VE MOI LIEN HE CIUA CHIEN TRANH DONG Dl/dNC VA KE HOACH "CONG OONG PHONG THU CHAU AU" (1952 1954) DAO DLTC THUAN' Dat v a n d e Bdi canh quoc te nhflng nam 1950 chflng kid'n nhi§"u su kien quan trgng ma nhflng hau qua cua nd da lam nen tang cho quan he qud'c te' nhflng nam sau Chid'n tranh Lanh vd'n xuat phat tfl chau Au da din dan dfldc ham ndng len bang nhflng xung dot quan sU b khu vflc A chau khien eho pham vi anh huSng cua nd lan rdng toan the gidi Cao trao cua Chie'n tranh Lanh didn d A ehau dau nhflng nam 1950 dUpc danh da'u b i n g Chie'n tranh Trieu Tien (1950-1953) va Chie'n tranh Ddng Dudng lln thfl nha't (1946-1954) Nhflng cupc chie'n tranh ndng tai A chau cd tac dpng ngflde trd lai vdi an ninh chau Au vd'n da trd va'n de" nhay cam sau The' chie'n IL ling ve mdt nude Tay Dflc vdi tiem nang va trang bi quan su ludn vUdt troi so vdi Phap, la qud'e gia da danh chiem cdng nUdc Phap ba l l n vdng 70 nam (1) Thang 10-1950, Thu tudng Phap lflc dd la Rene Pleven da de" xua't lap "Cdng dong phdng thu chau Au" (ten tieng Anh European Defense Community, viet t i t la EDC, tfl day xin dung tfl viet t i t nay) bao gom cae nUdc tham gia ki ke't la: Phap, Italy, Ha Lan, Bi, Luc-xera-bua va Tay Dflc, Trong khuon khS cua Ke hoaeh nay, Tay Dfle se dupc tai vu trang, nhung khdng cd quan dpi qud'c gia rieng ma ca Tay Au se cd quan ddi chung dudi sU chi huy chung cua mot hdi dong Ndi each khac, Tay Dflc cd the dflde tai vu trang nhUng van bi kiem soat b mot so'linh vflc nha't dinh (2) Lo sd ve mdt cudc ta'n cdng eo the xay tfl phia Ddng cua chau Au Lien Xd tie'n hanh qua lanh thd' Dflc, de dga an ninh eua khu vflc Tay Au, tfl dd "nhuom do" Tay Au va cd the lan sang eac khu vUc khac cua the' gidi, Hoa Ki da thuc giuc cac nUde dong mmh Tay Au cua minh dong y de nfldc Cong hda lien bang Dflc (Tay Dflc) dfldc tai vu trang Nude Phap, vd'n la mot dong minh "yeu the" hdn so vdi Lien Xd, Hoa Ki va Anh The' chie'n ll, to that sU lo Mac dfl da dUde nude ki ke't vao 27-5-1952 nhUng tren thUc te, Hiep Udc chUa bao gid dUdc trien khai Qud'c hdi Phap da tfl chd'i phd chuan nd vao 308-1954 (3) Vay tai nfldc Phap, tae gia cua Ke' hoach lai chi'nh la qud'c gia tfl chd'i nd? Ddng Dudng va Chie'n tranh Ddng Dudng l l n thfl nha't cd tac ddng dd'i vdi ke't qua ndu tren? Hau qua sau dd ciia nd la gi? Trong pham vi bai vid't nay, chung tdi cd' ging thfl phan tich mdt vai mo'i lien • TS Trudng DHKHXH&NV-DHQG HN Rghien cflu iJeh sfl sd' 9.2Q14 he gifla cudc khang chie'n chd'ng Phap gianh dpe lap dan tpc cua Viet Nam vdi Ke' hoach neu tren qua viec khai thae, sfl dung mdt sd' nguon tfl lieu cua phfldng Tay no thang 6-1950, ndi quan ngai ve sfl md rdng cfla chu nghia Cdng san da xam chiem toan bo nhflng bp oe cua gidi lanh dao phUdng Tay (6) Dong Dfldng va sfl t h a t bai c u a Ke hoach "Cong d o n g p h o n g t h u c h a u Au" (1952-1954) Ben canh viec phan tich nguyen nhan lap thi thai do, toan tinh cua cac nfldc ldn co lien quan de'n ke hoach va sfl pha san eua nd cung can dupc de cap de'n cae nude ldn d day la: Hoa Ki, Phap Tuy nhien, nflde Tay Dflc, vdi vi tri trpng ye'u, chie'n Ifldc cua minh b ehau Au eung cin dUdc quan tam phan tich NUdc Anh, tfl sau The chie'n II, da hoac la ngan ngfl, hoac co mflc do, hoac tfl chd'i tham gia cac lien minh cua Tay Au (4) Ddng Dfldng ludn n i m ta't ca nhflng toan tinh cua cac nude ldn xung quanh ke' hoach neu tren va nhflng chflng mUc nha't dinh, ket qua cua Chie'n tranh Ddng DUdng lan thfl nha't la mpt nhflng nguyen nhan quan trpng lam that bai ke hoach Chfnh sach ngan chan (containment policy) ddi dfldi ehinh quye"n cua Tong thd'ng Ml Harry S Truman va dfldc thUc hien triet de dfldi thdi lanh dao cua Eisenhower Tay Dflc hoan canh mdi nay, vdi vi tri dia-chfnh tri quan cua minh b chau Au can dUdc tai vfl trang de se dfldc sfl dung nhfl mot "con dap" ngan eban sU banh trudng cua ehu nghia cpng san sang the' gidi phUdng Tay Tren cd sci dd, Cpng dong phdng thii chau Au vdi sU tham gia eua Tay DUe la dieu cUc ki can thie't va mang tinh chie'n lupc dd'i vdi an ninh cua phUdng Tay Chinh vi vay, Hoa Ki lien tuc thuc ep Qud'c hdi Phap sdm phe chuan du an Can nha'n manh ring, Hoa Ki tbudng xuyen sfl dung quan bai Ddng Duong qua trinh mae ca vdi Phap; neu Phap khdng sdm phe chuin kg' hoach nay, Hoa Ki se ngUng vien trd tai chfnh cho Phap de Phap tie'p tuc cuoc chie'n b Ddng Dudng Dd'i vdi Hoa Ki, gifla Ddng Dudng va EDC cd md'i lien he chat che vdi va deu la ke't qua cua qua trinh qud'c te hda cac xung dot quan sU tren hai ban dao d^u ci chau A la Trieu Tien va Ddng Dudng Ban than nUdc Mi dfldi thdi lanh dao cua Td'ng thd'ng Eisenhower cung gap phai nhflng kho khan hoach dinh chien lUdc, la mdt mat Mi van mud'n Paris tie'p tuc tie'n hanh cuoc chien tranh (fly thac eua phUdng Tay) chd'ng sU lan rdng cua chu nghia edng san b chau A tren chie'n trUdng Ddng Dudng, mat khac van mud'n Phap gia tang hdn nfla vai trd quan sU b chau Au trdng khudn kho EDC chfnh Phap de xua't (7) Thdi cua Mi: La nUdc ldn nhat khd'i dong minh chd'ng phat xi't The chie'n II Sau nam 1945, Mi rat mud'n co mdt chau Au dn dinh ve an ninh, nhUng ehien lupc lau dai cua Mi, chau Au phai CO trach nhiem chi'nh viec dam bao an ninh cua minh Tuy Hiep u6c Brussels nam 1948 (5) da dUdc kf ket song khudn kho cua Hiep udc nay, Tay Dflc chfla dfldc tham gia nhfl mot vien eua cdng dong Ke ca Hiep Udc Washington ve lap Lien minh Quan sfl Ble Dai Tay dUdng - NATO mot nam sau dd, nUdc cung v l n hi dflng ngoai eupe nhflng rang buoc ma cac nu6c dong minh dUa de quan If