vf; CHlTOl^G T R i ] « I MIJC TIEU QUOC GIA XOA DOI GIAM l^GIDEO d VIET ]\AM LUONG THI X ua't phat diem tii md hinh thi diem tai mgt so' a'p eua Thanh phd' Ho Chi Minh, phong trao xda ddi giam ngheo (XDGN) da nhanh chdng lan rdng mgt phong trao qudn chung c6 y nghla kinh te • xa hdi sau rgng ca nudc va dflde dUa len ehUdng trinh muc tieu qud'e gia Quye't dinh da va dang dem lai nhflng qua ma chua bao gid Viet Nam cd dUdc lich sii phat trien kinh te cua minh la nan ddi h i u nhu da khdng cdn - mdt di^u ma tUcing chiing keo dai khd cha'm dflt Thanh tiiu ve xda ddi giam nghdo b Viet Nam da dUde edng dong qud'c te danh gia la: "mdt nhflng cau chuyen cdng nha't phat trien kinh te^ va eude chie'n chd'ng ngheo ddi cung la diem sang cua cdng cupc ddi mdi b Viet Nam g i n 30 nam qua Vi the' cua Viet Nam tren trudng qud'c ti da dflde nang cao, dd nhd co quye't sach diing dan va nhflng tiiu giam ngheo xua't sac TH mo hinh thi diem d Thanh Ho Chi Minh den chrfctog trinh XDGN cua Chinh phu Viet N a m Ngay tfl Viet Nam gianh dUdc ddc lap (nam 1945), Dang va Chinh phu Viet Nam Dan chu Cpng hda, dflng dau la Chu • ThS Vien Sfl hpe H6NG* tieh Ho Chi Minh da xae dinh ddi ngheo nhu la mot thfl "giae", eung nhfl giae dot, giac ngoai xam nen da dfla muc tieu phan da'u de nhan dan lao ddng thoat khoi ddi, ngheo; lam cho mgi ngfldi ed edng an, viec Iam, a'm no, hanh phflc Trong phien hgp dau tien 3-9-1945 cua Chinh phu Vidt Nam Dan ehu Cgng hda, Chu tich H Chi Minh da de" bien phap cin lam ngay, dd viee phat ddng mgt chie'n dieh tang gia san xua't de chd'ng ddi dUdc dat Ien hang dau Trong bai phat bieu tai cupe hpp dau tien ciia Uy ban Nghien eflu ke hoach kie'n qud'c (ngay 10-1-1946), Chii tich Ho Chi Minh da khang dinh: "Chung ta da gianh dUdc tfl do, dpc lap roi ma dan cfl chet ddi, chet ret thi tu do, ddc lap cung khdng iam gi Dan chi biet ro gia tri cua tii do, ddc lap kbi ma dan dflde an no, mac dii" (1) Chu tich Ho Chi Minh cung can dan "cbinh sach eua Dang va Cbinh phu la phai hdt sflc cham nom den ddi song cua nhan dan Neu dan ddi Dang va Chinh phu cd Idi; va "dan du an, du mac thi chinh saeh cua Dang va Chinh phu se dd dang thflc hien Neu dan ddi, ret, dot, benh thi chinh sach cua ta du cd hay ma'y thi cung khdng thflc hien dfldc" (2) Tam nguyen cua Chu tich Ho Chi Minh ludn luon dUdc Dang va 5S Nha nUdc Viet Nam coi va la sdi chi dd xuyen sudt qua trinh phat trien da't nUdc Tuy nhien, thdi ky trUdc day, da't nudc dang cd chie'n tranh, va'n de xda ddi giam ngheo van dUde Dang va Nha nude dat nhUng chUa ed die'u kien de thUc hien Bflde vao thdi ky ddi mdi, Dang va Nha nudc Viet Nam da nhan thflc toan didn hdn ve ban eha't, nguyen nhan cua ddi ngheo va chinh ddi ngheo la trd ngai dd'i vdi phat trien xa hdi Do vay, Viet Nam da cd nhflng cam ke't chinh tri manh me, thiic day cdng tac xda ddi giam nghdo, coi la trach nhidm cua Dang, Nha nflde va toan xa hoi Giam ddi ngheo khdng chi la mot nhflng chu trUdng, ehinh sach cd ban dUdc Dang, Nha nUdc Viet Nam dac bidt quan tam, ma cdn la mgt hd phan quan cua mue tieu phat trien da't nUdc Xuat phat diem tfl md hinh thi diem tai mpt sd' a'p efla Thanh phd' Ho Chi Minh nam 1991 vdi tinh than "cpng dong giup ngfldi ngheo vd'n va each lam an", phong trao xoa ddi giara ngheo da dupc day len ca nudc Ngay 20-2-1992, Thanh uy Thanh phd' Ho Chi Minh da that sU tan cdng vao ddi ngheo bang viec cdng bd' quye't dinh "Ve viec td ehflc, trien khai chUdng trinh phan da'u thu hep va tflng bude xda nghdo d ndng thdn" De trien khai ehUdng trinh, thang 9-1992, lanh dao Thanh pho' Ho Chi Minh da quye't dinh td chflc lam diem tai huyen ngoai (gdm Cu Chi, Binh Chanh, Hdc Mdn, Nha Be, Cin Gid, Thii Dflc) va eae phfldng cd ndng nghiep d quan (gdm quan 8, Binh Thanh, Gd Va'p va Tan Binh) Thang 10-1992, ChUdng trinh tiep tuc dUdc md rdng 12 quan ndi vdi viec dau tU hd trd cho cac phudng, xa ngheo nha't Ket qua la ty le hd ddi dUde chan dflng, sd hd ngheo cang giam Rghien ciiru Ljch siSr sd 9.2014 Cach Iam sau dd Ian tda nhieu dia phUdng vdi nhieu each thflc to