuc vu nhu cdu cua ddng ddo nhdn ddn khap ncti, hogc ndi tii'ng ve nhiing chdt liiOng riing bi$t cua hdng hoa bdn Thd thii cdng ldng cd the it, cd t h i nhieu, thdi gian san xud't cung cd the it cd t h i nhilu Nhflng dilu quye't dinh la san phdm tilu thii cdng nghipp eua ldng phai la hdng hda ban trdn thi trUdng rdng rdi NhQng ldng nghe nhu t h i dd ton tai tfl rd't ldu ddi d ddng bdng sdng Hong, dd di vdo nhieu edu ngan ngfl, ea dao ddn gian, vd vdn chfldng thd phu eiia nhieu vdn thi hdo danh tid'ng mpi thdi deii nhU: Linh hoa Yen Thdi, gdm Bdt Trdng, Tha vdng Dinh Cong, thd dong Ngd Xd Hay tuyet tdc vinh td* nfl tranh Ddng Hd: Hoi bao nhiiu tuoi hdi cd mtnh, Chi cUng xinh md em cUng xinh Ddi Ilia nhii in td gid'y trdng, Nghin ndm mdi cdi xudn xanh Dudi thdi cdn d^i (1858-1945), cdc lang nghe tdng them v l mpi m^t (so nghe, 36 thp, sd ldng, cdng cu cai tien ) nhflng ve 81^ phat tridn tfl than thi h i u nhU khdng cd bie'n chuyen gi Tieu thii edng nghiep vln gin vdi ndng nghipp, ndng thdn Bdi dd Id y dinh ciia chinh quyen thudc dia Id su bao lflu cac thilt c h l ldng xd gdn vdi ndng nghidp, giai quyd't nan thfla ddn d ddng bing Bde Ky, tranh tinh trang vd san hda Rghien cuu Ljch sir, sg 2.2015 ndng dan de tri mdt nen edng, ndng nghidp kdm phat trien Mot ndng thdn nghdo nan lac hdu, bfln lly nUdc dpng, vdi bao hu tuc te nan xd'u xa dd dUpc phan dnh d^m ndt vd sau sdc tren vdn chfldng bao chi dfldng thdi Mdt tac gia nudc ngodi da phai vid't nen cud'n saeh: "Ddng DflOng cd'p cflu" (Indochine S.O.S.) Hai lanh tu Dang Cdng san Ddng Dfldng vdi but danh Qua Ninh vd Van Dinh da eho mdt ddc gia cud'n sach noi tid'ng "Va'n de dan cdy" \ ^ vdy edc ldng ndng nghidp, cac lang n g h i ehi cd t h i thay dd'i vd tid'n triln ed mdt eudc each mang ddn tdc dan chu tridt dd diln Vd qua thflc Cdch mang thdng Tdm ndm 1945 da nd thdng ldi tren todn qudc Tuy nhidn, sau chinh quyin Viet Nam Dan chu Cdng hda mdi xay dflng khdng lau, Vipt Nam lai phai tien hanh eudc khang chie'n chdng thfle ddn Phap ndm gian khd' 19451954 Trong bdi canh dd, cdc ldng nghi vung ddng bdng sdng Hong vdn dfldc tri san xud't de phuc v^ hdng hda tidu dung cho nhan dan vd khdng chid'n Tfl nam 1954 cho dd'n ndm 1989, eac lang nghe ddng bang sdng Hong phat trien cd che' ke hoach hda tdp trung ciia miln Bde Trfl ba ndm thdi ky khoi phuc kinh te (1955-1957), vdi ehu trfldng phat triln kinh t l nhilu thdnh phan ciia Nhd nudc, cdc ldng n g h i phat t n l n theo phfldng thflc ca t h i , tu san, tU tidu va mdt phln tieu thu eho thfldng nghidp quoc doanh Tfl nam 1958 trd di, ldng n g h i phat trien khudn khd' cdc hinh thflc tdp t h i nhfl hpp tac xa tieu - thu cdng nghipp, td san xud't Day cung chinh Id thdi gian ma lUc lupng san xud't cdc lang nghi bi bd hep Nhieu ldng nghe bi mai mdt, nhilu nghe nhan bd nghi Sau Nghi quyd't (Khda IV) cua Dang vdi hai Nghi quyet vl cdng nghidp dia phUdng vd v l phdn phoi lflu thdng, nhdm thuc dly san xud't hang Lbng nghe vung ddng bang sQng Ijgng hda tidu dung vd xda bd tinh trang "cd'm chd ngdn song" cd che ke' hoaeh hda sinh ra, tinh hinh ed thay dd'i hdn nhUng vdn chua dli de giai phdng hoan todn sflc san xud't cua cac lang nghi Phai tfl ndm 1989 trd di, chinh sdch kinh td' nhieu p h l n thfle sfl phdt huy tac dung va sfl giai the eiia ed quan quan ly ngdnh doc ciia ngdnh tilu - thii cdng nghiep Id Lidn hidp xd Tilu - thii cdng nghipp Trung UOng thi lUc lupng san xud't d eae lang nghi ndi chung vd d dong bdng sdng Hdng ndi ridng mdi thflc sfl dflpc giai phdng Tfl sau ndm 1975, tinh hinh kinh te, chinh tri nUde cd nhilu bid'n ddng vdi ca thudn ldi vd khd khdn da anh hfldng dd'n sfl phat trien cua cdc ldng nghi Ngudn vidn trd ciia cac nflde xd hpi chii nghia bi cat giam, My bao vdy cd'm vdn, Ifldng