nfldc Dflc thdi hau chie'n Tuy nhien, cue dien the gidi thay doi nhanh chdng Chien tranh Trieu Tien Vephia Phdp, dflng trfldc nhflng de" nghi cua Hoa Ki, Thu tudng Phap luc dd la Rene ^ g j g ^ lien he giira chien h-anh Bdng Birang Pleven da midn cuSng de xua't lap mot cdng ddng phdng thu chimg nhu tdn da neu Td chflc dupc lap dfla tren rao binh td' ehflc va boat ddng cua Cong dong Than va Thep chau Au da dupc lap trudc (8) Tuy nhien, tiem thflc cua gidi lanh dao va nhan dan Phap ludn lo ngai mpt dieu r i n g nUde Tay Dflc ludn la md'i lo ngai ve" an ninh cua Phap Phap e ngai ring, nhflng dieu kien va thdi diem nhat dinh, nhfl hoan canh lich sfl the gidi d i u nhflng nam 1950 la mpt vf du, nfldc Tay Dflc se cd ed hdi quay trcf lai thd'ng tri ehau Au, mot dieu ma nudc Phap ra't khd eha'p nhan va ed' ging ngan chan Tuy nhien, vdi dieu kien nudc Phap thdi diem tren, that khdng de dang de Phap cd the thuc hien dupc mong mud'n cua minh viec kim ham Tay Dflc NhQng lo ngai ve an ninh b chau Au khdng phai la md'i ban tam nha't cfla Phap ma ehinh thdi diem nay, sU thd'ng tri cua Phap b Ddng DUdng (va eae thupe dia khae) dang hi lung lay nghiem trpng Phong trao giai phdng dan tdc cua cac dan tdc thudc dia dang dang len manh me Chinh nfldc Phap eung dang phai dd'i diu vdi nhan dan Viet Nam cdng cudc da'u tranh, gianh dpc lap dupc b i t dau tfl nam 1946, dudi su lanh dao cua Ho Chi Minh Sau nhflng thang lpi cua quan dpi Viet Minh Chie'n dich bien gidi nam 1950 va sU no cua Chid'n tranh Trie"u Tien, Phap cang gap phai nhigu kho khan hdn viec bd' tri lUc lUdng quan sfl tren chien trUdng ndng b chau A va mdt chie'n trfldng ndng khac "trong long Chie'n tranh Lanh" cd the xay d chau Au Theo nhflng gi ma Phap de xua't khuon kho eua EDC, Phap phai ddng gdp 14 sU doan tUdng quan vdi sU ddng gdp eua Tay Dflc la 12 sfl doan Nhflng sU that thi Phap se khdng bao gid thuc hien dUdc cam ke't phan ldn luc lupng quan dpi eua Phap dang ddng quan d chie'n trudng Ddng Dudng hoac b Bac Phi (9) TrUdc tinh the khd khan ca ve quan sU lan tai chfnh eho nhflng phieu luu quan sfl b Ddng DUdng ndi rieng va d nhflng nfldc thupe dia ndi chung, Phap hoan toan lung tung viec lua chpn Uu tien ehinh saeh dd'i ngoai va quan sU cua minh (10) Phap bupc phai xuo'ng thang va edng khai mac ea vdi Mi ring, nhflng chi phf ve tai chfnh va quan sfl d Dong Dfldng phai dfldc tinh vao ddng gop cua cua Phap tren mat tran ngan chan sfl lan rpng eua ehu nghia cdng san b chau A Lflc nay, Ddng Dfldng bat dau dfldc sfl dung nhfl quan bai de cac nfldc ldn mac ca vdi vide tri va bao dam an ninh b Au chau Ke hoaeh ve mpt td chflc quan sU phdng thii chung cua Tay Au ma dd, Phap la tac gia cua ke' hoach cd ve dfldc dd" xua't hoae la khdng dung thdi diem, hoac la nhflng tinh toan ciia gidi lanh dao Phap da khong sie ben viec nhan dinh nhflng khd khan cua minh viec dong thdi thflc hien hai tam dd'i ngoai: tri thudc dia (d Ddng Dudng va khu vflc Ble Phi) va tham gia sau rdng hdn vao edng dong ehau Au vdi vai trd lanh dao Nhie"u dai bieu Qud'c hoi Phap, thupe nhieu dang phai khae tham chi da cho r i n g chi Phap gianh dUdc t h i n g Idi tren chie'n trUdng Ddng Dfldng thi Phap mdi cd the cd dflde flu the trdng viec giai quye't va'n de EDC Ndi each khac, chi cd mdt t h i n g Idi ea ve quan sfl lan ngoai giao d Ddng Dfldng mdi cd the giup Phap tfl tin vao sflc manh cua minh viec lanh dao cdng dong quan sfl nay, cu the hdn la mdi du tu tin de kiem tda va khd'ng che dUdc mpt nudc Tay Dflc dang tren da trdi day manh me sau chie'n tranh Xet pham vi rdng hdn la Rghien ciJru Lieh si^ so 9.2014 tfl dd Phap mdi cd the dam dfldng nd'i tham (13) That vay, khoang tfl nam 1947 vpng (va trach) lanh dao ea chau Au de'n nam 1954, cac chuyen gia da Udc tfnh Lo ngai ve mdt nUdc Tay Dfle da am anh rang chi phi cua Phap cf Ddng DUdng da Phap de'n ndi gidi lap phap cua Phap cdn gin nhfl ngang b i n g vdi tdng sd' tien ma cho r i n g chi t h i n g lpi tuyet doi cl Ddng nUdc nhan dUdc tfl Ke hoaeh Marshall Dfldng mdi xflng dang lam dd'i trpng vdi eua Hoa Ki (14) va'n de tai vu trang nude Tay Dflc Tai thdi Ve thdi cda Tdy Bdc: Tfl mpt nfldc did'm nay, Phap bupc phai dflng trfldc cac thua tran va hi lUe lUdng dong minh phan Ifla chpn flu tien cfla minh la tie'p tue tap chia khu vUc chiem ddng nam 1945 de'n trung da sd' lflc Ifldng quan sfl cua minh b thdi diem lap hai nha nUdc Dflc vao khu vuc sdng Elbe hay song Hong? Nhung nam 1949 chinh la thdi diem binh eang de'n giai doan cud'i eua Chid'n tranh eua hang loat cac sfl kien, hoe thuyet dan Ddng DUdng, Phap cang nhan r i n g minh de'n sfl dd'i dau chie'n lUde ve y thfle he gifla khd CO the cflng luc bd' trf luc lUdng quan sU hai khd'i Ddng-Tay Lien Xo va Hoa Ki eiia minh ca d Ddng Dudng l l n b ehau Au lanh dao keo dai nhieu nam sau dd Neu Chinh Bd trUdng Qud'e phong Phap luc dd nhu Ddng Dfldng la bai dUde dUa de la Rend Pleven (sau thdi chflc Thfl mac ca gifla Hoa Ki va Phap vd" van de EDC tudng) cflng khdng tin la, neu Phap gianh thi Tay DUc lai cung vfla la quan bai, vfla dupe phan t h i n g ldi cl Ddng Dudng thi eflng la diem mau chdt tao sU lung tung, tie'n se thay doi dupc xu the nudc Tay Dflc tai vu thoai Ifldng nan cua Phap qua trinh trang Dieu mpt l l n nfla dUde khang giai quye't dong thdi va'n de Ddng Dfldng va dinh Rene Pleven trao doi vdi ngUdi anh hfldng quan sfl, ehinh tri cua minh b dong nhiem Hoa Ki la John Foster Dulles chau Au De dupe dam bao ve an ninh va la viec bd' tri lue lUpng quan sfl ciia Phap b phat trien kinh te, Tay Dflc khdng cdn each Ddng