chflc khae va trd phong trao xda ddi giam nghdo sdi dong ca nUdc Tfl thuc tiin phong trao xda ddi giam ngheo, Hdi nghi Trung Udng (khda VII) nam 1991 da neu len mdt nhiem vu cd y nghia kinh te' - chinh tri - xa hdi to ldn: "Phai trd giup ngudi ngheo bang each cho vay vd'n, hudng dan each lam an, hinh quy xda ddi giam ngheo b tflng dia phUdng tren cd sci giup dan va tranh thu cae nguon tai trd quo'c te, phan dau tang hd giau di ddi vdi xda doi giam ngheo" (3) ThUc hien cae chu trUdng cua Dang va Chinh phu, phong trao xda doi giam ngheo da trd cudc van ddng 16n, cd tac dung thig't thiic iam giam dang ke s6' hd ngheo doi, giflp cac hd cdn nghdo giam bdt khd khan De'n Dai hgi dai bieu toan quoc lln thii VIII cua Dang (1996), chUdng trinh "Ve x6a doi gidm ngheo" dupc coi la mgt mudi ehUdng trinh muc tieu phat trien kinh te xda ddi giam ngheo cua qud'c gia Bao cao chinh tri cua Dai hdi VIII nha'n manh: "Thflc hien td't chfldng trinh xda doi giam ngheo, nha't la ddi vdi vflng can cfl each mang, vung ddng bao dan tpc thieu so Xay dUng va phat trien quy xda ddi giam ngheo bang nhie"u nguon vd'n va ngoai nfldc; quan ly chat che, d i u tfl dung ddi tfldng va ed hieu qua To chflc td't ddi sdng xa hgi tren tflng dia ban de dieu kien thu nhap binh quan dau ngfldi cdn tha'p vln tao dfldc cudc sd'ng kha hdn cho nhan dan Mb rdng cac xa cd dien, cd dfldng, co trfldng, ed tram y te', cd nfldc saeh" (4) Tie'p theo, Bp Chinh tri da Chi thi sd 23-CT/TW 29-11-1997 ve viec lanh dao thflc Men cdng tac xda ddi, giam ngheo Chi thi xac dinh "Xda ddi, giam ngheo la mdt nhiem vu quan trpng chid'n Ifldc Ve chirong hinh muc heu qude gia on dinh, phat trien kinh te - xa hgi; thflc hien dinh hudng xa hdi chu nghia; ke tuc va phat buy truyen thd'ng tUdng than, tUdng cua dan tgc"; "Tap trung moi ngudn Iuc cho xda ddi giam ngheo, bao gom ngudn tfl ngan sach Nha nUde, ngudn dan gay quy xda ddi giam ngheo va tai trd quoc te"; 'Thflc hien cd hieu qua ChUdng trinh qud'c gia xda ddi giam ngheo thdi ky 1998-2000; Idng ghep cac ehfldng t n n h , dii an kinh te - xa hdi khac vdi ehUdng trinh xda ddi giam ngheo, sfl dung tdng bdp cac bien phap de thflc hien cho dfldc muc tieu xda ddi giam ngheo den nam 2000 Dai hgi Dai bieu toan qud'c l l n thfl VLQ cua Dang de ra" (5) Trude tinh hinh dd, Bp Lao dgng-ThUdng binh va Xa hgi da chu dpng phdi hdp vdi cae bd nganh, cac dia phUdng chii ddng nghien cflu danh gia thue trang ngheo ddi, xay dflng tieu chi hd ngheo, xac dinh chuan ngheo va de xuat vdi Chinh phu mdt sd' cd che, chinh sach giai phap trd giup ngUdi ngheo ve" y te, giao due, trd cap xa hdi va nghien eflu trinh Chinh phu ehfldng trinh mue tieu qude gia xda ddi giam ngheo Nam 1996, Chinh phu quyet dinh lap Ngan hang phuc vu ngfldi ngheo (sau la Ngan hang chinh sach) nham muc dich cung ca'p vd'n tin dung quy md nhd, vdi cd ehe Uu dai khdng phai the chap, thu tuc ddn gian va lai sua't thi trfldng cho ngUdi ngheo, giup hp cd vd'n san xua't kinh doanh; cdng ddng ddng hp giup dd each iam an, ket hdp vdi he thd'ng khuyen ndng - lam - ngU nghiep chuyen giao kien thflc, ky thuat va cdng nghe cho ngUdi ngheo Ciing giai doan nay, Dang va Nha nfldc cd nhieu chinh sach ddi mdi theo hfldng chuyen ddi "tfl ne"n kinh te tap trung bao ca'p, sang nen kinh te hang hda nhieu phan, van hanh theo cd che thi trUdng, CO sU quan ly cua nha nudc", da tao dgng lflc mdi cho tang trUcing Idnh te' va xda ddi giam ngheo, nha't la chinh sach Khoan 10, giao dat, giao rflng, chinh sach giao quyen tfl chu san xua't kinh doanh eho cac doanh nghiep Tfl sau Chi thi sd 23-CT/TW ve lanh dao thuc hien cdng tae xda ddi giam ngheo, XDGN da trd phong trao sdi ddng ea nudc Day eung la ddng lflc thdi thiic Chinh phu Viet Nam dfla nhflng ehinh sach hen quan trflc tie'p, cu the cho phong trao xda doi giam ngheo giai doan ke tiep De tie'p tuc tap trung nguon Iflc, hd trd true tie'p cac xa ngheo, hd ngheo, tao dieu kien va mdi trUdng xda ddi giam ngheo ben vflng, Thfl tudng Chinh phu Quye't dinh sd' 14-1-1998 da phe duyet ChUdng trinh muc tieu qud'c gia, dd