thue, hang hda tieu dung thie'u thon nghiem trpng Cflng vdi nhflng khd khdn trdn, ca nUdc lai phai dli phd vdi hai cudc chid'n tranh bien gidi phia Bde vd phia Tdy Nam Su sai Ilm ldn linh vUc phdn phdi lUu thdng vd cudc dilu chinh gid - Ifldng - tien ndm 1985 dd khie'n dd't nudc rdi hodn todn vdo khiing hoang kinh te' - xa hdi, lam phat s^ Trong ndng nghidp, cd Chi thi 100-CT/TW (13-1-1981) ciia Ban Bi thu Trung Udng v l cai tid'n edng tac khoan "md rdng khoan san p h i m dd'n nhdm lao ddng va ngUdi lao ddng" hdp tac xa ndng nghidp Vd de'n ngdy 5-4-1988, Bd Chinh tri Trung fldng Dang lai Nghi quye't "Ve dd'i mdi quan ly kinh te' ndng nghidp" thudng gpi la Nghi quyd't 10 hoac "khodn hd" da thay dd'i chd' dd khoan phu hdp vdi nguydn vpng ciia ndng dan Sau dd, Ludt Dd't dai ndm 1993 da quy dinh thdi han sfl dung rudng dd't ddl vdi dd't canh tdc nong nghidp Id 20 ndm vd dd't ldm nghidp Id 50 nam (tfl nam 2013 dd't ndng nghidp cung Id 50 ndm) da ldm cho ndng ddn yen tdm canh 37 tae vd d i u tu trdn manh rudng cua minh Nhd dd, san Iflpng Ifldng thflc ngdy mdt tdng Vidt Nam tfl mdt nflde nhdp k h i u lUdng thUc da trd thdnh nflde xud't khdu gao dflng thfl the' gidi chi sau An Do vd Thai Lan Mac du hinh thflc sd hflu cua n i n kinh td' ed su thay doi nhUng t h i l t e h i ldng xa, lang n g h i vdn h i u nhfl dflpe gifl nguydn ven Tinh ldng nghia xdm, sfl tfldng thdn, tUdng cpng ddng ldng xa ndm ed e h i tdp t h i hda d ndng thdn chinh la sfle manh to ldn, hdu phfldng vflng chdc ve vdt chd't vd tinh t h i n gdp p h l n quan trpng vdo thdng lpi cua cudc khdng chid'n cho'ng My, cflu nflde va sau ndy Id phat trien kinh td', xa hdi d ndng thdn Trong n i n kinh te thi trUdng hipn nay, ddi lfle cd su gian each nhflng v l cd ban yd'u to' lang va ldng nghe v l n k i t dinh bin chat Trong dieu kien thdi han sit dung rudng dd't Id 20 ndm hay 50 ndm, ngUdi ndng ddn kieni thd thii cdng da dflng trflde mdt sfl lua chpn dflt khoat ho^c chi ldm nghi ndng, hoac chi ldm thp TTCN Dd Id cd hdi tdch bidt, hay phan cdng lao dpng xd hpi gifla ndng nghidp vdi TTCN V4y thi edc ldng nghe se sao? Cdc ldng nghi cung dflng trudc sfl Ifla chpn d'y Tuy nhidn vdo thdi dilm trUdc vd sau thdp nidn 90 t h i ky XX, san xud't TTCN khd khdn, ngUdi thd thu cdng da quay v l vdi san xud't ndng nghidp Nguyen nhdn chfnh la trudc dd vdn d l Ifldng thflc d Vi$t Nam luon ludn bi thid'u hut, ngudi thp thii edng cln d'n dinh bfla dn eua ban thdn vd gia dinh hp Khoang tfl gifla thdp nidn 90 trd di, vd'n de an ninh Ifldng thflc qudc gia da ro rdng dfldc giai quylt, cdc ldng nghi da d i n d i n tdch khdi ndng nghidp nhilu mfle dp khdc Ngudi ta da cd thd bdn quyin sfl dung rudng dd't ldm vo'n d i u tU eho nghe 38 Rghien cflu Lich siV s6 2.2015 tieu - thu edng nghiep Dilu cung de quyen sfl dung rudng dd't ldu ddi vd khdng thdy vi ldm ndng nghidp khdng hieu qua, Id thudc qua nhilu vdo nd nfla, ke ea vdi khdng dii song, gia ca lua gao khdng cao, ndng nghidp Dd la ly sdu xa eua cau ndi ldm nganh n g h i TTCN cd ddi thdi ky g i n day ndng thdn nhfl "Bd sdng khdm khd hdn Trong lich sfl da tiing rudng chfl khdng bo nghi" Cdu ndi ndy xay hidn tUpng dd ma d tren da d l cdp, nhu mdt k h i u hidu chi sU Ifla ehpn cuoi nhu ldng Van Phue thdi cdn dai NgUdi ta eung cua ndng dan dong b i n g sdng Hdng Id khdng e i n din manh rudng cdng cua ldng quyet di theo cdc ngdnh n g h i hdn Id lam chia eho dl tdp t n m g vao n g h i ddt kid'm ndng nghidp nhUng v l n tri thilt chl sing td't hon Nhifng n l u n i n ndng nghidp ldng xa Dd Id dfldng phdt trien mdi tU dfldc hi$n dai hda, ndng sudt vd chd't lfldng than eua cac lang n g h i dong bdng sdng san phim tdng, thu nhdp cua nong dan Hong d i u t h i ky XXI Con dUdng ndy c6 ngdy edng cao, thdm chf gidu ed