Dfldng "thue sU dang gay nhflng nao khac ngoai viee cha'p nhan viec chia cat can trb to ldn do'i vdi ke hoach EDC da't nfldc, nhUng san sang lien minh vdi ca chung tdi gianh dflde thang ldi, dieu Hoa Ki, Canada va cae nu6c Tay Au khac dd cung cd nghia la chung tdi bi thua (b thdng qua hang loat cac dfl an, chUdng chau Au)" (11) trinh va td' chfle lien minh (15) Chinh vi Them vao dd, nhflng khd khan ve kinh the, ca nhan Thii tudng Tay Dflc Iuc d6 la te eiia Phap dau nhflng nam 1950 da khdng Konrad Adenauer va ehinh phu cua dng cho phep nfldc thflc hien dflde ta't ca dudi sU lanh dao da so' cfla Dang Dan ehu tham vpng chie'n Ifldc eua minh Chfnh phu thien chua giao, da khdng bo Id ba't ki mdt Phap vao nam 1953 da phai thfla nhan cay cd hdi nao giup Tay Dfle cd cd hdi hda nhap ding r i n g "nUdc Phap khdng the nao chiu vdi cpng dong Tay Au Do do, EDC la mpt dflng dfldc (nhflng chi phi) lau dai hdn eho dfl an ma Tay Dflc khong the bd qua, ed ca Ddng Dudng l l n nhflng cam ke't quan sU p h i n khdng thflc sfl hai long vi Tay Dfle cua minh cl chau Au va nhflng chi phi v l n chua thflc sU dupc ddi xfl binh dang, cang gia tang cl Ble Phi" (12) Theo dU toan, trUdng hpp la tren linh vUc quan so vdi ddng gdp ve tai ehinh cua Tay Dflc sfl Trong mot eude phdng va'n vdi Cd quan cho dfl an EDC thi Phap chi ddng gdp dfldc Thd'ng nha't Dfle (tam dieh tfl: Deutschland3,5 ti Mark Tay Dflc cd thd' cd Union-Dienst) ve va'n de" tai vfl trang, Thu tie"m lflc ddng gop tfl 12 de'n 13 ti Mark tudng Konrad Adenauer da xoa diu du Iuan Vcmoj m ^ lien he gifla ehioi franh Bdng Btfong Tay Dflc va Phap vo'n dang ra't manh me phan dd'i van de nay, khang dinh r i n g "viec tai vu trang Tay Dfle khudn kho' eua EDC la dieu khdng phai ban eai, dd la mdt dau hieu quan trpng cua viec thie't lap tinh hflu nghi gifla Tay Dflc va Phap; lUc lupng quan ddi Tay Dfle se bao ve nude Phap khdi ke thfl; quan dpi vu trang Tay Dflc khdng chi bao ve quyen ldi rieng cua nflde Tay Dflc ma cho lpi fch cua toan ehau Au" (16) Theo mdt so' nguon tu lieu, tfl d i u nam 1953, dfl Iuan Tay Dfle va toan t h i Chau Au da sdm nhan ring, dfl an EDC khd cd thi dfldc thdng qua tai Qud'c hdi Phap nhflng tranh eai cua cae dang phai khac nhau, dac biet la nhdm nghi si cdng san ed quan Tfl nhflng quan sat nay, gidi lanh dao Tay Dflc da sdm nhan dinh la, ca dfl an EDC that bai, nude vln phai dfldc tai vu trang (17) Ben canh dd, gidi lanh dao Tay Dflc cflng ra't quan tam phan tieh tinh hinh chinh tri, quan sfl va kinh te' ciia nudc Phap, dac biet la tinh thd' khd khan cua Phap cf Ddng Dfldng vi khu vuc chic chan anh huSng de'n vide phe chuin EDC cua Qud'c hdi Phap Walter Hallstein (18) cho r i n g cd mot mdi lien he sau sic gifla cac va'n de cua Ddng Dudng vdi cae va'n di cua ea chau Au, dac biet la ddi vdi van de" thcfi sfl EDC, tham chi la sd' phan cua Ddng Dfldng cdn anh hflSng tdi ca sU thd'ng nhat nUde Tay Dflc (19) Ngay 30-8-1954, Qud'e hpi Phap da tie'n hanh phien hpp quyd't dinh so' phan eua EDC Theo ke't qua bilu quyd't, dfl an da hi Qud'e hdi tfl chdi thong qua vdi sd' 319 phie'u chd'ng va 264 phie'u thuan (20) Nguyen nhan chinh d i n dd'n su that bai ed the dd loi cho nhieu Iy nhfl Phap quan ngai ve sfl la'n at cua quan dpi Tay Dflc; sfl v i n g mat eua Anh edng ddng nay; xu the' bda hoan ciia tinh hinh an mnh chau luc sau cai ehe't cua Stalin nam 1953 Tuy nhien, nhieu hpc gia da ddng y quan diem la chinh sfl tha't bai ve quan sU cua Phap tren chie'n trUdng Ddng Dudng dupc danh dau bang sU sup dd cua tap doan efl diem Dien Bien Phu, da lam cho gidi lanh dao Phap bflng tiah nhan ring, niem tu hao ve sflc manh quan sfl cua nude Dai Phap da bi tdn thUdng nghiem trpng, dd EDC khdng the dupe phe chuin Niem tu hao Phap khdng the hi ton thUdng hdn nfla mdt nUdc Phap chi'nh thflc tham gia vao ke hoach phdng thu an ninh chung cua Tay Au ehinh minh de x u i t chi hai nam trfldc dd ma khudn khd va nguyen tac hoat dpng ciia nd, quan dpi qud'e gia Phap khd long vUpt qua sU ndi trdi ciia luc lupng quan sU Tay Dflc Ke't I u a n Nhu vay la, kg' hoach vd" mdt "Cdng ddng phdng thu chau Au" ddi tai chau Au nhUng mdt nhflng nguygn nhan quan trpng quye't dinh sd' phan ngan ngui ciia nd lai n i m cl ban dao Ddng Dfldng ma ke't cue cua Chie'n tranh Ddng DUdng lan thU nha't la diem mau chd't Mac du da tien lieu trudc ve" sfl tha't bai cd the c6 cua du an nay, song nhu Thu tudng Konrad Adenauer da phai thfla nhan 30-8-1954 la "mdt den to'i cua chau Au" (ein schwarzer Tag fuer Europa) Trong each nhin nhan cua vi Thu tfldng thi, "sfl tha't bai eua EDC la mdt edng ldn eiia Lien Xd (trong ehinh sach an ninh) bd'i canh Chie'n tranh Lanh" (21) Dd'i vdi Phap, that bai quan sU tren chie'n trudng Ddng Dudng b i n nhidn la chi da'u hieu cho thay mpi nd luc cflu van hinh anh sau The chig'n II tie'p tue nhfl la mdt cfldng qud'c ve" thudc dia da khdng dem lai kgt qua nhfl mong mud'n Hau qua cua that Rghien eflu Uch sfl so S.2014 bai quan sfl b Ddng Dfldng thuc sU da lam thflc tinh nfldc Phap ve sfl cha'm he't ciia thdi ki thudc dia va mcf thdi ki gianh ddc lap cua eac dan tpc hi thupe dia hda (22) Viec Qud'e hdi Phap cbi tfl choi phe chuin EDC sau tha't bai quan sU cua Phap cf Ddng DUdng cd the dupc xem nhU la mdt nhflng nd Iflc cud'i eflng cua Phap viee bat diu tim each thoat khoi vdng anh hudng eua Mi trfldc viee giai quyg't nhflng vln de" tfldng lai lien quan de'n quyen ldi qud'c gia va khu vflc Dd'i vdi Tay Dfle, nhu nhflng gi lieh sfl da eho tha'y, sfl tha't bai cua EDC khdng ngan can viec tai vu trang cua qud'e gia