ChUdng trinh sd' la ChUdng trinh Xda ddi giam ngheo Day cd the coi la chinh sach true tie'p dau tien lien quan den giam ngheo b Viet Nam Tiep sau dd, 23-7-1998, Chinh phu da ban hanh quye't dinh sd 133/1998/QDTTg (ggi tat la ChUdng trinh 133) phe duyet "Chuang trinh mue tiiu quo'c gia xoa doi gidm ngheo giai dogn 1998-2000" bao gdm ca cdng tac dinh canh, dinh cU va hd trd ddng bao dan tdc dac biet kho khan, nham tao eae dieu kien thuan Idi, phu hdp de bo trd ngUdi ngheo phat trien san xuat, tang thu nhap, xoa ddi giam ngheo Day la mgt chUdng trinh tong hpp co tinh cha't hen nganh, nam chien Ifldc phat trien kinh te' - xa hdi cua ca nflde, nham tao cac dieu kien thuan Idi, phu hdp de hd trd ngUdi ngheo san xua't, tang thu nhap, xda ddi giam ngheo Tie'p theo ChUdng trinh 133, 31-71998, Thu tfldng Chinh phu ky quyet dinh sd 135/1998/QD-TTg phe duyet: "ChUdng Rghien eflu Lich st^ sd 9.2014 trinh phdt trien kinh ti'-xd hgi d cdc xd ddc biit kho khdn mien nui ua viing sdu, vung xa" (goi tat la Chfldng trinh 135) vdi muc tidu nang cao ddi sd'ng vat cha't, tinh than eho ddng bao cae dan tdc b cac xa dae bidt khd khan mien nui va vung sau, vung xa; tao die"u kien de dfla ndng thdn cac vung thoat khdi tinh trang nghdo nan, lac hau, cham phat trien, hoa nhap vao sii phat tridn chung cfla ca nUdc; gdp phin bao dam trat tu an toan xa hpi, an ninh quoc phdi^ Nhu vay, chUdng trinh mue tieu qud'c gia vd XDGN l l n d i u tien dUdc Chinh phu phe chuan vao nam 1998 Viec hinh chUdng trinh la kd't qua cua mdt qua trinh tac dgng qua lai nhieu nam gifla cac sang kie'n cua cac dia phUdng, ma khdi dau la Thanh pho' Hd Chi Minh vdi boat ddng nghien cflu va tdng ke't eua cac cd quan trung Udng nham dfla eae ehinh sach va giai phap de ddi phd eo hieu qua vdi va'n de" ngheo ddi dang eang gia tang vao dau nhflng nam 90 eua the ky trfldc Tfl viec hinh Chfldng trinh muc tieu qud'c gia XDGN nam 1998, cac chUdng trinh muc tieu qud'c gia XDGN nhflng nam tid'p theo da dflde xay dUng toan dien, da dang theo nhieu hudng tidp can, n h i m giai quye't cae nguyen nhan cua nghdo ddi, cac nhu cau thie't yeu cua ngUdi ngheo, vung ngheo Vdi quyet tam cudc ehien chd'ng ddi ngheo, Chinh phu Viet Nam cang hoan thien ChUdng trinh muc tieu qud'c gia XDGN vdi mdt he thong cac chinh sach tUdng ddi rdng Theo nghien eflu eua Cd quan phat trien Lien hpp qude (UNDP) de'n nam 2009, Viet Nam eo 41 chi'nh sach va dfl an dinh hudng vao viec giam ngheo, kd ca mdt so ehinh saeh, du an khdng tap trung vao giam ngheo nhUng co tac dgng vao cugc sd'ng cua ngUdi ngheo nhu ChUdng trinh muc tieu qud'c gia ve nfldc saeh va ve sinh mdi trfldng ndng thdn, Chfldng trinh muc tieu qudc gia ve" giao due va dao tao (6), ddng thdi cd 107 van ban hfldng dan cac ehfldng trinh giam ngheo (Nghi quye't, Nghi dinh eua Chinh phu, Quye't dinh eua Thu tudng, Thdng tu, Quye't dinh cua cac bp, nganh) Ra soat sd bp gin day nha't eiia Uy ban Oxford cho cflu trd nan ddi cua nudc Anh (Oxfam), cd hdn 550 van ban quy pham phap Iuat khac lien quan den giam nghdo (triie tie'p va gian tiep) Chinh phu, eae bg, nganh ban hanh, dd van ban lien quan true tie'p cdn hieu lflc la 183 van ban (7) Khai quat lai, tfl mgt md hinh thi diem ban diu vdi tinh t h i n "cdng dong giup ngudi nghdo vdn va each lam an", cho de'n nay, ChUdng trinh muc tieu quo'c gia ve XDGN da bao gdm nhdm chinh sach chung (chinh saeh ve tin dung; chinh saeh vd" day nghe tao viee lam; chinh sach ve y td', eham soc sflc khde; chinh saeh ve hd trd giao due - dao tao; ehinh sach vd hd trd s^a ehfla, xay dflng nha b, hd trd da't san xua't va nflde sinh ho^t; chinh saeh ve hd trd san xua't, kinh doanh thdng qua cac chUdng tnnh, khuyd'n ndng Iam - ngfl nghiep va xay dflng md hinh giam ngheo; chinh sach ve trd giup phap ly va ho trd thdng tin) va ehUdng trinh h§ trd giam ngheo dac thu (ChUdng trinh muc tieu qud'e gia giam ngheo; chUdng trinh phat trien kinh te - xa hdi cac xa dac biet kho khan vflng ddng bao dan toe va mien nui, ggi tat la Chfldng trinh 135; ehfldng trinh hd trd giam ngheo nhanh va ben