ldn, thi khia canh ndo dd gid'ng nhfl sfl hinh nhilu thp tilu - thu cdng nghidp sdn sdng eae hUdng trd'n d Trung Quo'c "Ly ndng bd't Iy hUdng", cung gid'ng nhfl phong trdo "Moi trd ve ldm ndng nghi$p Chdc chdn rdng lpi thdn mdt san phim" (one tambon one fch kinh te ca nhan hay gia dinh ludn ludn product) tai Thai Lan hay phong trao "Moi Id nguydn cd ban de ngUdi ta lua chpn lang mdt san phim" (one village one ngdnh nghi Tuy nhidn nguyen nhdn cd product) d Nhdt Ban Tfl nam 2005, Vidt ban khdng phai Id nguydn nhdn nhd't Nam eung cd d l an v l ChUdng trinh phdt Trong mdt tinh hinh "de thd" d l lua ehpn triln "Mdi ldng mdt nghd"" vdi muc dfch; nhu tren thi nhiing nguydn nhdn thfl yeu Tao phong trdo rdng k h l p ca nflde phat lai trd thdnh quan trpng, th^m ehi quylt huy ldi thd', tilm nang cua eae dia phUdng dinh Ngodi rudng dd't thi ldng xd cdn bid't v l ngdnh n g h i ndng thdn; md rdng thi bao mm quan hp rang bude khdc: ddng hp, trfldng tidu thu vd ngoai nUdc, thu tfn ngfldng, tdn giao, phong tuc tdp qudn, hut vd tao mdi hen ket chdt ehd hdn giiia P h l n ldn cdc nhd nghidn cflu xd hdi hpc nhilu "nhd" cung tham gia phdt tri^n diu cho riing vide tfl bd mdt thdi quen, mdt ngdnh n g h i ndng thdn; tao nhflng ngh^ tdp quan Id dilu khd khdn nhd't, lau ddi mdi, thdm nhieu ldng cd nghe, them nhilu nhdt, gian kho n h i t , du cho dd la nhflng nghe mdi gdp p h l n chuyen dich cd cd'u dilu td't dpp hay nhfliig dilu ldi thdi, lae kinh t l ndng nghidp, ndng thdn; gop hdu Dung v^y, nhiing gid tri cua qua khfl p h l n bao tdn gia tri truyin thong, tao khdng bao gid md't di chl'c Idt Nhflng ban sac mdi cua cac lang xa ede san day dflt tiec nudi, thdm chi ehu nghia hodi phim; gdp p h l n phdt triln ndng thon CO cung diu dang thdng cam vd tran trpng qua trinh cdng nghidp hda theo Cho din tdn the ky XXI ndy, ngudi ta v l n hfldng k i t hpp giQa vdn hda truyen thing cdn nhd din cay da b i n nUdc dd, nhflng vdi vdn minh hidn dai (4) Mdt nhdn dinh yim tham vdi ndn quai thao, nhflng tid'ng e i n rut Id mudn tie'n ldn edng nghidp leng keng eua tdu dien chay trdn dudng hda vd hien dai hda khdng the de qud khfl phd, Chfnh vi cai trang thdi tinh cam vd dd nang ldn hidn tai, nhfl nhd kinh dien tam 1^ nhfl vdy ndn nhilu ldng nghi d ddng cua chu nghia Mac gpi nd Id "ngudi chd't m'u bang sdng Hong vdn ton tai dUpe vd phat chdn ngUdi sd'ng" (Le mort saisit le vif) triln deu ddn, mdc du chd' dp rupng dd't da Theo Bdo cao td'ng hdp ciia cac Ban Kinh thay dd'i Idm cho nong dan vd thp TTCN ed Lbng ngh^ vflng dgng bAng sdng Ijdng B a n g 1: S o lUtfng c a c l a n g n g h e or d o n g b a n g s o n g H o n g n a m 1998 Tinh Tong so' Thai Binh Ninh Binh Nam Dinh H»Nam Hai Diidng Hung Yen Hai Phong Bic Ninh HftNoi H4T4y Vinh Phiic Tong so: 82 161 90 37 42 39 80 58 40 88 14 731 Lfing nghe truyen thong 14 20 19 16 30 11 16 31 20 20 215 tl, sd cdng nghiep, Sd Ndng nghidp vd Phdt triln ndng thdn vd Hdi ddng Udn minh cdc HTX edc tinh, so lUpng cac ldng n g h i d ding b i n g sdng Hong ndm 1998 nhfl dfldc the hidn bang Trong so 731 ldng thi chi cd 215 lang (29,4%) Id ldng n g h i truyin thong, cdn lai Id cdc ldng n g h i mdi Su xud't hidn cdc ldng n g h i mdi Id nhan td' rd't quan trpng thuc dly qua trinh cdng nghidp hda, hi$n dai hda dd't nude Cac ldng n g h i mdi xud't hidn Cling chflng td kha ndng phdt trien vd khing dinh vi tri cua chung phat triln kinh t l ndng thdn (5) Ndm 2000, vdi Nghi dinh 132 cua Chinh phu vd nhflng ndm sau dd Id cac quy dinh cua Bd Ndng nghipp vd Phdt trien ndng thdn v l phat triln ngdnh nghe ndng thdn thi vide edng nhdn ldng n g h i da dflpc xet theo nhiing tieu chf nhd't dinh O titng dia phfldng lai cd nhflng quy dinh rieng v l cdc tidu chf cdng nh^n lang nghi Lai cd nhflng tidu chf nhu ehi