Bang chflng la vao thang 5-1955, Tay Dflc da ehinh thflc trd thanh vien eua NATO theo eae die"u khoan eua Hiep Ude Paris ki tfl 23-10-1954 (Paris Pacts) NhUng quan trpng hdn dd'i vdi Tay Dflc luc la, tfl nhflng gi da xay vdi nude Phap cf Dong-DUdng, d Qud'e hdi Phap va xu the' hdi nhap cua chau lue thdi diem dd dang b i t d i u khdi dpng, gidi lanh dao Tay DUc dudi sfl lanh dao quye't doan va thuc tg' cua Thu tudng Konrad Adenauer da nhan tha'y ring, he thd'ng thupc dia cua Chau Au da, dang va se hoan toan cha'm dflt Nflde Phap bude phai quay lai tim kie'm, bao ve va phat trien lpi ich cua minh b chfnh chau Iuc tren cd scf lien minh chat che vdi Tay Dfle Bdi canh dd se mcf eho nha nfldc cdng hda lien bang them nhie"u ed hpi viec hoach dinh ehinh sach chie'n lUdc de phat trien da't nflde, dac biet la ve chig'n lupc hdi nhap va thd'ng n h i t chau Au, khdng chi gidi ban linh vUc quan sU Nhflng phan tich trdn day vg" mdi quan hg gifla Ddng Dudng vdi sU tha't bai eua kd' hoach "Cpng ddng phong thii chau Au" co the cho ta nhin lai vi tri dia-chinh tri quan cua Ddng Dudng b khu vUc Dong Nam A thd' ki XX Khu vflc ludn n i m toan tinh chie'n Ifldc cua eae nudc Idn Kg't qua eua Chig'n tranh Ddng Dudng l l n thfl nha't da co tac dpng nhat dinh ddi vdi chau Au nhflng nam 1950 ng'u nhin lai dudi gdc dp quan sU Cuo'i cung, phUdng phap tiep can lien khu vUc nghign cflu lich sii quan he qud'c te' can tid'p tuc dflde khang dinh va se cdn m6 nhig'u va'n de" nghien cflu thfl vi thdi gian tdi CHU THICH (1) Lan thtt nhat la Chien tranh PhapPho nam 1870-1871, co the xem them: Wawro, The Franco-Prussian Conquest of France in Geoffrey War: The 1870-1871 German Cambridge (4) Xem Claus Larres, Churchill's The Politics of Personal Cold War: Diplomacy Yale University Press, 2002, p 143 (5) Hiep Udc Brussels duroc ki ket thang 3- University Press, 2003 lan thiji hai la The 1948 giiia nudc: Phap, Bi, Ha Lan, Liic-xem-bua chien I (1914-1918) va lan t h ^ ba la The va Anh v6i noi dung chu yeu la cam ket ve phong chien II (1939-1945) thu an ninh chung gifla cac niidc Tren cd scf (2) Tay Dttc bi gidi han so' lifdng quan tham do, thang 9-1948, mot td chile c6 ten goi la To chflc gia, khong dUdc phep san xua't cac nguyen lieu phong quan phuc vu chien tranh Organization) deli Co the xem them: Sean (3) Xem them Kevin Ruane, The Rise and Fall Maloney, Secure the Anglo- University of New Brunswick, 1991, pp.95-97 To European chflc mot nam sau da duoc sap nhap vao of American European Relations Defence Community: and the Crisis of Defense, 1950-55 Palgrave, 2000 NATO thu Tay To Au [Western Command Union of Defence the Sea Rghien cflu Lich sir, so 9.2Q14 to) Phudng Tay e ngai rang, mot hanh dong tan cong quan su cung c6 the xay cf chau Au Hong quan Lien Xo sfl dung nU6c Dflc nhU mot ban dap quan (7) Xem them' Evelyn Colbert, Southeast Asia in International Politics 1941-1956 Cornell University Press, Ithaca and London, 1977, p 206 (S) Cong dong Than va Thep chau Au (European Coal and Steel Community) dUdc lap nam 1952 dua tren cd so cua Hi|p \ldc Paris 1951 vdi cac midc vien la: Phap, Italia, Luc-xem-bua, Ha Lan, Bi va Tay Dflc Cong dong dUdc lap ciing chinh la y tUcIng cua Jean Monnet, kinh te gia, chi'nh tri gia noi tieng cua Phap va duoc cong bo'boi Ngoai tru6ng Phap luc la Robert Schuman tfl nam 1950 Sd di Phap de xuat lap to chflc cung boi vi muo'n kiem soat viec khai thac, san xuat va buon ban cac mat hang than va thep, von la nhflng nguyen lieu dau vao thi§'t yg'u cua nen kinh te cong nghiep phuc vu chife'n tranh (9) Sueddeutsche Zeitung, 15-02-1954 Xem them Christopher E Goscha, The Indochina War A Connected History, m trong: Dictionary of the Indochina War: International and Multidisciplinary Perspectives Honolulu, University of Hav/aii Press, p 19 (10) Lawrence S Kaplan, Denise Artaud, Mark R Rubin, Dien Bien Phu and the Crisis of Franco-American Relations, 1954-1955, Sr Books, 1990, p 235 (11) Ibid., p 236, Noi den thua tai chau Au d day Bo truSng Quoc phong Phap Rene Pleven ngu y noi de'n viec nUdc Phap phai chap nhan mot nifcic Tay Dflc tai vu trang vdi kha nang dong gop lflc lfldng va tai chi'nh hdn Phap, mot dieu kho co the dUdc chap nhan suy nghi cfla gi6i lanh dao Phap Ve tinh the tie'n thoai ludng nan cua Phap, CO the xem them: Evelyn Colbert, op cit, p 214 (12), Christopher E Goscha, op cit., p 19 (13) Lawrence S Kaplan, Denise Artaud, Mark R Rubin, op cit, p 253 (14) Irwin Wall, France in the Cold War, m Journal of European Studies, 2008, pp 125-126 (co the ^61" them: http://ies.sagepub.eom/content/38/2.toc va: Lawrence S Kaplan, Denise Artaud, Mark R Rubin, op cit., p, 235), Bat on v^ kinh te', quan sfl va chinh tri Phap nhflng nam dau 1950, xem them cac phan tich tfl bao chi Dflc, Die Zeit, 20 November 1952, Sueddeutsche Zeitung, 16 Oktober 1950, Sueddeutsche Zeitung, 15 Februar 1954 (15) Timothy D Showers, France, Germany and the Development of a European Security and Defense Identity MA thesis Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, California, 2009, p, 8, (See also' http7/edocs.nps edu/npspubs/scholar!y/theses/2000 /Jun/OOJun_Showers.pdf), (16) Sueddeutsche 1950 Zeitung, 16 November (17) Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, 08 J a n u a r va 23 Oktober 1953 Ve da luan Phap lo ngai ve nu6c Dflc tai vu trang, xem them: Sueddeutsche Zeitung, 05, M#rz 1954 (18) Walter Hallstein (1901-1982) la chinh tri gia chuyen ve chien lUdc do'i ngoai hang dau cfla chinh quyen Adenauer, tac gia cfla hoc thuyet noi tieng mang