vflng ddi vdi 61 huyen nghdo, ggi tat la Chfldng trinh 30a) Viec hinh Chfldng trinh mue tieu qudc gia ve XDGN da tao da de Viet Nam dat dUdc "nhflng tiiu that dang kinh ngac" ve XDGN Qua trinh thrfc hien va ket qua cua Chfldng trinh muc tidu quo'c gia xoa doi giam ngheo of ViM Nam .Vg^tfcmg Mnh mue Heu qudc gia Trong hdn 25 nam thflc hien cdng cudc ddi mdi, mac dfl bdi canh ngudn liic cd han, nhflng Viet Nam da trien khai toan dien nhieu ehinh sach, chUdng trinh, dii an giam nghdo Mue tieu giam nghdo la chil trUdng Idn, quan trpng eua Dang va Nha nUde Nhiem vu xda ddi, giam ngheo da tflng bfldc dfldc the che hda thdng qua viee xay dflng phap luat, ke hoach phat trien kinh te - xa hdi, muc tieu va chinh sach cu the vdi phfldng cham mang tinh nguydn tac la "ket hpp hai hda gifla tang trudng kinh te va thuc hien cdng bang, tien bd xa bdi", "thu hep d i n khoang each ve trinh dp phat trien, ve mflc sd'ng gifla cae vung, gifla cac dan tdc, gifla cae t i n g ldp dan cU" Cdng tac xda ddi, giam ngheo thue hien qua cac giai doan chinh nhu: 1991-1997, 1998-2000, 2001-2005, 2006-2010 va 2011-2015 Tinh de'n nam 2010, thu nhap binh quan d i u ngudi cua Viet Nam da vUdt qua moc ciia mdt nfldc ngheo (1.000 USD) va trd nfldc cd thu nhap trung binh Ty le ngheo doi cua Viet Nam giam rat nhanh va lien tuc, tfl 58,1% nam 1993 xudng edn 37,4% nam 1998, xud'ng 18,1% nam 2004, xudng 15,5% nam 2006 va xud'ng 13,4% nam 2008 va 10,7% nam 2010 (8) NhU vay, chi vdng 16 nam, Viet Nam da giam dUdc 3/4 sd' ngUdi ngheo, vfldt xa muc tidu giam mdt nfla so' ngudi ngheo cua Lien hdp qude vao nam 2015 Theo quy dinh ve ty le ngheo ciaa Bd Lao dgng - ThUdng binh va Xa hdi, ty Ie ngheo giam tfl khoang 26,2% nam 2000 xud'ng khoang 10,7% vao nam 2010, vdi td'e dp giam nghdo binh quSn khoang 1,5 diem %/nam, tha'p hdn so vdi thdi ky 1994-2000 (2,2 diem %) nhflng vln la td'e dp giam ngheo kha nhanh so vdi cac nude dang phat trien khac (9) Chi thi sd' 1752/CT-TTg 21-9-2010 efla Thu tfldng Chinh phii quy dinh chuan ngheo mdi ap dung cho giai doan 2011-2015 do'i vdi nhflng hd cd thu nhap binh quan tfl 400.000ddng/ngudi/thang trd xud'ng la hd ngheo (khu vue nong thdn) va hd ngheo la nhflng hg ed mflc thu nhap binh quan 500.000ddng/ngUdi/thang (ddi vdi khu vflc thi); hd can ngheo la nhflng hp cd mflc thu nhap binh quan tfl 401.000ddng/ngUdi/thang den 520.000 ddng/ngUdi/thang (khu viic ndng thon) va tfl 501.000 ddng/ngfldi/thang de'n 650.000 ddng/ngudi/thang (khu vuc thi) Tinh theo chuan ngheo mdi ap dung cho giai doan 2011 - 2015, ty le ngheo cua Vidt Nam giam tfl 14,2% (nam 2010) xud'ng 11,1% (nam 2012) Ty le ngheo giam b ta't ca cac vflng tren ca nfldc Trong dd, td'e dp giam ngheo nhanh nhat didn tai vung ddng bang sdng Hdng va vflng Ddng Nam Bd (xem bang 1) Chfldng trinh muc tieu qudc gia giam ngheo giai doan 2006-2010 la tie'p theo Chfldng trinh muc tidu qud'c gia xda ddi, giam nghdo va viec lam giai doan 20012005, da gdp phan hd trd khoang 6,2 tri§u Ifldt hd ngheo dfldc vay vd'n tin du.ng Uu dai vdi mflc vay binh quan khoang 7,8 trieu dong/lupt/hp, rieng nam 2010 cd khoang 1,1 trieu hd ngheo dUdc vay vd'n tin dung Uu dai, binh quan mflc vay trieu ddng/lfldt/hp; 150 nghin Iao ddng ngheo dfldc day nghe mien phi, dd ed tren 60% da tim dfldc viec lam, tii tao viee lam (10) Cung theo chUdng trinh nay, da c6 khoang gin 2.500 cdng trinh tang phuc vu san xuat dUdc d i u tU b 373 xa dac bidt khd khan, bai ngang ven bien va hai dao, gin 500 nghin hd ngheo dUdc hd trd ve" nha b Trong giai doan tfl nam 2002 den nam 2010, ty le hd dan sci hflu nha kien cd' da tang ga'p g i n Ian (tfl 17,2% nam 2002 len den 49,2% nam 2010) (11) Thflc hien chinh sach hd trp hd ngheo ve nha b (QD 167/2008/QD-TTg va QD Rghien eflu Ljeh sii' so S.2Q14 Bang I: Ty le ngheo theo chuan ngheo Chmh phii giai doan 2006-2012 (12) Dm vi tinh: % ^ Nam • —— _ Phan bo Ca nudc Phan theo (hi, nong thon ThanhIhi N6ng[h6n Phan theo viing D6ng bang song H6ng Trung du va mien nui phia Bdc Bac Trung B6 va duyen hai miCn Trung Tay Nguyen Dong Nam B6 D6ng bang