e i n 20% so hd ldng ldm n g h i thi dflpe gpi Id ldng n g h i (6) Sau dupc cdng nhdn, cac lang nghe dupc hudng mdt s l ehfnh saeh uu dai vay vmi, thue dd't md rdng m^t bang, thud' Vi le dd, so lUdng ldng n g h i d viing dong bdng sdng Hong ludn cd sfl khdc va xud't Lang nghe mdi 68 141 61 21 12 28 66 27 20 68 515 Lao dong lam ngh4 88.505 87.221 62.132 38.802 34.440 22.391 33.762 34.120 68.679 113.956 20.595 594.303 hien them tfl "ldng cd nghi" NhUng s l Heu dfl cd khac nhU the' ndo thi diu cho thd'y thdi ky ddi mdi d vung dong b i n g sdng Hong vdn Id ndi cd so* ldng nghi tdng nhanh vd cd nhilu ldng nghe nhd't so vdi cdc vung nUdc vd cd vai trd quan trpng kinh td'va xa hpi ndng thdn Cd the ddn cii vdi s l l i ^ u dfldi ddy Theo so Hdu cua Lidn minh hpp tac xa Vidt Nam, ndm 2008, Vidt Nara cd hdn 2.000 ldng nghi, thudc 11 nhdm nghi chinh Cdn theo bao cao cCia Hiep hpi ldng nghi Viet Nam thi din cuoi ndm 2011, ca nUdc cd 3.355 lang nghi vd ldng cd nghi, dd cd hdn 1.600 ldng nghe dUpc cong nh^n theo tieu chf, vdi 53 nhdm nghi (7) Rieng cac tinh dong bang song Hong da cd 2.311 ldng nghe vd ldng cd nghi, chid'm 2/3 so lang nghe eiia ea nflde (8) Tinh Hd Tay luon cd s l Ifldng ldng n g h i nhilu hdn ca so vdi cac tinh khae Tfl thang 8-2008, Hd Tay sap nhdp vao Hd N6i, dd ldm eho tinh hinh ldng n g h i eua Thu Hd Ndi phong phu hdn Nam 1986, ehi tfnh cdc lang nghe du tidu chi, tinh Ha Tdy cd 88 lang vd nam 2006 la 219 ldng vdi g i n 160.000 lao ddng Nam 2005, gia tri san xud't eua cdc ldng n g h i dat 3.000 ty dong Thu nhap binh quan Id 14,7 tridu dong/hp Hghi6n cihi Ljch si^ stf 2.2015 va 3,3 tridu ding/nhdn khiu Lang n g h i tdp trung nhilu nhd't Id d cdc huydn Thanh Oai, Thudng Tin Phfl Xuyen vdi 120 ldng, chiem tdi 55% so ldng n g h i todn tinh Dd'n cudi ndm 2003, Ha Ndi cd 30 xa cd nghi TTCN, dd cd 10 lang n g h i cd Hch sii hinh tren 100 ndm, 14 ldng nghi tfl 30 - 100 nam vd lang nghe mdi hinh thdnh Dd'n nam 2009, Thii dd Hd Ndi (da bao gom ca tinh Hd Tdy) da ed tdi 1.270 ldng cd nghi, giai quylt vide ldm cho 727.000 lao ddng, chid'm 60% so lao ddng ndng thdn todn thdnh phi, vdi thu nhdp 700.000 dong mdt thang Theo s l li$u cua Phdng Quan If Tilu thu cdng nghi$p vd Ldng nghi, Sd Cdng Thfldng Hd Ndi thi din ndm 2014, Hd Ndi cd 1.350 ldng nghi vd ldng ed nghe, chilm 58,8% tong so'ldng toan thdnh phd', dd cd 286 ldng nghi da dupc uy ban nhSn dan thdnh p h i edng nhdn Ndm 2003, gid tri san xud't cua cae ldng nghi rd^t ldn chilm ty le rd't cao ting thu nhdp cua ldng, xa nghe, nhd't Id nhflng ldng nghi phdt triln manh nhU Bat Trdng, Lien Hd, Vdn Hd, Ninh Hiep, Cd' Nhue Xd Bat Trdng (huyen Gia Lam) thu nhSip tfl nghi gdm, sfl dat 125.000 tri^u dong Xa Ninh Hipp (huydn Gia Lam) thu nhdp tfl ngdnh nghi Id 41.700 tridu dong, tfl cdng nghi$p, xay di^ng Id 1.170 tridu ding vd tfl thfldng mai dich vu 1.320 tridu dong, thu tfl ndng nghipp chi cd 225 tri$u ddng Xd Lien Hd, huypn Ddng Anh chii yd'u vdi nghi mpc cho thu nhdp Id 32.260 trieu dong, thu tfl thfldng mai dieh vu Id 1.470 tridu dong, cdn tfl nong nghidp Id 1.550 tridu dong Xa Cd Nhud' ehii yd'u vdi nghi may eho thu nhdp Id 78.825 trieu ding, thu tfl thfldng mai dich vu Id 28.388 tridu ding vd tfl ndng nghiep Id 13.540 tridu dong (9) Ndm 2004, ngdnh n g h i ehilm khoang trdn 50% lao ddng ndng thdn Ninh Binh Mdt scT huydn, xa ed so" lao dpng tham gia ngdnh n g h i cao nhu huydn Kim Sdn 88%, Yen Khanh 54,3%, Hoa Lfl 41%, xa Thfldng Kidm (Kim Sdn) 90%, xa Khdnh Nhae (Yen Khdnh) 86,5% tong so' lao dpng ndng thdn Nhflng nghe thu hflt nhieu lao ddng la: Che' bien cac san phim cd nguin goe nguyen lipu tfl cay edi: 85.000 ngfldi, theu ren 9.600 ngudi, e h i biln Ifldng thfle, thuc phim 13.000 ngfldi Sd'hp tham gia ngdnh nghe Id tren 