ten minh (Hallstein Doctrine) dUdc thi hanh suot thap nien 1960 (19) Der Auswaertige Ausschuss des Deutschen Bundestages 1953-1957 Droster Verlag, Duesseldorf, 2002, S 204, (20) Frankfurter August 1954 Allgemeine Zeitung, 31, (21) Freiheit, Wohlfahrt, Sicherheit fuer Deutschland und Europa, Regierungserk lae rung von Bundeskanzler Dr Adenauer zur Deutschen Au#enpolitik vor dem Deutschen Bundestag am 15, Dezember 1954, Ve thai cua Lien Xo trfl6c van de EDC, xem them trong: Die Kabinetteprotokolle der Bundesregierung, Band 5, Harald Boldt Verlag, Boppard am Rhem 1989, S 296 (22) Tiec rfing, gidi lanh dao quan s,fl Phap lai tie'p tuc dan than vao cupc phieu luu quan sU mdi eho'ng lai sU noi day gianh dpc lap cua nhan dan Algeria nd vao thang 11-1954 va them lan nfla chap n h a n that bai va phai thfla nhan nen doc lap cfla quoc gia vao nam 1962 CHlfC tlVAN BAT LO HOA XMCH TROI\0 BA]\G GIAO GrtfA TRIEU TRA]\ VA TRIEU I\GUYE1\ ( - « I ) NGUYfiN THU HI^N' L ich sii VUdng trieu Tran (1226-1400) tQng dd'i dien vdi nhilu thii thach Mdt nhQng thfl thach de dpa sfl tdn vong ciia vUdng trieu Tran la quan he vdi trilu Nguyen Bang giao giQa hai vfldng trilu tQ nam 1260 de'n nam 1368 ludn dn chQa nhQng bien ddng ddy kich tinh Ngay tQ mdi len ngdi, vua Nguyen The To da sfl dung nhieu bien phap khac de the hien uy quyin ddi vdi cac vi vua trilu Tran Nam 1261, vua Nguyen The To dat chfle quan Dat Id hoa xich tren lanh thd Dai Viet Tfl day, boat ddng bang giao gifla hai vUdng trieu xua't hien qua trinh da'u tranh phflc tap xoay quanh chfle quan Dat Id hoa xich Ten goi v a s\i r a d6i c u a chiic q u a n Dat 16 hoa xich t r o n g lich s ^ viiofng t r i e u N g u y e n Dat 16 hoa xich la phien am Han Vidt ciia § ^ ^ - Dot 16 hoa xich la tieng Mdng Cd phien am chG Han, nguyen nghia m § ^ # la ke tra'n ap Trong mdt so' tai lieu Trung Qud'c, Dat 16 hoa xich edn dupc ggi la Gidm ldm quan ({^ l[p 'g') (1) hay Tuyen sai ( S M) (2) Theo cac stf gia trieu Nguyin Khdm dinh Viet s& thdng gidm cUdng muc thi Dat Id hoa xich dich nghia la "quan trUdng a'n, chflc quan giam sat viec cai tri quan huyen" (3) Trong 3C ^ llJJ 5& Nguyen trieu bi su! trang 263 chep ^ tE ^ (Dat 16 hoa xich) ^ ^/i "n E (Ddp l6 hdp thdn) tam dich la quan Trd'n thu Trung Qud'c vdn la ndi chung sd'ng eiia nhilu toe ngUdi khac tren vung lanh thd rdng ldn Mdi tgc ngUdi ludn cd xu hUdng md rdng dia ban cfl tru va kiem soat nhflng khu vUc da ehinh phuc Vi vay, chQc quan vdi chflc nang giam sat hoat dgng tai cac vung da't phu thupc da xuat hien tfl ra't sdm lieh sut Trung Qud'c cd dai Theo nha nghidn cQu ngfldi Trung Qudc la Ddng Tap Minh thi vao thdi Ddng Han (23-230), vua nfldc Vu Dien (4) da tQng giet quan giam thi ciia ngUdi Hung Nd (5) Thdi ky Tay Tan (265-420), ngudi Hung Nd tap trung d miln Nam Sdn Tay, chinh quyen Tay Tan da eho quan lai ngudi Han den giam sat Xet lich sfl phong kie'n Trung Qud'c trUde trieu Nguyen thie't lap da tflng tdn tai nhilu chflc quan dai dien cho chinh quyen trung fldng tai cac thugc qud'c Dien hinh nhu quan he gifla Vidt Nam va Trung Qud'c giai doan 179TCN- 905, ngfldi dflng dau bd may cai tri cua Trung Qud'c tai 'TS Khoa Lich sfl - Trfldng Dai hgc Su pham Ha Ndi ChiJrc quan Bat L6 Ijoa xich h-ong bang giao Viet Nam thudng la cac chfle quan nhfl ThU si, Thdi thd, Tiet sii Cac chQc quan nam td chQc bo may cai tri theo phUdng each true tri cua cac trieu dai phong kien Trung Qudc Vi vay ThU sit, Thdi thu hay T^ei sii ndm giQ rat nhieu quyen hanh tai Viet Nam tham chi cd luc khdng ehiu sU kiem soat ciia chinh quyin trung Udng trilu dinh suy ye'u vao ddu the ky XIII Mdng Cd mdi lap nha nUde, td chfle bp may nha nfldc cdn ddn gian ChQc quan Dat 16 hoa xich xua't hien qua trinh Mong Co md rpng lanh thd Dat 16 hoa xich ddi xuat phat tfl nhu cau kiem soat va thflc thi quyen lUc cua Mdng Cd tai cac vung da't phu thudc Ngay thdi gian dau lap qud'c, Mdng Co da cho ngfldi That Dat gifl chQc Dat 16 hoa xich cai tr" nhQng vQng da't mdi chiem Cu the nhu v.'.o nam 1209, mdt thii linh ngudi Hdi Hut dang tang phan ldn lanh thd Tan CUdng thi Thanh Cat Tfl Han da cfl mpt sd' ngUdi That Dat lam Dat 16 hoa xich tdi chia cai tri vung dat Hoac sau Thanh Cat Tfl Han chinh phuc vung dat thugc khu vUc Trung A (dUdc phien am sang chQ Han la Hoa Lat Tfl Md - l£ fij ^ ^ ) da dat Dat lo hoa xich quan ly va giam sat mpi hoat dgng tai day Vua Nguyen Thai Tdng dat Bat 16 hoa xich tai Bien Kinh (nay la Khai Phong) va Trung Dd (nay la Bac Kinh) Dudi trilu vua Nguyen Hien Tong, vien quan giQ chflc Dat 16 hoa xich dfldc phai den khu vflc tUdng flng vdi lanh thd nude Nga hien Ca biet dd'i vdi trUdng hdp Trieu Tien sau ddu hang Mdng Cd (6), trd mgt phan lanh thd cua de qud'c Mdng Co, cd tdi 70 ngUdi lam Dat 16 hoa xich tren vung dat Cung vdi sU md rgng lanh tho eiia Mdng Co chflc quan Dat 16 hoa xich trd nen phd bien Mdng Co da chinh phuc dfldc ra't nhilu dan tdc, qud'c gia d Trung nguyen, Trung A, Tay Nam A, Ddng Au Ndi nao Mdng CO eiing d^t Dat 16 hoa xich de giam tri va ndm thuc quyen Tai cac vung da't mdi chiem linh, vi the eiia Dat Id hoa xich cao hdn ca trUdng quan ban dia va hudng quyin ldi nhieu nhat, ed quyen quye't dinh mpi viec dan Dudi thdi Thanh Cat Tu Han Bat 16 hoa xich phan bd' tQ khu vUc sdng Hoang Ha len vung Bdc Thiet Mon quan; phia Nam den khu vflc Sdn Tay Dat 16 hoa xich ehu yeu ngUdi Mong Co hoac ngudi Sde Mue - nhQng ngQdi ngoai tgc Mdng Co nhu Kham Sat, Hdi, Dudng, Oat La dUdc Dai ban Mdng Co tin nhiem giao phd giam sat hoat dgng eua quan lai dia phUdng Khi trilu Nguyen