song Cihi Long 2006 2008 2010 2011 2012 15,5 13,4 14,2 12,6 11.1 7.7 18,0 6,7 16,1 6,9 17,4 5,1 15,9 3.9 14.4 10,0 27,5 22,2 24,0 3,1 13,0 8,6 25,1 19,2 21,0 2,5 11,4 8,3 29,4 20,4 22.2 2,3 12,6 7,1 26,7 18,5 20,3 1.7 11,6 6.1 24,2 16,7 18.6 1.4 10.6 Glii chii: • Ty le ho ngh6o duoc u'nh iheo ihu nh;lp hinh i|iian ngi/&i I Ihang ciia hA gia illnh - Ty le nghio2010 201 I, 20i2 dirge Iinfi dua [rfln chuan ngheo ciia Chfnh phii gmi doan 201 716/QD-TTg) da hd trd xay, sfla nha cf cho tren 531 nghin hg, cd 230 nghin hp la dong bao dan tdc thieu so', hoan hd trd xay dflng 700 chdi phdng tranh lu lut ChUdng trinh xay dUng cum, tuyen dan cU va nha cf ngap lu vflng dong bang sdng Cflu Long da xay dUng dUde 14.157 can nha, bd tri dan vao d cum, tuye'n va bd bao dfldc 22.423 hd (13) Vdi ehinh sach day nghe, tao viec lam, giai doan 2006-2010 da cd 150 nghin lao ddng ngheo dflde day nghe miln phi, 60% sd lao ddng da tu tao dupc viec lam hoac tim dUde viec lam Giai doan 2010-2012, thuc hien De an bd trd dao tao nghd cho lao ddng nong thdn (theo QD 1956/QD-TTg) da hd trd day nghe ngan han cho gin 1,1 trieu lao dgng, dd lao dpng hg ngheo chiem 10,7%; Iao dpng hg can ngheo ehie'm 5,2%; Iao dpng ngfldi dan tgc thieu sd chiem 20,5%, tao viec lam cho tren 55 nghin ngfldi thude hg ngheo Den eudi nam 2012, tai 51 tinh co dong bao dan tdc thieu sdeu tru tap trung theo cgng dong da ed 468 cd sd dao tao nghe dude d i u tfl cd sd vat cha't, thie't bi day nghd vdi tdng kinh phi hdn 2.300 ty ddng (14) NgUdi ngheo da dupc tidp can td't hdn cac ngudn lflc kinh te (vd'n, da't dai, cdng nghe, thi trUdng ) va cac dich vu xa hgi cd ban nhfl; giao due, y te, nUde saeh, trd giflp phap ly ; ke't ca'u t i n g cua cac huyen, xa ngheo dfldc tang cUdng; ddi sd'ng cfla ngudi ngheo dUdc cai thien rd ret Tfl nam 2002, ngan sach nha nflde da thflc hien hd trd kham chfla benh dd'i vdi ngfldi ngheo thong qua Quy kham chfla benh cho ngfldi ngheo Nam 2009, Luat bao hiem y te quy dinh Nha nu6c hd trd mua bao hiem y te eho ngfldi ngheo, ngUdi can ngheo, dd hd trd 100% eho ngUdi ngheo, 50% cho ngUdi can ngheo Nam 2012, de khuyen khich hd can ngheo tham gia bao hidm y te', mfle hd trd ddng bao hiem y te dfldc nang len 70%, dd'i vdi mgt so' ddi tfldng sd'ng b dia ban khd khan, mfle ho trd la 100% Giai doan 2006-2010 ed 52 trieu Iflpt ngfldi ngheo dfldc ca'p the bao hiem y te'; nam 2011-2012 cd 29 trieu lUdt ngUdi ngheo, ddng bao dan tdc thieu sd dupc ca'p the bao ^e ehircmg trinh muc Heu quoc g hiem y tg' Den nam 2012 da cd 100% ngUdi nghed, dong bao dan tdc thieu sd da dUde mua the bao hiem y te (khoang tren 15 trieu ngUdi), doi tUdng can nghdo ed bao hiem y te dat tren 1,6 trieu (bang 25% so vdi tdng sd ngudi can ngheo) (15) Vd chinh saeh ho trd giao due - dao tao b Viet Nam da cdng gan xda ddi giam ngheo vdi giao due - dao tao nham muc tidu hfldng tdi tinh hen vflng Giai doan 2006 - 2010 cd khoang trieu Iflpt hpc sinh ngheo dfldc miln giam hgc phi; 2,8 trieu lUdt hgc sinh ngheo dupc hd trd vd, sach giao khoa Nhd thiic hien cbudng trinh giam ngheo, nen 98% eac xa deu dfldc xay dung cac trfldng tieu hpc va 90% so' xa ed trfldng trung hpc cd sci (16) Ben canh dd, vdi chinh sach trd giup phap ly va hd trd thdng tin, tfl nam 20112012 da cd 103 Idp tap huan, td chflc 59.778 budi sinh boat cau Iac bd trd giup phap ly vdi 521.384 lupt ngfldi tham dU; giai quye't 22.612 vu viec, tu va'n phap ly tai chd cho 89.612 vu viec, bien phap luat cho 150.507 Ifldt ngUdi ngheo va ddng bao dan tdc thieu so' Ve hd trd thong tin, giai doan 2011- 2012 da b§ trd xay dUng 343 nha van hda xa va 812 nha van hda thdn ban, trung tam van hda the thao ca'p huyen (17) Nhd thflc hien cac chuih sach ve xda ddi giam ngheo, thu nhap cua ngudi ngheo dUdc eai thien, nam 2006 thu nhap cua nhom hp ngheo tang 29,9% so vdi nam 2004, c6 90% sd hd ngheo theo dien binh ehpn cua dia phUdng dupc hudng Idi tfl cac dfl an/chinh sach thugc ChUdng trinh 133 (18), ChUdng trinh 135 (19) va ChUdng trinh 134 (20) Binh quan mdi nam cac xa thudc Chfldng trinh 135 da giam - 5% hp ngheo giai doan 1999-2005 va giam 23% giai doan 2006-2010 Cd tdi 85% so hg tfl danh gia cudc sd'ng dflde cai thidn nhieu so vdi nam trudc (21) Mflc sd'ng cua cac hd gia dinh da dflde cai thien dang ke Chi tieu cho tieu dung binh quan diu ngudi/nam da tang ga'p l l n tfl nam 2002 de'n nam 2010 Trong nam 2010, ehi tieu binh quan d i u ngfldi da tang de'n mflc cao nha't, dieu dd cho tha'y da ed sfl cai thien ldn ve mflc sdng cua hd gia dinh tren ea nUdc Chi tieu binh quan tren dau ngfldi gia tang d tat ca cac nhdm dan tdc, tat ca cac viing mien Cac vflng kem phat trien hdn nhfl vung mien nui phia Bac va vung Tay Nguyen deu cd mflc dg cai thien ldn ve mflc sd'ng (do ludng bang mflc chi tieu) Mflc chi tieu cfla viing tang l l n lUdt la 55,1% va 44,7% tfl nam 2008 den nam 2010 (22) Quyet dinh dUa xda ddi giam ngheo len mdt chUdng trinh muc tieu qud'c gia la mdt ye'u to' quan trgng viec giam ngheo, nhung diem ndi bat d Viet Nam khae vdi cac nUdc khac la tang trudng nhanh nhung cung han chd dUdc td'e dp gia tang ba't binh ding He so' Gini (23), mpt chi sd' xem xet bat binh dang thu nhap, chi tang tfl 0,42 nam 2002 len 0,424 nam 2006 va 0,433 nam 2010 (24) Ddi sdng vat eha't va tinh than cua ngfldi ngheo, dac biet la ddng bao dan toe thieu so b vflng sau, vflng xa da ed nhieu thay ddi can ban Quan trgng hdn, cac ehinh saeh dung dan va kip thdi cflng nd liic kien tri xda ddi giam ngheo cila Dang va Nha nUde Viet Nam da kich thich, khdi day y cbi, nang liic vUdn len thoat ngheo cua nhan dan, giflp mdt bg phan khdng nho ngfldi ngheo thoat khdi tinh trang ngheo cflng cflc N h a n xet Chinh sdch xoa doi gidm ngheo cda Viit Nam dd di tii m6 hinh thi diem den chUdng trinh muc tieu qudc gia vd chien lUOc phdt trien ddt nUdc B i t d i u tfl Thanh phd Hd Chi Minh rdi nhanh chdng lan ca nude 64 XDGN da trd mgt phong trda qudn chung va dflde nang Ien mgt chUdng trinh muc tieu quo'c gia Chfldng trinh muc tidu qud'c gia ve XDGN lan d i u tien dfldc Chinh phu phe chuan vao nam 1998 Giai doan 1991 1998 la giai doan diu tien nham dinh hinh dUdng ldi qua trinh thuc hien cdng cudc xoa ddi giam nghdo cfla Viet Nam Den giai doan 1998-2010, xda doi giam ngheo da trd mdt muc tieu va chien lUdc phat trien cua da't nfldc Xua't phat tfl quan diem: "va'n de ngheo khd khdng dfldc giai quyet thi khong cd mgt muc tieu nao ma edng ddng qud'c te', cung nhu qud'e gia dat nhfl tang trfldng kinh td, cai thien ddi sd'ng nhan dan, hda binh, dn dinh, bao dam cae quyen eon ngUdi dupe thUe hien" Cbinh vi vay, XDGN trd mdt chii trUdng ldn, mdt quydt saeh ldn cua Dang, Nha nudc Viet Nam va cao hdn nfla dd eung la mdt ndi dung quan trgng cfla dinh hudng xa hdi ehu nghia, mdt linh vUc da nang eao vi the' cua nudc Viet Nam tren trudng qud'e te Qud trinh hinh thdnh ChUcfng trinh muc tiiu qudc gia xoa doi gidm ngheo cua Viit Nam dugc tiin hdnh theo chieu hudng "tii dudi len" Vdi sii sang tao sinh dpng cua ddng dao quan chung nhan dan theo dudng ldi dung dan cua Dang, ngUdi dan Viet Nam da tu lUa chgn cho minh mgt dudng di dflng din nha't Le thdng thfldng mdt chinh saeh dUdc dua va ban hanh la tfl tren xud'ng va dUdc dua vao thiie tien de trien khai Nhflng khdng gidng nhfl cac chinh sach khac, chinh sach xda doi giam ngheo cua Viet Nam lai xuat phat tfl chinh nhu cau thuc tien, tfl phong trao tfl than cua quin chflng va tfl dd dfldc phat ddng mgt phong trao sau rpng tren ca nude Tfl hinh nen cac chinh sach va chien Ifldc cua ca qudc gia Do xuat phat tfl thflc te sinh dgng, tfl quan chung Hghien curu Lich si^ s6 9.2Q14 ndn cdng cuge xda ddi giam nghdo cua Viet Nam da dUdc nhan dan nhidt liet hfldng flng, tao phong trao sau rdng va dua den mdt "cdu chuyin thdnh cong nhdt" cua su phat trien Quye't dinh dUa xoa doi gidm ngheo len thdnh mgt chUdng trinh muc tiiu qud'c gia dd vd dang dem lgi nhiing thdnh qud md chUa bao gid Viet Nam cd dUdc lich sii phdt trien kinh te'cua minh Dd la nan ddi h l u nhfl da khdng cdn - mdt dieu ma tfldng chiing keo dai kho cha'm dflt Nhin lai ca chang dfldng dai cfla lich sfl dan tdc, tfl