90.000 hd, tuOng dfldng tren 50% td'ng sd* hp ndng thdn Nhflng nghi truyin thd'ng tidu bilu Id cham khic da, thdu ren, nghi ldm hdng cdi, mpc, dan lat (10) Ndm 2011, tinh Ninh Binh ed 160 lang td'ng s6 1.500 ldng (thdn, ban ) cdn bao t i n vd phdt triln cdc nghi truyin thd'ng, vdi trdn 40 n g h i khac Tfl ch6 ehi cdn vdi xf nghidp vdi 6.000 thd ehuydn nghidp vdo ndm 1998, dd'n ndm 2014, huydn Kim Sdn ed 26 ldng nghi, dd 25 lang nghe chuydn san xud't cac san phim tfl cfii vd cae nguydn Hdu tfl nhidn Gid tri san xult cdng nghidp, tieu thu cdng nghidp cua huydn (theo gia co dinh 1994) dat 253 ty dong ndm 2010, 307 ty dong ndm 2011, 407 ty ding ndm 2012 vd 430 ty dong nam 2013 Gid tr} xudt khd'u, ndm 2010 dat 7,5 tridu USD, 2011 dat tridu USD, 2012 dat tridu USD va 2013 dat tridu USD (11) Tinh din nam 2000, tinh Blc Ninh cd 58 ldng n g h i vdi 25 ngdn hd ehuyen nghidp vh hdng ehue ngdn hp khdng chuydn nghidp san xud't CN-TTCN vd dich vu (12) Din cudi ndm 2010, Bac Ninh da ed 86 lang nghi Nlu theo tieu chi cua Thdng tfl 116 thi nhflng ndm 2010, 2011 vd 2012, tinh Bde Ninh cd 133 lang cd nghl/551 ldng tinh (chilm 24,1%) vdi 42 nganh n g h i (13) Ndm 2010, gia tri san xud't ciia ldng nghe Bde Ninh dat 7.243 ty dong (14) Ndm 2011, tinh Nam Dinh cd 90 ldng nghi Khdng k l p h l n ldn cac san phim dupc tieu thu nudc, gia tri xud't khiu Lang ngh^ vung dong b ^ g sdng Ijdng moi ndm ciia cac lang nghe tinh dat tfl 13-15 tndu USD (15) Ndm 2012, tinh Hd Nam cd 163 ldng n g h i vd ldng cd n g h i vdi 110.940 ngfldi (chilm khoang 28% td'ng so ngfldi dp t u i i lao ddng) vd 22.984 hd tham gia san xud't Gia tri san xud't eua cdc ldng nghe dpt khoang 2.280,1 ty dong, gia tri xudt k h i u dat khoang 35,522 tridu USD (16) Ndm 2010, Thai Binh ed 229 lang n g h i (dat chuin theo tieu chi cua tinh), dd cd 147/285 xa cd ldng n g h i vd 196 doanh nghidp ldng nghi Gid tri san xud't khu vuc nghd", ldng n g h i ndm 2010 dat 2.520 ty ding Td'c dp tdng trfldng binh qudn tfl 2001-2005 Id 16,3% va tfl 20062010 Id 12,3% Nam 2000, so lao dpng khu vUc nghe, ldng n g h i toan tinh la 78.781 ngudi, dd'n ndm 2010 Id 148.820 ngfldi Den nam 2013, Thdi Binh cd 241 ldng nghi theo tidu chi vdi so lao ddng khu vflc nghd", ldng nghi todn tinh Id 149.520 ngfldi (17) Ndi cd nhilu lang nghi vd s l lao ddng lam nganh n g h i nhd't la huy$n Hflng Hd Ndm 2005, tinh Hflng Ydn cd 62 lang nghi, thu hut vd giai quye't vipc ldm cho trdn 19.600 lao dpng Sd' ldng n g h i cua Hflng Yen da tang ldn 85 ldng nam 2013 Cac ldng n g h i da tao cdng dn vi^c lam cho hdn 34 nghin lao ddng, mang lai doanh thu hdng nghin ty ding moi ndm (18) Ndm 2009, tinh Hai Dfldng cd 51 ldng nghi theo tidu chf cua tinh, giai quyd't vide ldm thfldng xuydn eho 30 nghin lao ddng vd hdn 20 nghin lao ddng ldm vide thdi vu De'n ndm 2014, Hai DUdng cd 61 ldng nghi (19) Theo sd' li$u eua Sd Kd' hoach & Dau tfl tinh Vinh Phuc, tinh dd'n 2009, ca tinh ed trdn 50 ldng nghd", dd cd nhilu ldng n g h i noi tid'ng nhu: rdn Ly Nhan, gom Huong Canh, da Hai Luu, mdc Thanh Lang, Bich Chu, dan lat Tripu De Vinh Phuc ed trdn 19.300 cd sd hoat ddng Iinh vUc ngdnh nghe ndng thdn chu yd'u nhu: chd' bien bao quan nong lam thuy san; san xud't thu cdng my nghd; nghe tram khdc dd; gdy trong, kinh doanh sinh vdt canh; c h l bien nguydn vdt lidu phue vu ngdnh nghe nong thdn; san xud't vdt lieu xay dung Cae ed sd nghe da tao vide lam cho tfl 55.000 - 60.000 lao ddng ndng thdn vd nhilu ldng so hd tham gia hoat ddng n g h i cdc ldng n g h i chie'm 50 - 80% td'ng sd'hp ldng Mpt dilu dang lflu y Id ngdy cdng co mat nhilu n g h i mdi, ldng n g h i mdi Vi du trfldng hdp ldng Ai, xa Hdp Thanh, huydn My Dfle (Hd Ndi) cd tdi hang trdm hd Ha Ndi de lam nghe day xe ban xdi, ngd lupc, bdnh mi Trfl bdnh