thay the hoan toan trilu Nam Tdng cai tri Trung Qud'c thi Dat 16 hoa xich trd chflc quan dflng dau mdt ddn vi hanh ehinh dia phfldng td chQc hanh chinh dudi trieu Nguyen Mdi ca'p dia phUdng diu cd mdt Dat 16 hoa xich va mdt so' thudc vien de lam cdng viec hanh chinh Bat Id hoa xich chia lam nhieu ca'p, ngach, bac vdi lUdng bdng cao tha'p khac Dat Id hoa xich dUde bd' tri tai cae ddn Vi hanh chinh nhU tinh, lg, phu, chau, huyen, eac quan De efl, cac phu Tong quan, phu Tdng quan, phu Van hd, sd Thien hd, phu Nguyen soai va cd quan tuyen chinh Chflc nang chinh ciia Dat 16 hoa xich la giam sat va ddn dde boat dpng cua chinh quyen dia phUdng Nhu vay, dudi trieu Nguyen, quan Dat 16 hoa xich la dai dien cho quyen lUc eua vUdng trilu Nguyen tai cac cap dia phUdng cung nhu cac vung da't phu thugc Muc dich c u a trieu Nguyen dat quan Bq.t 16 hoa xich tai Dai Viet Tren cd sd khao sat mdt so tac pham sii hgc phong kie'n cua Viet Nam va Trung Rghien eiiru Lich si so 3-2glj^ Qud'c (7), chung tdi tien hanh lap bang thd'ng ke ve thdi gian va ten vien quan linh chflc Bat 16 hoa xich tai Dai Viet nhfl bang 1: hanh den chau, cho eon em d tai Trung Qud'c lam tin, bien nap dan so, cung flng quan dich, nap thue khda, cdn dat quan Dat Id hoa xich cai tri Cac khoan ndi trdn deu de td rd Idng trung B a n g 1: Cac v i e n q u a n l i n h chifc D a t lo h o a x i c h t a i Dai Viet , , ,, i • • • Iam nfldc chfl hau." (9) Nguyen T h i T e n v i e n q u a n l i n h chiic Dat Id hoa xich Thcfi g i a n Stt Nap Lat Dinh (8) • « »l T 1262-1268 Td cdn tiep tuc khang Hot Lung Hai Nha - iS fi M 3F 1268-1269 dinh "y nghia to ldn" 1269 TrUdng Dinh Tran - 'jK B ^ eua quan Dat 16 hoa 1270-1273 Da Thuc Nap (Diep Thiic Niet) -til-ii.:^l*)( P t i C S xich la nham hd trd 1273-1275 Ly Nguyen - $7C trieu Trdn viec 1275 Hop T n e t Nhi Hai Nha (Hap Tan Nhi Hai Nha) quan ly da't nude nhfl - ftt»JL»S= 1281 Bot Nhan Thiet Moc Nhi (Bat Nhan Thiep Moc td chieu gfli vua Trdn Nhi) - » l » f t * J L Thanh Tdng nam 1267 "Trudc day Trdm sai Nam 1261, vua Tran Thai Tdng efl sfl quan Dat Id hoa xich la Nau ThQ Dinh gia la Lg Phu Trdn va Chu Bac Lam sang (Nap Lat Dinh) qua, khanh va eac tdi nen Nguyen xin thdng hieu Vua Nguyen The' yen chi lo viee nudc" (10) De'n nam 1267 Td HIn eho sfl gia sang Dai Viet ydu eau ll (11) thi viec dat quan Dat 16 hoa xich trd vat hang nam va trieu Tran thuan tinh mgt sau dilu ("Iuc sU") (12) bdt trilu cdng theo dmh ky nam lan Vdi bude ma cac vua Trdn phai thuc hien ddi hanh dgng vua Tran Thanh Tdng thdng vdi trieu Nguyen hieu va dat quan he trilu ed'ng, Nguyen Nau Lat Dinh edn dUdc Nguyen The To The To coi Dai Viet nhu la mdt vung da't ban hd phu gid'ng nhu vua Tran vdi ham phu thudc tUdng dUdng vdi cdp chinh quyen nghia vien quan cd quyen hanh ngang dia phuong tai Trung Qud'c \ ^ vay, viec vdi vua Trdn Cac sfl gia trieu Nguyin de chfle quan Dat 16 hoa xich dUdc dat tai Dai cap de'n kha ro ve chflc nang cua Dat 16 hoa Viet cung la chi la viec tat nhien ma thdi xich Nap Lat Dinh la "di lai giam sat viec Thdi gian trilu Nguyen chinh thflc dat quan Dat 16 hoa xich ed sfl khac gifla cai tri" (13) va Nguyen su; cung khang cac tu lieu Theo Dai Viet sii ky todn thii dinh Bat 16 hoa xich thudng di lai gifla hai nam 1261, trieu Nguyen bdt dau dat chQc nudc Nhu vay, diem khac biet dau tien vl Bat lo hoa xich tai Dai Viet; theo An Nam muc dich qua trinh dat quan Dat Id chi luac, Khdm dinh Viet su" thong gidm hoa xich dd la quan Bat 16 hoa xich khdng cUOng muc va Nguyen si thi nam 1262 thudng xuyen d tai Dai Vidt nhu quan Bat trieu Nguyen mdi cfl quan Dat 16 hoa xich 16 hoa xich tai cac cap dia phudng khac cua trieu Nguyen Mat khac, Nguyen The To tdi Dai Viet thudng Ilia chgn nhflng ngudi am hieu tinh Trong ldi chieu gfli vua Trdn Thanh hinh Dai Viet hoac da tflng sang Dai Vilt Tdng nam 1267 cua Nguyen The To da ly de gifl chflc Dai 16 hoa xich D i n chQng nhfl giai rd rang: "Trong bai Thanh che cua vua trfldng hdp vien quan Dat 16 hoa xich dau Thai Td Hoang De; pham nhflng nfldc da tien tai Dai Viet la Nap Lat Dinh (14) da quy phu vdi Trung Qud'c, thi vua phai than tflng sang Dai Viet hai lan vdi tu each la sQ Chu-c quan Bat Ld Ijoa xich bang giao thdn mang chieu thu cua Nguyen The To (15) vao thang nam 1258 va thang nam 1261 (16) Nam 1275, td chieu gfli vua Trdn Thanh Tdng, Nguyen The To lai tiep tuc nhah manh den vai trd cua quan Dat 16 hoa xich: "Theo che dp cua td tdng da quy dinh, pham cac nfldc ndi phu thi vua phai than vao chdu, gfli em lam tin, bien nap dan so', nap thue' Id, nop dan trd binh va vdn dat quan Dat 16 hoa xich de thdng tri" (17) Xet ve thdi gian, quan Dat Id hoa xich dat tai Dai Viet tfl nam 1262 den nam 1281 Day la giai doan bang giao hda hao gifla trilu Tran va trieu Nguyen (giai doan sau cudc xung dot lan thQ nha't (1258) va trfldc cupc xung dot lan thfl hai (1285) gifla hai nfldc) Day cung la thdi ky vua Nguyen The To tQng budc hien thflc hda gia'c md 'Tsa ehu the gidi" Khao khat cua Nguyen The To cang chay bong sau xUng vUdng vao nam 1260 Quan Dat 16 hoa xich khdng chi ddn gian la mpt vien quan dai dien cho chinh quyen cua trieu Nguyen tai Dai Viet ma cdn lien quan mat thie't den chinh sach khuyech trUdng md rpng lanh thd eua vua Nguyen The' To Nguyen The To tam chap nhan rut quan khdi Dai Viet vao nam 1258 de tap trung muc tieu tan cdng tieu diet t r i l u Nam Td'ng nhung khdng tfl bd y dinh thdn tinh Dai Viet Dai Viet chinh la dia diem xung yeu dau tien cdn phai khua't phuc ke hoach chinh phuc khu vflc Ddng Nam A Trieu Nguyen dung uy