mdt da't nfldc chim nan ddi khung kbiep, cudp di sinh mang cua hang trieu ngudi dan, cho den giai doan sau nay, Viet Nam khdng nhflng di qua hai cuge chien tranh ldn vdi bao ton tha't nang ne ma cdn vUdt qua dUdc khung hoang kinh te', xa hgi, dfla da't nflde md ciia hdi nhap Ngfldi dan khdng ehi c6 gao an de "du no" ma cdn la mdt nudc xuat khau gao dflng thfl nha't, thfl hai tren the gidi Tinh canh "ddi" vln edn nhung khdng eon la hien tfldng bien Ddi sd'ng nhan dan dflde eai thien vfldt bac Dfl xem xet dfldi ba't ky thudc ddi ngheo nao di chang nfla (chu^n ngheo qud'c gia hay chuan ngheo so sanh quo'c te) thi nhflng tich dat dfldc cdng cuge xda ddi giam ngheo d Viet Nam la thflc si^ to ldn Viet Nam dUdc cdng ddng qud'c te danh gia va ghi nhan tren ta't ca eac khia canh va tieu chi Nam 2010, sd 38 qudc gia ed tich ndi bat ve XDGN, Vidt Nam n i m nhom 18 qud'c gia dUde trao Bang khen cua To ehflc ndng Ifldng the gidi (FAG) chflng nhan viec sdm dat dflpc ca muc tieu phat trien thien nien ky (MDGl) va muc tieu tham vgng hdn ciia Hgi nghi thfldng dinh lUdng thuc the gidi (WFS 1996) (25) Thanh eong do, mgt p h i n la sfl lanh dao sang sudt cua Dang, .^g_ghtfQing hinh muc Heu qude gia Nha nudc va mdt phan nfla ehinh la cdng sflc dong gdp chat chiu cua ca mgt dan tdc Cung can phai nhin nhan rang, mac dfl Chfldng trinh muc tieu qud'c gia giam ngheo dat dupc tflu kha to ldn, nhflng cung cd mdt sd' ly quan trgng khac ngoai ChUdng trinh muc tieu qud'c gia giam ngheo c6 gdp p h i n lam giam ty Id hg ngheo, vi du nhu tac ddng cua viec phat trien khu viic kinh te tu nhan da gdp phan tao viec lam va giam ngheo, hay vai trd cua tien thu nhap tfl nhflng ngudi di cU cac khu vfle thi gfli ve eho gia dinh b cac vung ndng thdn, viec xa hdi hda cdng tae xoa ddi giam ngheo Ngoai ra, cac chUdng trinh muc tieu qud'e gia khac cua Chi'nh phu cung cd tae dgng triic tidp va gian tie'p dd'i vdi giam ngheo nhfl Chfldng trinh muc tieu qud'c gia ve nfldc sach va ve sinh mdi trflcing ndng thdn, Chfldng trinh mue tieu qud'c gia ve giao due va dao tao Thflc tidn cdng cua ChUdng trinh muc tieu quo'c gia ve xda ddi giam ngheo da khang dinh dudng loi, quan diem xuyen sudt cua Dang, the hien quyet tam ehinh tri, la chinh sach flu tien hang dau va la nd Ifle ra't ldn cua Dang, Nha nflde, chinh quyen va cac cap cflng vdi sfl tham gia tich cflc ciia Mat tran To qud'c, cac td chfle nfldc, qud'e te', ca nhan, cac doanh nghiep, cdng ddng dan cU va sfl nd lflc cua chinh ban tham ngfldi ngheo Kdt qua cua chUdng trinh muc tieu qud'c gia giam ngheo da gop phin quan trgng vao mue tieu tang trUdng kinh te ben vflng, bao dam an sinh xa hgi, cai thien ddi sd'ng ngfldi dan, dac biet la ngfldi dan b vung sau, vung xa, vung khd khan, ddng bao dan tpc thieu sd; tang cfldng khd'i dai doan ket toan dan; gifl vflng an ninh chinh t n , cung ed long tin cua nhan dan vdi Dang, Nha nudc, nang cao hinh anh eua Viet Nam dd'i vdi the gidi Tuy nhien, viec thuc hien chUdng trinh muc tieu qud'e gia XDGN b dia phudng nay, dia phUdng khae, vflng nay, vung khac, thdi gian nay, thdi gian khac vln cdn co nhflng han ehe, nhflng ba't cap Nhflng ban che dd bieu hien sfl quy hoaeh, vd'n diu tu va cac du an ve XDGN Vi the cdng cugc xda doi giam ngheo phai dfla tren cd sd khao sat, phan tich, danh gia dung dd'i vdi tflng vung, mien; nhflng yeu cau, ddi hdi cap thie't cua tflng vung, mien ve cu the trudc m i t va lau dai de phan bd' diu tu ve kinh td, khoa hgc - ky thuat, van hda - xa hgi Theo each dd mdi tao dieu kidn cho tflng vung, mid"n chuyen dich, sfl dung cd kd' hoach tai nguydn thien nhien, nhan lUc, vd'n, cdng nghe san pham hang hoa pham vi vung, lien ket cac vflng de phat trien mgt each dong bd Cd nhfl vay, cdng cudc XDGN mdi cang phat trien nhanh va ben vflng CHU THICH (1) Ho Chf Minh' tap (1945-1946), Chinh tri Quoc gia Ha Noi, 1995, tr.l52 Nxb (2) Ho Chi Minh: tap (1953-1955), Xuat ban lan thii hai Nxb Chinh tri Quo'c gia Ha Npi, 2000, tr 572 (3) Dang Cong san Viet Nam, Vdn kien Bai hgi dai bieu todn quo'c ldn thii VII, tkp 