mi di mua d cac Id, cdn xdi vd ngd hp tfl chd' biln dl bdn Rd rang, hp ldm n g h i che bid'n Ifldng thfle Do phai thud nha d, mua nudc hode tfl ddo gilng ld'y nflde dn vd che' bie'n thuc p h i m nen dl dn hp c h l bid'n khdng cd gi dam bao v l chd't lUdng vd dp an todn din sflc khde cua chfnh ban than hp vd cdng dong Cdn d qud hfldng, tre em lai thid'u vang sU cham sdc, day dd cua cha me Cd dd'n hdng tram vi du nhu vdy Hay ldng Quan Dp thudc huyen Yen Phong, tinh Bac Ninh da trd thdnh ldng thu gom vd phan loai rac cdng nghiep cd t h i eoi Id ldn nhd't mien Bde Cac loai may bay, xich xe tang, xe dde ehiing cua qudn dpi, xe may cu vd nhilu thid't bi bdng sdt nhfl didn thoai cua bd dpi thdng tin, mdn hinh may vi tinh, bo maeh thid't bi didn tfl, thdng tin dupe mua v l chd't dd'ng khdp dfldng ldng, ngo xdm Cd nhflng nam ngfldi ddn ndi ddy da mua dupe hdn 20 chide may bay qudn sfl bd di dii loai tfl MiG 19, MiG 21 dd'n IL18 Sau gom ve, ngfldi ta tid'n hanh bde taeh, phdn loai sdt, dong, nhdm roi bdn cho cac lang nghe tai chd'kim loai khdc (20) 42 San pham lang n g h i dong bdng song Hong ngdy cdng phong phu Vi du, nghi gom, sfl thi ngoai cdc loai bdt dia thdng dung da cd cac san phdm mdi nhfl tranh sfl, thd cung, qud tang thu cdng, d'm trd, san p h i m lUu niem, gdm sfl phong thiiy, coc sfl in logo, binh - lp hoa, chdu gd'm cay, giin sfl nhd bd'p, trang tri bang gom, gom sfl phuc vu xay dflng Vdi h i u h i t cac n g h i truyen thdng thi sU hen k i t edc cd the Id thdnh vien moi hp giap, mdl thdn ldng gan bd mdt thie't Vi du, d xa La Phfl, n l u mdt gia dinh lam mat hang ndo dd thi sau dd ddn d i t ngUdi hp hdng ldm theo hodc lam cdc dieh vu Tfl trflde vd sau ndm 2000, tinh hinh cac ldng nghe d dong bdng song Hdng ed nhflng bid'n dd'i r i t mdi la v l hinh thflc vd quy md Cd t h i xem day Id mdt bflde phdt triln dot pha trdn eon dfldng cong nghidp hda vd hidn dai hda ndng thon Dd Id sfl hinh thdnh cdc ciim edng nghiep ldng nghi bdn eanh cdc khu edng nghidp Dieu dang quan tdm d day khdng phai la sd'lupng ldng n g h i md Id hinh thdi mdi ciia ldng nghi, ttic Id Sli xudt hien cdc cum cong nghiep ldng nghe (CCNLN) Thuc t l eho thd'y da cd hang tram CCNLN hinh thdnh Dd Id nhiing dia diem tap trung v l mat khdng gian dia ly t\f nhidn cua - thdn hodc xdm dan cU cung san xud't mot s l mat hang cho thi trudng nflde vd nUdc ngodi, dd cd nhilu cdng ty vd doanh nghidp tfl nhdn hoat ddng vdi hinh thflc ddt hdng cho cae hp gia dinh Ddn cfl cac thdn xa dd v l n ed mdt bp phdn lam ndng nghidp, khoang tfl 30% de'n 70% tfly tflng ndi, bd phdn ehuyen lam n g h i TTCN ehilm tfl 30% de'n 60% cdc hd gia dinh Cac ngdnh nghi d day d i u dUdc hien dai hda cdng cu vd trang thid't bi mpi mdt CCNLN xa Chdu Khd huydn Tfl Sdn, tinh Bde Ninh dfldc cho Id CCNLN d i u tien dflpc xay dflng d Tfl Rghien eiiu Lieh siSr s6 2.2Q15 Sdn - Bde Ninh vd Id CCNLN d i u tien cila vung dong bdng sdng H i n g va ea nflde Cho dd'n nay, rd't nhieu ldng n g h i viing da dupc Nhd nUdc cd'p phdp xay dflng CCNLN Nhilu CCNLN da vd dang hoat ddng tot gdp phan md rdng quy rad san xud't vd giam nhidm moi trUdng CCNLN Id mpt hinh thflc phdt triln mdi, d mdt t i m cao mdi, md mdt hfldng di mdi eho ldng nghi truyen thong d nflde ta vd Id bd mat hidn dpi cua cac ldng n g h i viing dong b i n g sdng Hong DUa tren tieu chf chu ylu Id hidn dai hda, so" 90 CCNLN d Hd Ndi vd Blc Ninh, cd nhd nghien cflu da chia lam lopi: Hidn dai hda cao (gom cac CCNLN da cdng ngh$ hda, chuydn mdn hda cao), hipn dai hda vfla (gim cdc CCNLN dang cdng nghidp hda vdn ke't hdp ldm ndng nghidp) vd hidn dai hoa thd'p (gom cac CCNLN bat d i u edng nghipp hda vdn ldm ndng nghidp p h l n ldn) (21) Tfl nam 1998 dd'n thang 10-2004, tinh Blc Ninh da xdy dUng dflpc 21 