the cua nfldc ldn, dat quan Dat 16 hoa xich nham tao sflc ep dd'i vdi Dai Viet Khi vua Nguyen The Td san sang ehuan hi mgi Iflc lUdng cho ke hoach xam Ifldc Dai Viet thi tfl sau nam 1281, quan Bat 16 hoa xich khdng cdn dUdc nhdc tdi bang giao hai nUdc Theo Trdn Trpng Kim "Viet Nam sic luac", muc dich cua trieu Nguyen la: "mud'n biet nhan vat tai san nUdc Nam ta cd nhiing gi va hpc va'n ky xao lam sao, de heu dUdng ma danh lay cho tien Va rang viec chinh tri van de cho vua nfldc Nam nhUng dat quan giam tri de ddn ddn lap Bao hp" (18) Nhu vay, viec dat chflc quan Dat 16 hoa xich thuc cha't la mpt bUdc chuan hi day tinh toan ke hoach thdn tinh Dai Viet eua Nguyen The Td T r i e u Tran "vo hieu h o a " quan Dat 16 hoa xich Dd'i phd vdi am mUu va thfl doan tham hiem cua Nguyen The To, cac vua Tran da tiing budc "vd hieu hda" hoat ddng cua quan Bat 16 hoa xich Giai doan dau Bat 16 hoa xich mdi dUpc dat tai Dai Viet, vua Tran Thanh Tdng da to y tie'p nhan Ngay sau Nau Lat Dinh giQ chflc Dat 16 hoa xich nam 1262, vua Tran Thanh Tdng da cfl sQ gia la Dfldng An Dfldng sang trieu Nguyen dang bieu ta dn (19) Nam 1266, vua Tran Thanh Tdng tiep tuc cfl Dudng An Dfldng sang trieu Nguyen xin dinh lai mot so' vat pham trieu cdng va xin cho Nap Lat Dinh "lam Dat 16 hoa xich dai ban" (20) Tuy nhien chi vai nam sau dd, nam 1267, vua Nguyen The To da td y khdng hai long ve viec quan Dot 16 hoa xich Nau Lat Dinh bi trieu Tran kiem soat chat ehe Vua Nguyen The To gii chieu thu tdi vua Tran Thanh Tdng bay td rang: "Nay nghe Nau ThQ Dinh d ben ay, cd nhieu sU thudng bi chd'ng bang ca'm doan, khdng cho dfldc hpi dam" (21) Hieu rd mUu dd xet tinh hinh Dai Viet cua quan Bat 16 hoa xich nen trilu Trdn ban che' sfl tie'p xuc cua vien quan ddi vdi cac phan dan eU Ben canh 20 dd, trieu Tran khdng coi Dat 16 hoa xich vdi tu each la vien quan hd trd cdng viec cai tri da't nude trieu Nguyen cfl den nen ta't yeu tfl chd'i cac buoi gap gd tie'p xuc va trao ddi dam luan Trilu Tran mdt mat vdn tiep nhan Bat 16 hoa xich lam "hai long" trilu Nguyen nham tri bang giao hda hao nhUng thUc chat thi "phong tda" hoat ddng ciia Bat 16 hoa xich tai Dai Viet Rd rang vdi dpng thai cua trilu Trdn thi quan Bat Id hoa xich se khdng the gay ton hai cho ldi ieh qud'c gia Dai Viet Nha nghien cQu Ha Van Ta'n va Pham Thi Tam eho rdng trilu Tran da khdng che' Nau Lat Dinh bang nhieu bien phap de ngan can viec tham tinh hinh Vi vay vua Trdn cdn lenh ca'm nhan dan khdng dUde ndi chuydn vdi ngUdi Hdi Hot (hay edn ggi la ngudi Duy Ngd Nhi thudng sinh sd'ng d vung Tan Cudng, Trung Qud'c) dang d tren da't Dai Viet vi lo ngai rang hg cd the la nhflng gian diep cua trilu Nguyen hoac vi hg dl tiet Id tinh hinh Dai Vidt vdi Dgt 16 hoa xich (22) Cung nam 1267, Nguyen The To chi trich gay gdt hanh dgng ciia vua Tran la se chi gay thdm hilm khich hoat ddng bang giao gifla hai nude ma thdi: "qua nhu the thi cd phai ll nghia than mat mdt nha dau! Nghia vua tdi cung nhu tinh phu tfl, cd le gi tdi ma phan vua, eon ma phan lai cha sao? Neu TrSm khdng ndi ra, thi dai khanh khdng cd sU that, khanh nen nghi lai cho chin chdn de trdn sfl giao hao trudc sau nhU mdt" (23) Vi vay nam 1268, Nguyen The To cfl Hot Lung Hai Nha sang thay Nap Lat Dinh lam Dat 16 hoa xich Den nam 1275, vua Tran Thanh Tdng da to quyet liet hdn dang chieu thU xin bai miln chfle quan Dgt 16 hoa xich tai Dai Viet Td bieu cua vua Trdn Thanh Tdng Rghien euu lijch sir, sd 9.2014 dfldc ghi lai cu the Nguyen sii: "Den thien trilu sai dat Dgt 16 hoa xich, den ehd'n bien canh than, ed the v l khdng, hud'ng hd hanh nhan cua hg hanh ddng dfla dam, hiep tidu qud'c Tuy anh sang cua thien tfl cd hdn vang nhat nguyet, cd the chieu den chon phuc bdn Va lai, Dat Id hoa xich cd the thi hanh de'n ehd'n bidn man ngu muoi, da ed than dupe vUdng phong la Phien binh (24) mdt phfldng, ma lai lap thdm Dat 16 hoa xich dd trdng coi giam sat, khdng bi cae nudc chu hau che cfldi sao? Den de ddn ddc tu co'ng, Idng vui phuc ma den cdng nap! Pham quan thien trieu sai khien, xin chuyen lam sfl ddn tien vao, miln eho sfl che chd cua Bgt 16 hoa xich, khdng nhflng la dieu may mdn cua vi than, ma thflc la dilu hanh phuc eua mudn dan mot nfldc vay" (25) Trong Khdm dinh Viit sii thong gidm cUang muc, ndi dung ldi tau bidu cua vua Tran Thanh Tdng dUdc tdm tdt ngdn gpn nhu sau: "Chflc quan Dgt Id hoa xich chi cd the dat d cac nfldc man di ngoai bien gidi, cdn nudc tdi nhfl cai phen cai giau che chd eho mdt phfldng, ma lai dat chflc quan ay de kiem soat cdng viec, thi cha bi nfldc khac che cudi hay sao? Xm ddi quan chQc a'y lam Ddn ta'n sit" (26) Nhu vay, vua Tran Thanh Tdng da chi hai nguyen nhan quan trpng de bai miln quan Dgt 16 hoa xich Nguyen nhdn thii nhdt xua't phat tfl vi the'cua Dai Viet vdi tU each la nudc da dUdc phong vUdng tfle la d vi the ciia chu hau thi khdng cdn dat quan giam sat nhu cac nUde nhd be d vung bien viin chua dUdc vua Nguyen thfla nhan va phong Vfldng Nguyen nhdn thii hai la sfl long quyen cua Dgt Id hoa xich hay eay the chen ep Vua Trdn Thanh Tdng de nghi thay the Dgt 16 hoa xich bdng quan Ddn tie'n sii, tfle la vien quan vdi tu each la ngudi truyin du cac chidu chi cua trilu Chfle quan BatLd Ijoa xich bang giao Nguyen tdi Dai Viet ma thoi ThUe te la boat ddng cua Dgt Id hoa xich trudc va sau nam 1275 cung khong cd nhieu thay ddi thudng xuyen dam nhan cdng viec cua mgt sfl gia mang chieu thu cua vua Nguyen tdi Dai Viet Nam 1262, Nap Lat Dinh dUdc gifl chQc Dgt 16 hoa xich nhung thang nam 1266, Nap Lat Dinh lai mang chieu thu ciia Nguyen Thai