52, Nxb Chinh t n Quoc gia, Ha Noi, 1993, tr.714 (4) Dang Cong san Viet Nam, Bdo cdo Chinh tri cua Ban Chdp hdnh Trung itang Ddng khda VII tai Bai hgi dgi bieu todn quoc ldn thii VIII cua Ddng http://123.30.190.43'80S0/tiengviet/tuHeuvankien/v ankiendang/details asp?topic=191&subtopic=8&le ader_topic=225&id-BT2540633010 Rghien eflu Lieh silr s6' 9.2014 (5) Dang Cong san Viet Nam, Chi thi 23ICT- diJng kinh t^ mdi; • H6 trd viing dong bao dan toe TW: http://thuvienphapluat.vn/archive/Chi-thi-23- dac biet kho khSn; - Hudng dan each lam Sn eho CT-TW-lanh-dao-thuc-hien-cong-tac-xoa-doi-giam- ngUcli nghdo ngheo-vb 139419.aspx (19) Ngay 31-7-1998, Thii tUdng Chinh phu kJ- (6) Mai Ngoc Cuong, Mgt sd vdn de ca bdn vi chinh sdch xd hot d Viet Nam hiin nay, Nxb Chinh tri Quoc gia Ha Noi, 2013, tr.81 dinh so 135/1998/QD-TTg phd duyet: "Chuang trinh phdt trien kinh te- xd hdi d cdc xd ddc biit kho khdn mien nui vd viing sdu, viing xa" (7), (13), (15), (17) Uy ban thifdng vu Quo'c hoi, Bdo cdo ket qud gidm sdt "Vice thiic hien quyet chinh (Chuong trinh 135) v6i muc tieu nang cao dcii so'ng vat cha't, tinh than cho dong bao cac dan t6c b cac sdch, phdp ludt vi gidm ngheo giai doan 2005- xa dac biet kh6 khan mien nui va vung sau, v i n g 2012" xa; tao dilu ki&n de dUa nong thon cac vting (8) Tdng Cue Tho'ng ke, Khdo sdt miic song thoat khoi tinh trang ngheo nan, lac hau, ch^m ddn cu ndm 2010, Nxb Thong ke Ha Noi, 2011, phat trien, hoa nhSp vao sU phat tri^n chung cua tr.l9 Day la so heu tfnh theo chuan nghdo cua Chinh phu ban hanh cho giai doan 2006-2010 (200 nghin dong/ngUcJi/thang cho khu vUc n6ng thon va 260 nghin dong/ngUcfi/thang cho khu vUc thi) ditpc cap nhat theo bien dpng gia cua cac nam tUdng itng (9), (10), (16), (21) Mai Ngpc Cucfng, Mgt so vd'n de cf bdn vi chinh sdch xd hgi d Viet Nam hiin nay, sdd, tr 82, 86, 88, 87 (11), (22), (24) Tdng cue Tho'ng ke, Khdo sdt miic sdng ddn cU ndm 2010, sdd, tr 365, 277, 431 (12) Tong Cue Thong ke, Nien gidm thd'ng ki ndm 2012, Nxb Thong ke Ha Noi, 2013, tr.296 ca nufic; gop phiin bao dam trat tU an toan xa hpi, an ninh quoc phong, (20), ChUdng trinh 134 la t§n thong dung diia tren quye't dinh so 134/2004/QD-TTg ciia Chuang trinh ho trO dat sdn xudt, dat d, nhd d vd nUdc sinh hoat cho hg ddng bdo ddn tgc thieu so ngheo, ddi sd'ng khd khdn ma Chinh phii Viet Nam ap diing tiJf nSm 2004 nhiim muc dich d^y nhanh tie'n xoa ngheo cho cac ho dan tpc thilu so' Viet Nam (23) Hg so GINI (hay gpi la he sdLoren) la he so diia tren du6ng cong Loren (Lorenz) chi (14) Bao cao ciia Bo Lao dpng - ThifOng binh va mflc bat binh d i n g cua phan ph6i thu nhap giOa ca Xa hpi va Bao cao giam sat ciia Hpi dong dan tpc nhan va h§ kinh te m6t nen kmh te He so gLfi Uy ban ThuSng vu Quo'c hpi tai ky hpp Quoc Gini n h i m lucfng mflc d6 l|ch khoi trang thai hpi khoa XIII (18) ChUdng trinh 133 la ten goi tat dua theo phan phoi cong bang hoan hao phan phoi t h u nhap gifla cac ca n h a n hay hp gia dinh Quyet dinh so 133/1998/QD.TTg "ChUdng trinh mpt nen kinh te Gia t n he so tfl 0- nghia la cong muc tieu quo'c gia xoa doi, giam ngheo giai bang hoan hao- den 1- hoan toan bat binh dang doan 1998 - 2000" bao gom ca cong tac dinh canh, (25) - MDGl CO noi dung Ik: Giam mot nfla ti Ifi dinh cU va h6 trp dong bao dan tpc dac biet kho ngUdi CO thu nhap dfldi la mot Tao viec khan, nham tao cac dieu kien thuan ldi, phu lam day du, hflu ich va phil hdp cho tat ca mpi hpp de h6 trp ngUoi ngheo phat trien san xua't, ngUdi, bao gom ca phu nfl va nien Giam tang thu nhap, xoa doi, giam ngheo Day co the coi mpt nfla ti 1& ngfldi thieu Sn la chinh sach true tiep dau tien lien quan den giam - 17 nfl6c lai la Armenia, Azerbaijan, Cuba, ngheo ChuOng trinh muc tieu quoc gia xoa doi Djibouti, giam ngheo bao gom du an v6i cac npi dung Kyrgyzstan, Nicaragua Peru, Saint Vincent va the Gruzia, Ghana, Guyana, Kuwait, chinh la: • Dau tU xay dung cd scf tang va s l p Grenadines, Samoa, Sao Tome va Principe, Thai xep lai dan cU; - Dinh canh dinh cU va di dan xay Lan, Turmenistan va Venezuela