khu, cum cdng nghidp ldng nghe, dd edc doanh nghidp d CCNLN Chau Khe, Phong Khe Phli Quang, Phu Lam da di vdo boat dpng san xud't kinh doanh cd hidu qua Ldng n g h i vd CCNLN Chau Khd (Tfl Sdn) cd 750 doanh nghidp, hd san xud't kinh doanh hdn 30 mat hdng s i t , thdp vdi san lupng 75 ngdn td'n/ndm tao gia tri san xud't hdn 400 ty dong, giai quyd't vide Idra cho 4.000 lao ddng tai cho vd hdn 2.000 lao dpng cac dia phUdng khac Ldng n g h i vd CNNLN Phong Khd (Yen Phong) tdp trung 152 day chuyin san xud't eac loai gid'y Mot so doanh nghidp d ddy da raanh dan diu tU cdng nghp mdi de san xud't cdc san phim mdi de dap iing nhu clu thi trudng nhU gid'y Kraps, duple, gia'y in, gid'y vd sinh, gid'y viet vdi san lUdng vdi trdm ngdn td'n mpt nam, giai quyet vide ldm cho hdn 2.000 lao ddng dia phUdng vd khoang 1.000 lao ddng tfl cac dia phudng khac (22) Cdc tinh Lbng ngh^ vung dtfng b ^ g sflng Ijgngkhac nhu Hiing Yen dd cho xdy dUng vd 17 khu, eum cdng nghidp, md rdng cum cdng nghidp vdi t i n g dien tieh hdn 660 hdcta ke hoaeh (2011-2015) Hidn nhilu khu, CCNLN da hoan thdnh va dUa vdo sii dyng De giup eac ldng n g h i ed dilu kidn phdt triln san xud't, tinh Vinh Phuc da d i u tu hdn 219 ty dong xay dflng CCNLN vdi didn tfch hdn 81 hecta, thu hut dUdc tren 100 cd sd san xud't vd hdng tram hd gia dinh dd'n d i u tU Khd khdn vd ban che ldn nhd't qua trinh phdt triln cua edc ldng n g h i vflng ding bang sdng Hing v l n Id vd'n di thi trudng tieu thu san phim Thi trfldng ludn khdng d'n dinh Thi trUdng xud't k h i u bi thu hpp, khdt khe v l chdt Iflpng, mdu ma Thi trudng nUdc sflc mua cd han, thilu thdng tin Do da so ca nhan va doanh nghidp san xud't kinh doanh cac ldng n g h i cd quy md nhd vd rd't nhd ndn kha ndng dinh vi trdn thi trfldng rd't ylu Cae ldng n g h i thfldng phai mua ban qua trung gian, thu nhdp ciia ngudi lao ddng dd bi giam sut Sau vd'n d l thi trfldng Id ede vd'n d l khde nhu thilu von, thu t\ie vay vo'n rfldra rd Trang thid't bi cdng nghd ndi chung lac hdu, ehu yd'u thu cdng, ndng sud't thd'p, gid thdnh cao, han chd' kha ndng canh tranh So Ifldng nghe nhdn d cdc ldng n g h i ngdy cdng ft di Sd' lao ddng dfldc ddo tao chid'ra ty le cdn thd'p, trtnh dp thdm my chfla eao, nhilu lao ddng cd tay n g h i cao lai cd xu hfldng chuyen dieh sang linh vUc lao ddng khdc hodc thodt ly khdi dia phUdng Lao dpng tre cd xu hUdng khdng mud'n ldm d nhflng ngdnh n g h i truyin thong Nguon nguyen lieu cho san xud't cung thudng khdng on dinh Hien nay, nhilu ldng nghi cd nguy cd bi mai mdt Vf du, ndm 2014, Uy ban Nhdn dan Thdnh Hd Npi da cdng h6 danh muc gim 21 ldng n g h i vd 43 n g h i truyen thong Hd Ndi bi mai mdt Mdt thuc trang dang buon la tinh hinh d nhiem mdi trfldng ldng nghe v l nflde, khdng khf, tid'ng on dang hd't sflc bfle xuc Mdi ehi cd mot sd' It ldng n g h i cd kha ndng xfl ly d nhiem mdi trUdng Tai cac ldng nghe thfldng xay hien tfldng chdp, an clp m l u md eua ddn den tranh chd'p ban quyin, kidn tung gifla cac ca nhan vd td chflc Hidn tfldng ldm hang gia, hdng kdm chd't Ifldng vdn didn thfldng xuydn Nhd't Id vide lam gia nhflng mat hdng chd' bien tfl Ifldng thflc, thflc pham cdn anh hudng din an todn sflc khde ngfldi tidu dflng Tinh trang trdn hien vdn dang dien phfle tap md can nguyen Id xud't phat tfl ldi aan xud't nho, tidu ndng, kidu ldm dn md ngUdi ta gpi Id "chdp gidt", chay theo ldi nhudn trUdc mit, khdng ben vflng Cd the ndi eho dd'n nay, hinh thdi vd didn mao cac ldng n g h i ndi ehung va d vung dong bang sdng Hing ndi ridng da cd sU tdng tid'n d mdt trtnh dp ngdy mdt hien dai ve nhilu mdt so vdi cdc ldng nghi trUdc nhUng vln bao luu dly du vai trd kinh tl, xa hdi, van hda vd ca nhflng sfl tri trd, lac hdu cua n i n vdn minh nong nghidp cua nd Ngdy ndi dd'n ldng khdng