Td sang Dai Viet giai thich ve viec dung binh cua quan Nguyen nam 1258 (27) Cac tai lieu sfl sach cua Viet Nam va Trung Qud'c cung khdng de cap defi khoang thdi gian nao cu the Nau Lat Dinh luu tru tai Dai Viet tfl sau nam 1262 Tudng tu, cac quan Dgt Id hoa xich tiep sau chi dUdc nhdc den vdi tu each la ngUdi dan dau doan sfl bd vdi nhiem vu la mang chieu thfl cua vua Nguyen ma thdi Thang 10 nam 1272, Nguyen The Td lay Diep Thflc Niet lam Dgt Id hoa xich va Ly Nguyen lam Phd sfl sang Dai Viet hdi ve viec bien gidi Nam 1273, Diep Thflc Niet chet, Ly Nguyen dfldc gifl chflc Dgt 16 hoa xich va Hdp Triet Nhi Hai Nha lam phd sfl sang trach cfl viee vua Tran Thanh Tdng nhan ehieu thu khdng ehiu lay va ngdi d vi tri cao hdn sfl gia cua trieu Nguyen yen tiec Nam 1275 (28), sau binh dUdc vflng Giang Nam, Nguyen The To cii Hdp Triet Nhi Hai Nha lam Dgt 16 hoa xich vk Ly Khdc Tu lam phd sfl de tuyen du nhdc nhd ve viec ma cac vua Tran phai thUc hien dac biet la phai giup dan va binh luong Sfl kien cuo'i eflng la nam 1281, Bdt Nhan Thiet Mgc Nhi (Ba't Nhan Thiep Mgc Nhi) dUdc cut lam Dgt 16 hoa xich cimg vdi sai Xuan va LI Cha'n linh binh dUa Trdn Di Ai v l Dai Viet mUu dd dUng nen trilu dinh bu nhin thay the su cai tri cua vua Trdn Nhan Tdng (29) Tfl sau nam 1281, quan Dgt lo hoa xich hoan toan bien mat hoat dpng bang giao giQa trieu Tran vdi trilu Nguyen Nhu vay, nhQng sU kien tren da chflng td trieu Nguyen hoan toan khdng thuc hien dQde muc dich dat tfl dau dm vdi viec dat quan Dgt 16 hoa xich tai Dai Viet Quan Dgt 16 hoa xich thuc ehdt chi la ngudi dflng dau phai doan sfl bg eua trieu Nguyen tdi Dai Viet ma thoi Du ddi hdi phai dfldc giam sat cung nhfl tham gia boat dgng cung vdi trieu dinh trung Udng nhUng Dgt Id hoa xich khdng lam gi hdn ngoai nhi6m vu truyen chieu thu cua Nguyen Thd To Dat Id hoa xich chi lam trdn vai trd cua ngfldi di sQ ma thdi Trong Idi chieu du nam 1286, Nguyen The To da phai thfla nhan sfl that bai cua viec dat quan Dgt 16 hoa xich tai Dai Viet va quy ke't rang dd chinh la mdt nhilu nguyen nhan dan tdi cugc ta'n edng nam 1285 nhfl sau: "TrUdc day, nfldc khanh la Tran (chi vua Nhan Tdng nha Tran) da chiu than phue, theo nien Ie cdng hien, ma khdng chiu than hanh vao chau Nhan Tran Di Ai thuc phu cua dng dy sang day, ta giao viec nfldc An Nam eho y, sai sfl thdn dUa y ve nUdc thi bi hai Cdn Dgt 16 hoa xich la Ba't Nhan Thiep Mgc Nhi eua ta sai den, lai bi khUdc di, khdng tiep nhan De'n viec dem quan qua danh Chidm Thanh, Ie nen tiep te ma lai bo khdng eung edp ^ ea, vi vay, Tra'n Nam VUdng Thoat Hoan va Hanh tinh A Ly Hai Nha tien binh" (30) N h a n xet TrUdc chinh thflc ta'n cdng Dai Viet nam 1285, trieu Nguyen da chuan bi ra't ky ludng Nham hdp thflc hda boat ddng tham dd tinh hinh Dai Viet, chi hai nam sau Ien ngoi Dai han, Nguyen The Td da dat chflc quan Dgt 16 hoa xich Chflc quan tdn tai vdng 20 nam thflc hien bang giao hda hao gifla hai vUdng trilu (tfl nam 1262 de'n nam 1281), Rghien cflu Lich sir, so 9.2Q14 Cung vdi qua trinh md rdng xam ehie'm them nhilu lanh thd tren the gidi, Bgt 16 hoa xich tQ mgt quan lai cap dia phUdng nhanh chdng trd vien quan dai dien cho quyen luc giam sat cua vUdng trieu Nguyen tren nhflng vung dat mdi Nguyen The Td dat quan Dat 16 hoa xich khdng chi mud'n phd trUdng the ma cdn the hien tham vpng dung Iflc lUdng nhU mpt chieu bai hQu dung tren bfldc dudng hidn thflc hda am mUu thdn tinh ddi vdi Dai Viet thd Dai Viet ma chi den mang theo ehieu thu, truyen chi du ciia Nguyen The Td tdi cac vua Tran ma thdi Trilu Nguyen da hoan toan tha't bai ke hoach dat -iuan Dgt Id hoa xich giam sat tinh hinh Dai Viet, Day cung ehinh la mdt cdng cua vUdng trieu Tran qua trinh thuc hien bang giao ddy cam go vdi trilu Nguyen Thanh cdng khdng chi chflng td dUdc ban linh cua cae vua Tran ma edn the hien tinh than ddc lap tfl chii quyet khdng de ldi Tuy nhien, trilu Tran da kheo leo tflng ich qud'c gia bi xam pham ciia vfldng trieu budc "vd hieu hda" boat ddng cua quan Bgt Tran Ban linh a'y, tinh than ay ra't can 16 hoa xich Nhflng vien quan Dgt 16 hoa dUdc tiep tuc tri ehinh sach dd'i xich dUde cfl tdi Dai Viet vdi nhiem vu va ngoai cua Viet Nam trUdc nhflng bien quyen han khdng hdn gi mpt vien sfl than chuyen khon Ifldng cua quan hg qudc te Dgt 16 hoa xich khdng luu tru lai tren lanh hien CHU THICH (1) Quan giam tri hoac tran thu (8), Trong Dai Vict sii ky todn thii va An Nam (2) Vua thifdng cii than lam ngUdi dai dien cho hoang that gifl chflc (3) Quoc stt quan trieu Nguyin: Kham chi lUOc ghi la Nau Lat Dinh, Lich tniu hien chitang loai chi ghi la Nap Lat Dinh, Nguyen su" dinh Vi4t su: thong gidm ciCdng muc, Nxb Giao due, Ha vife't la Not Lap Dmh, (9), (10), (19) Le Tdc: An Nam chi luac Nxb Thuan Hoa - Trung tam van hoa ngon ngfl Dong N6i, 1999, tr 489 (4) La mot vUdng quo'c Phat giao, pham vi lanh Tay, Ha Noi, 2002, tr 73 (11) Theo Nguyen s& la nam 1267, theo Khdm thd thuoc Tan Cflcing, Trung Quoc (5) Toe nguili song du cit b khu vUc bien gi6i dinh Viet sit thong gidm cUctng muc la nSm 1266 phia Bdc cua Trung A Tfl t h e k y III, ngfldi Hung (12) Sau viec !a vua than sang chau, cho No da kiS'm soat khu vflc thao nguyen rong 16n vl em sang lam tin, ke nop so' dan nfldc, phia tay keo dai den tan khu vflc Kavkaz nop mot so' quan, nop to thue va vdn dat chflc quan (6) Tfl nam 1219, T n e u Tien da xflng than nop cong, tfl nhiin lam thuoc quoc ciia Mong Co Nhflng den nam 1224, sfl gia Mong Co tren dfldng Dat 16 hoa xich d€ giam tri (13) Quoc sfl quan trieu Nguyin: Kham dinh Viet sU thdng gidm cU