nhd't thie't phai hinh dung nhflng luy tre, bd ao ma Id mdt khu vUc quy hoach dd thi hda, cdng nghiep hda, hidn dai hda nhUng vdn Id ndi "chdn rau cdt ron" eua ddng hp than tdc, la ndi an nghi eua td tidn dng bd, la ndi le hpi vd thd cung thdnh hodng vdi dinh, chua, mieu mao, tfl dfldng Phai ndi rdng dilu kidn hidn bd't ky lang n g h i ndo cung cd the hien dai hda Vdi sU quan tam dly du ciia Nhd nUdc v l chinh sach, quy chd' cung nhU sU ho trp v l von, ting, xue tiln thUdng mai, ddo tao nhdn Iflc, xfl ly d nhiem mdi trfldng chdc c h i n edc lang n g h i se phat trien manh me Dong thdi, vdi sfl nd Iflc cua chinh cde Rghien cmi Lich sJr stf 2.2015 nhd doanh nghiep, ciia ddng dao nhflng ngfldi Iao ddng vd cdc nhd khoa hpe chdc chdn cac ldng n g h i vflng dong bdng sdng CHU H o n g s e s d n g t a o r a n h i l u s a n p h d m c6 gid t r i v e k i n h td', v a n h d a , v d n m i n h ldn lao hdn THtCH (*) NghiSn cflu ndy duoc tdi trd b3i Quy Phat trien Khoa hoc vk CSng nghe QuSc gia (Nafosted), De tdi ma so IV3.1-2011.06 (05/2012/IV/HDKHXH) Xin tran cam dn Bai viet dUdc hodn thdnh vdi sU tham gia ciia nhdm thuc hi?n de tdi: PGS Vu Huy Phiic, PGSTS Nguygn Ngoc Mao, ThS Nguyen Thiiy Qujnh, ThS Ph^m Thi H6ng Hd (Vien Sfl hpc, Vien Hdn Um KHXHVN) (1) Trong cuon TH didn Vift B6 La nSy (do Vi§n Khoa hpc xa hpi tai Tp Ho Chi Minh dich vd xud't ban ndm 1991), cd m$t s6 tit ngfl khdc nfla nhu; Ke, Chieng, Hudng, Huy^n, Phff, Phudng, Xa nhUng l^i khong c6 cac tfl nhfl: Gidp, Xp, Tinh (2), (3) Xem Vii Huy Phiic: Che cdng diin cdng thd d Bde Ky diidi thM Phdp thdng tri T?p chf Nghiin ctiu Uch si, 86" 87 (6)-1966 vk sd 88-1966 (4) Bp Nong nghifp vd Phdt trien nong th6n D^ an ChUdng trinh phat trien "Moi ldng mot ngh^' giai do^n 2006-2015, ngdy 2-6-2005 Ban in vi tfnh A4 (5) Xem Dfldng Ba Phfldng: Bdo tdn vd phdt tridn cdc ldng nghe qud trinh cdng nghiep hoa Nxb Khoa hpc xa h6i, Hd Npi, 2001, tr.68 vd 69 {So li?u ciia tinh Ninh Binh Id nhflng ldng c6 nghi; so U§u cua Hai Phong chi gom 26 xa dilu tra; so li^u ciia Hd Noi chi gim huypn ngoai thdnh) (6) Th6ng t u hfldng ddn cua B8 N6ng nghifp vd Phat tri^n ndng thdn, so 116/2006/TT.BNN (7) Bdo cao tai Hpi thao H8i chp Ndng san vd Thu cdng m j ngh6 (TCMN) khu v^c phia Blc dflpc td' chflc tfl ngdy 27-9 d i n 1-10-2012 tai Hd Noi (8) Nguin: Lien minh Nam.vca.org 12.06.2008 hpp tac xa Vift (9) S^ lipu dilu tra cua nhdm chuySn gia Vifn nghifn cflu phat t r i l n Idnh t l - xa hfi Hd N6i, 2003 (10) Bao cio cua Sd NN&PTNT tinh Ninh Binh (20-10-2004) Bao cao kinh nghifm thiic S&y sfl phat trien ngdnh n g h i ndng thdn tinh Ninh Binh, so 131 BC/NN-PTNT Ban vi tinh www tinmoi.vn 3-7-2012 (11) Tap chi Con s vd sfl kien, Xudn 1998 v& tu lifu Phong Cdng thUdng huyfn Kim Sdn 2012, 2014 (12) Nghiem Dinh Thu^n Kinh t l B^c Ninh aau ndm tai l§p CS&SK 12-2000 (13) Bao cao tinh hinh san xud't kinh doanh cua ngdnh nghe ndng thdn 2011,2012,2013 cua Chi ci^c Phat trien ndng thdn - S3 Nong nghifp vl Phat trien nong thdn B l c Ninh (14) Bao cao cua Chi cyc Phdt triln ndng thon B l c Ninh, 1-2011 (15) www.langnghevn.vn 03-08-2011 (16) Nhflng giai phdp phat trien ldng nghi Cue Cong nghipp dia phfldng Bd Cdng thiidng www.aip.gov.vn 16-9-2013 (17) Theo so'lifu cua S3 Cdng thUdng Thdi Knh (18) Theo www.baohungyen.vn 24-5-2005, Truyin hinh Hflng Yen, Chi cyc Bao vf M5i trflSng tinh Hflng Y§n 2012, 2013 (19) Theo sd^ lifu cua S5 Cong thuong tinh Hai Duong, (20) Nghla dia may bay, xe qudn afl d Viet Nam vietnamnet.vn 26-3-2014 (21) Nguyen Xufin Hoan Ky y l u Hpi thao Quo'c te Viet Nam hoc lin thit III, 2008 (22) Sd Ndng nghidp vd phat trien ndng th6n Blc Ninh Bao cdo t h a m lu^n tinh hinh phat tri^n ngdnh n g h i ndng thdn cua tinh Blc Ninh 21-102004 ban danh mdy vi tinh